carbon oil 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Crude Oil
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• Microscopic plants and animals die and fall to the sea bed
•
Layers of sand and mud form on top• Pressure and high temperature cause oil to form
How crude oil was formed
• Oil obtained by drilling
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Heated CrudeOil
350oC
40oC
Liquid petroleum gas
Naphtha
Petrol (gasoline)
Paraffin
Diesel
Fuel oil
Lubricating oil
Bitumen
Fraction Boiling pt.
< 25oC
25 – 60oC
60 – 180oC
180 – 220oC
220 – 250oC
250 – 300oC
300– 350oC
> 350oC
Average number of
C atoms in chain
3
8
10
12
20
40
80
120
The Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
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Properties of the fractions
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The compounds produced by
the distillation of crude oilare all hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are compoundswhich contain the elementshydrogen and carbon .
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Naming hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Methane Ethane Propane
These hydrocarbons are said to be saturated.
(They have single bonds between carbon atoms).
C2H6 C3H8CH4
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Fuels
Most alkanes are used as fuels to produce useful formsof energy.
When completely burned alkanes form carbon dioxide and water.
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Equations for combustion
CH4
methane
+ O2
oxygen
CO2
carbondioxide
+ H2O
water
2 2
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
C2H4 + O2 CO2 + H2O2 2
5 3 4
3
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Combustion of hydrocarbons
When burned with sufficient oxygen, hydrocarbons formcarbon dioxide and water
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Alkenes
Ethene
Alkenes are said to be unsaturated
Test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon (an alkene)Add unsaturated compound
Shake
C2H4
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Global dimming
Particulates in soot come from the incomplete
combustion of fuel leaving carbon particles. These
particles cause Global Dimming by reflecting
sunlight away from the Earth.
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Acid rain
• Main cause: sulfur compounds
in fuels burning to form sulphur
dioxide which dissolves in
rainwater to produce an acidicsolution ( also causes nitrogen
oxides from car exhausts.
• Effect on the environment?
• Reducing the problem?
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Hydrogen: produced by passing an electric
current through water and the process
therefore requires lots of energy.
Hydrogen is highly flammable and would
have to be stored under special conditions.
Only product is water, therefore no
pollution.
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water + Energy
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Ethanol is made by fermentation of sugar
(this process is used to make alcoholic
drinks).
It is made from sugar cane which comes fromcountries such as Brazil. Ethanol burns more
cleanly than petrol but produces less energy.
It also form carbon dioxide (but it is carbon
neutral since the plants absorbed it in the first
place.