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TRANSCRIPT
2 M.PILANIA
CLASS X
Exam Tips
ek/;fed cksMZ ijh{kk % vfuok;Z vaxzsth
Class – X
SYALLABUS:
Time :- 03:15 Hours Marks : 80
The Examination Scheme for the paper is as follows:
Paper Time Marks Sessional Marks Total
One 03:15 Hrs. 80 20 100
Section A [ Reading ] Marks : 15 Q.1 Unseen Passage, 150 'kCnksa esa Factual ;k Literary esa ls dksbZ ,d] 7 vad dk gksxkA
Q.2 Unseen Passage, 120 'kCnksa esa Factual ;k Literary esa ls dksbZ ,d] 8 vad dk gksxkA
Passage esa iz'u la- 1 ls 6 rd vfry?kqÙkjkRed gksaxs] rFkk nksauksa gh Passage esa vafre nks iz'u Vocabulary ('kCnkoyh) ls
lEcfU/kr gksxsa] buesa i;kZ;okph ,oa lekukFkhZ 'kCnksa dk Passage ls <wa<dj fy[ksaA
Passage ds mÙkj nsusa ls iwoZ D;k djsa :
Passage dks ,dkxzrk ls i<saA
Skill is to be tested Section Marks
Reading A 15
Writing B 15
Grammar C 15
Text Books:-
(i) First Flight
(ii) Footprints without
Feet
D Ist :- 25
2nd :- 10
TOTAL 80
3 M.PILANIA
i<rs le; Passage dk vFkZ le>dj eq[; fopkjksa dks tkusA
,ls 'kCn ftudk vFkZ le> esa ugh vk jgk gks rks vkxs ihNs dh iafä;ksa dks i<dj vFkZ le>us dk iz;kl djsA
mÙkj vf/kd cM+k u fy[ks] dsoy iwNh xbZ tkudkjh gh nsosA
mÙkj lVhd ,oa Lo;a dh Hkk"kk esa gh nsos] fdUrq mÙkj esa vius fopkjksa dks u j[ksA
Spelling ( orZuh ) ,oa Punctuations ( fojke fpUgksa ) ij fo”ks"k /;ku nsA
iz'u ftl Tense ( dky ) eas gks mÙkj mlh Tense esa nsaA
iz'u lwpd 'kCnksa dks (What, Who, Whom, When, Whose, Where, Why, How bR;knh ) dks mÙkj esa u
fy[ksaA
WH iz'u lwpd 'kCnksa ds ckn vk;h lgk;d fØ;k,a ( do, does rFkk did ) dks Hkh gVk ns rFkk iz'u ds rhljs
'kCn a,an,the rFkk Subject (drkZ) ls viuk mÙkj 'kq: djsA
iz'u esa vk;s nks rhu 'kCnksa dks Passage esa <aw<s] os 'kCn ftl iafDr esa gS ogh mÙkj gS ysfdu O;kdj.k ds vuq:i
mÙkj nsA
Passage ds iz'uksa dks le>usa ls iwoZ WH 'kCnksa ds vFkZ rFkk iz;ksx dks tkuuk t:jh gS vkvks fuEu
Table ls tkus :
WH 'kCn (iz'u lwpd 'kCn )- Meaning in Hindi (fgUnh eas vFkZ ) Uses (iz;ksx) (mÙkj esa D;k fy[kuk
gSS )-
Who dkSu] fdlus O;fDr dk uke mÙkj esa fy[ksaA
Whose fdldk] fdlds] fdldh O;fDr ;k oLrq dk lEcU/k fy[ksaA
Whom fdls] fdldks] fdldk O;fDr ds ckjs esa (Object)ds :Ik esa
fy[ksA
Which dkSulk] dkSuls] dkSulh oLrq] LFkku] tho&tUrq i{kh vkfn
dh tkudkjh mÙkj esa nsA
What D;k] dkSulh oLrq] O;fDr dk dk;Z] fopkj vkfn
dh tkudkjh nsA
When dc le; dh tkudkjh mÙkj esa nsA
Where dgk¡ LFkku dh tkudkjh mÙkj esa fy[ksaA
Why D;ksa fdlh dk;Z ;k ?kVuk ds dkj.kksa dks
mÙkj esa fy[ksaA
How dSls gky&pky] gkykr] dk;Z djusa ds
rfjds dh tkudkjh mÙkj esa nsA
How much fdruk] fdrus] fdruh oLrq dh ek=k] dher] ewY; dh
tkudkjh mÙkj esa nsA
How many fdruk] fdrus] fdruh la[;k dh tkudkjh nsA
(O;fDr] oLrq rFkk LFkku dh la[;k)
How long fdruk] fdrus] fdruh] dc ls] dc rd nwjh(yEckbZ)] vof/k(le; esa) dh
4 M.PILANIA
tkudkjh mÙkj esa nsA
How far fdruk] fdrus] fdruh nwjh K.m. esa (yEckbZ@pkSMkbZ) dh
tkudkjh mÙkj esa nsA
How old fdruk] fdrus] fdruh
fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku ds ckjs esa
fdruk iqjkuk] fdruk o)] fdruh
mez vkfn fh tkudkjh mÙkj esa nsA
Passage ds mÙkj fy[krsa le; Grammar ds fuEu fu;eksa dk /;ku ns :-
1. iz'u esa does lgk;d fØ;k gksrks mls gVk dj fØ;k ds izFke :i (V1) ds lkFk s ;k es tksM+dj mÙkj nsA
Negetive okD; esa does dks ugha gVkrsa gS ysfdu V1 ds lkFk yxk s ;k es gVk nsA For Example :- (i) What does she do?
