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Page 1: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

carbohydrates

Page 2: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms.

Monosaccharides

Biochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic Concepts

• Glucose, the main ingredient in corn syrup, is a familiar monosaccharide.

Topic 25Topic 25

Page 3: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio, and provide nutrients to the cells of living things.

• sugars, starches, and cellulose

• Carbohydrates are produced by plants through a process called photosynthesis.

• Carbohydrates provide nearly all of the energy that is available in most plant-derived food.

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 4: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Types of Carbohydrates

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 5: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates, continuedMonosaccharides

• A monosaccharide is a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate.

• A single monosaccharide molecule contains three to seven carbon atoms.

• Monosaccharide compounds are

• typically sweet-tasting

• white solids at room temperature

• water soluble

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 6: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and can be represented by the following structures.

Monosaccharides

Biochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsTopic 25Topic 25

Page 7: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• The most common simple sugars are glucose, fructose, and ribose.

Monosaccharides

Biochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsTopic 25Topic 25

Page 8: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• Food source for most organisms and structural material for plants.

• Empirical formula = CH2O

• Monosaccharides (simple sugars)– pentoses - ribose, arabinose– hexoses - fructose, glucose

Page 9: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 10: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 11: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 12: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 13: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 14: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 15: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 16: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• SUGARS IN STRUCTURES

• An important structural polysaccharide is cellulose. Cellulose is found in plants. It is one of those carbohydrates used to support or protect an organism. Cellulose is in wood and the cell walls of plants.

Page 17: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 18: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 19: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 20: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:
Page 21: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates, continuedMonosaccharides, continued

• The most common monosaccharides are glucose (also called dextrose) and fructose.

• Both have the formula C6(H2O)6.

• Their structural formulas differ.

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 22: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• Disaccharides (formed from 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycoside linkage)

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

• Polysaccharides (many monosaccharide units)

starch, cellulose

Page 23: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates, continuedDisaccharides

• A disaccharide is a sugar that consists of two monosaccharide units that are joined together.

• sucrose, C12H22O11

• A molecule of sucrose forms when a glucose molecule bonds to a fructose molecule.

• lactose • Lactose is made up of a sugar called galactose and

glucose.

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 24: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates, continuedPolysaccharides

• When many monosaccharides or disaccharides combine in a series of condensation reactions, they form a polysaccharide.

• A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate made up of long chains of simple sugars.

• Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are polymers of glucose.

• Sheets of cellulose make up plant cell walls.• Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 25: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• A polymer of many monosaccharides bonded into a chain is called a polysaccharide.

Polysaccharides

Biochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic Concepts

• Starch is a polysaccharide that consists only of glucose units.

Topic 25Topic 25

Page 26: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Polysaccharides

Biochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsTopic 25Topic 25

• Plants also link glucose units together in a different way to form the polysaccharidecellulose, which forms plant cell walls.

Page 27: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• Animals store glucose as a polysaccharide called glycogen, which is similar to starch.

Polysaccharides

Biochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsBiochemistry: Basic ConceptsTopic 25Topic 25

Page 28: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates, continuedPolysaccharides, continued

• Glycogen, cellulose, and starch differ in their arrangement of glucose monomers.

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 29: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates, continuedCarbohydrate Reactions

• Carbohydrates undergo two important kinds of reactions: condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions.

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

• A condensation reaction is a reaction in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine.

Page 30: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates, continuedCarbohydrate Reactions, continued

• Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances.

• Disaccharides and longer-chain polysaccharides can be broken down into smaller sugar units by hydrolysis.

Section 1 Carbohydrates and LipidsChapter 23

Page 31: carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which commonly have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides Biochemistry:

• Polysaccharides are also used in the shells of such crustaceans as crabs and lobsters (chitin). It is similar in some ways to the structure of cellulose but has a far different use. The shells are solid, protective structures that need to be molted (left behind) when the crustacean needs to grow. It is very inflexible. On the other hand, it is very resistant to damage. While a plant may burn, it takes very high temperatures to hurt the shell of a crab.


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Carbs: The Staff of Life, or The Stuff of Death? · carbohydrates All carbohydrates are chains and clusters of simple sugars (tech name: monosaccharides) Glucose is the poster child

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