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Carbon Dioxide Storage: a UK PerspectiveAndy Chadwick – British Geological Survey
EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in CCS and Cleaner Fossil EnergyWinter School
Nottingham,17 February 2015© NERC All rights reserved
Contents ………..
1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation
2. UK CCS projects
3. Storage performance research
• Capacity and characterisation• Monitoring and verification• Long-term stability
Contents ………..
1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation
2. UK CCS projects
3. Storage performance research
• Capacity and characterisation• Monitoring and verification• Long-term stability
UK offshore storage potential
Sleipner~18 years storage> 15 million tonnes
(1 - 5 powerstation.years)
Potentially giant global storage facility
• Geology• CO2 sources
UK storage capacity
Offshore sedimentary basins to eastand west• Depleted oilfields (storage)• Depleted oilfields (EOR)• Depleted gas fields• Saline aquifers
IEA Workinggroup onstandard
methods forestimating
storage capacity
Storage capacity (UK, Europe, elsewhere)
2000 …………………………..…………….. 2015
CO2StoP
DTI capacityassessments
UK capacity methodology
DTI study (2001)
volumetric ‘static’ capacity estimates(pore space)
UK SAP (2010-11)
Open aquifer
Compartmentalised reservoir
‘dynamic’ capacity estimates(pore space + pressure)
© NERC All rights reserved
CO2Stored database
• Building on UKSAP• Online database of UK capacity• BGS – Crown Estate - ETI partnership• Duration 5 years• Ongoing development
© NERC All rights reserved
Sample project: Site Portfolio
• To provide the Crown Estate with dataand advice on UK storage options
• Site selection / prioritisation
• Site characterisation
Sample project: CO2MultiStore
• SCCS, Scottish Government, TheCrown Estate; Scottish Enterprise,Shell.
• To understand, define and mitigaterisk for CO2 storage in a multi-userstorage site
• Multiple users of the pore space
• CO2 storage sites
• Hydrocarbon fields
• Challenges
• Leasing and licensing
• Operation of the sites
• Integrity of the stores
• Case study is offshore Scotland,central North Sea
Contents ………..
1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation
2. UK full-chain CCS projects
3. Storage performance research
• Capacity and characterisation• Monitoring and verification• Long-term stability
Full chain concepts
Projects associated with theDECC competitions (2007 – 2015)
DECC Commercialisation Programme: two FEED projects
White Rose
Peterhead - Goldeneye
Peterhead - Goldeneye
~1 Mt / year CO2 for 10 – 15 years
CO2 from existing 400 MW gas turbine (retrofittedcapture unit)
Storage in Goldeneye FieldDepleted gas condensate fieldCaptain Sandstone (+aquifer)Depth ~ 2600 m
[Images courtesy Shell]
White Rose
~ Mt / year CO2 for 10 years
CO2 from new IGCC power-plant adjacent to Drax
Storage in structural closure in the southern North Sea
Bunter Sandstone (saline aquifer)
Depth ~ 1000 m
Contents ………..
1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation
2. UK CCS projects
3. Storage performance research
• Capacity and characterisation• Monitoring and verification
Pressure control in theBunter Sandstone aquifer
Dynamic capacity estimation
BunterSandstone
Pressure and geomechanical stability
overburden
reservoir
potential leakage pathways?
ΔP
A sandstone reservoir
Penrith Sandstone (Vale of Eden)
• Drinking water aquifer onshore• Saline reservoir rock under the North Sea
20
0m
Heterogeneity
• Horizontal bedding• Lateral pinch-outs• Cross-cutting structures• Faults
• Fluid flow modifiers
Open aquifer
CO2
no water expulsion: ΔP largeraquifer water expelled: ΔP small
Aquifer boundaries
Closed aquifer
Aquifer boundaries
Injection simulations
12 wells injecting 1650 Mt of CO2 over 50 years
CO2 saturationafter 50 years
Injection simulations
openboundary
closedboundary
pressure limit
pressure limit
Simple parameters, more detailed research ongoing
Contents ………..
1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation
2. UK CCS projects
3. Storage performance research
• Capacity and characterisation• Monitoring and verification
Monitoring for conformance and containment
• Conformance: that the storage site is behaving as predicted and site-specific processes are sufficiently well-understood to ruled out significantadverse future outcomes.
• Containment: no evidence that the storage site is leaking in thesubsurface or emitting CO2 to the surface.
surface
container
leakage
emission
top of the Storage Complex
The Sleipner CO2 storage analogue
1994 (pre-injection) 2006 (8.4 Mt)
reservoirCO2 plume
Operated by Statoil and partners
World’s longest running CO2 storage project
Injecting since 1996 15 million tonnes now stored
Reservoir similar to many central and northern North Sea aquifers
1994 2006
Monitoring at Sleipner
3D time-lapse seismic
1994 (baseline)1999200120022004200620082010
Seabed gravity
2002200520091994 2006
seabed
reservoir CO2 plume
1000 m
3D time-lapse seismic provides spatially continuous andspatially uniform coverage of the subsurface volume of thestorage footprint
~ 3000 m
~250
m
Reservoir top
Reservoir base
Reservoir sand
Sleipner time-lapse 3D seismics
vertical section
plan view
Sleipner monitoring (3)
Demonstrated realistic representation of CO2 in situQuantitatively robust (~95% of known injected free CO2)
Calculated CO2 distribution (3D)Plume image 1999
2004
2008
2006
Mass of CO2 injected (Mt)
Inte
gra
ted
ve
loc
ity
pu
sh
do
wn
(m2s
)
2001
1999
Conformance – whole plume
seabed
Top reservoir
CO2 plume
2001200420062008
Conformance – topmost CO2 layer
observed layer growth
2001 2004 2006 2008
20082001 2004 2006
numerical simulation of layer growth
Topseal topography ?High reservoir permeability ?High CO2 mobility ?
Conformance – topmost CO2 layer
top reservoir
injection point
2006
CO2 plume
overburden
seabed
Containment monitoring: in the subsurface
Statistical analysis ofchanges in overburdendue to out-of-reservoir CO2
Detectability:~ 2000 tonnes at top reservoir~ 300 tonnes in shallow overburden
< 0.01% of 20 Mt storage project
Containment monitoring: at and around the seabed
1. Bubbles
2. Chemical changes in the water-column (e.g. pH)
3. Changes of seabed character(new pockmarks, algal mats etc)
Containment monitoring: at and around the seabed
Stationary and mobile monitoring options
Seabed ‘lander’ for in situ gas analysis
Remotely-operated vehicle (ROV)
partiallydetected
samplingstation
detected
storage footprint
notdetected
Containment monitoring: at and around the seabed
Possible requirement for large-area coverage (>100 km2)
ETI-MMV Project
Cost-effective large-area surveillance
QICS offshore release experiment
Monitoring tools
Sampling methods
Environmental impacts
Emissions detection / impacts
Thankyou