Ans:- She does her home work. (do+es = ,dopu fØ;k )
(ii) Why does she do home work?
Ans :- She does home work because she wants to get pass.
(want+s = ,dopu fØ;k)
(iii) When does she not go to school?
Ans:- She does not go to school on sunday.
2. iz'u esa did gks rks did dks gVkdj mÙkj V2 (fØ;k dk nwljk :i) esa mÙkj nsA Negative
esa did ugha gVrk rFkk V1 dk iz;ksx djsA
tSls :- (i) Why did she not take tea?
Ans:- She did not take tea because she did not like that.
(ii)Why did she not go to hospital?
Ans :- She did not go to hospital because she was ok.
3. ;fn iz'u eas do lgk;d fØ;k vkrh gS rks iz'u dk mÙkj Affirmative (ldkjkRed) gS
rks] do dks gVk ns rFkk V1 dks ;Fkkor jgusa nsA
tSls :- (i) How many letters do Lencho write to God ?
Ans:- Lencho writes two letters to God.
udkjkRed esa do ugha gVsxk tSls:-
(ii)Why do they not go to school ?
Ans :- They do not go to school because they are sick.
5 M.PILANIA
4. vxj WH + has, have, can, could, was, were, will, shall,, would, should vkfn
gksrks mÙkj nsrs le; mUgs drkZ i'pkr fy[krs gS] tSls %&
(i)Where was the writer standing?
Ans :- The writer was standing at the station.
(ii) Why were people there?
Ans :- People were there because that was bus station.
5. ;fn iz’u ds e/; ^there’ gks rks mrj lekU;r% there ls gh mrj vkjaHk djsa A tSls %&
(i) How many students are there in the class?
Ans :- There are 90 students in the class.
(ii) How much sugar was there in the pot?
Ans :-There was 2kg sugar in the pot.
6. Why ls 'kq: gksus okys iz’uksa dk mrj Because ls nsrs gS] fdUrq dqN mrj to +verb dh
I form ls Hkh fn;k tkrk gSSA tSls %&
(i) Why did he not do his home work?
Ans :- He did not do his home work because he was ill.
(ii) Why did you go to home ?
Ans :-I went home to bring my book.
Specimen ¼uewuk½
Question no. 1. Read the following passage given below and answere the
question that follow :
A little boy used to play in the shade of a tree. One day the boy sat leaning
against the trunk of the tree, cried and sighed , “ I am hungry” “Eat my
fruits”, said the kind tree and it bent down of its branches . The little boy ate
the fruits and felt satisfied.
Many years passed and the boy grew up . Then once again he sat
under the tree with a lot of dejection and helplessness. “What is it?”, the
tree asked “My wedding day is bare a week away and I have nowhere to
live”. “Cut down my branches and build yourself a house”. Said the tree .
The young man sat to work immediately.
Time passed now the young man a sailor. Once again he sat under
the tree with a look of remorse on his face. It again asked what matter was,
6 M.PILANIA
he pleaded, my captain is cruel, so to survive I must own a ship. “Cut down
my trunk and build a ship”. Said the tree.
The sailor grew old but once again he turned to the tree with a
laden expression on his face . It was cold and the sailor leaned on his stick,
was trembling. “Make a fire of me”. Said the stump of the tree. It soon burnt
in the fire softly humming a tune.
1. Why did the tree say to the boy to eat its fruits? 2. How did the tree help the man before his marriage? 3. What did the man do to survive himself? 4. How many times did the tree help a single human being? 5. Did the tree remain alive at last? If yes why/if not why not? 6. Name the different parts of this tree? 7. Find the word from the passage which is opposite to ‘kind’. 8. Find from the passage a word similar to “a strang feeling of sadness”
Tips for writing answer :- 1. Why did the tree say to the boy to eat its fruits?
Ans. The tree said to the boy to eat its fruits because the little boy was hungry. izFke iz’u Why ls gS] mrj because ls ns lgk;d fØ;k did Hkwrdky gS bls gVk ns mrj
V2 esa nsxsaA vr% Why rFk did nksuksa dks gVk nks rFkk nh xbZ V1 dks V2 esa cnyks rFkk
the ls mrj 'kq: djks rFkk izFke v{kj ^T* dks cMh o.kZekyk esa fy[kdj mrj 'kq: djsaA
2. How did the tree help the man before his marriage? Ans. The tree helped the man before his marriage like this, the tree asked the
young man to cut down its branches and build a house for himself. nwljk iz’u How ls 'kq: gS ftldk vFkZ ^dSls* gS dk;Z djus dk rjhdk iqN jgk gS rjhdk
mrj esa fy[ksa rFkk How rFk did dks gVk nsa rFkk help fØ;k dks V2 esa cny dj mrj esa
fy[ksaA uhps fn;s mrj dks le>saA 3. What did the man do to survive himself?
Ans. He did to survive himself that he wanted to own a ship. So the tree gave him its trunk to build a ship. rhljk iz’u what ls ’kq: gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^D;k* uhps crk;s vuqlkj what rFkk did nksuksa dks gVk
nsa
rFkk He dk H capital fy[kdj do fØ;k dks did esa cnydj mrj fy[ksaaA 4. How many times did the tree help a single human being?
Ans. Four times. pkSFkk iz’u How many ls ’kq: gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^fdruk] fdrus] fdruh* la[;k dh tkudkjh
mrj esa fy[ksa vFkkZr fdruh ckj] How many rFkk did nksuksa dks
gVk nsa rFkk the ls mrj bldk T cMk fy[ksaA uhps mnkgj.k ls le>saA 5. Did the tree remain alive at last? If yes why/if not why not?
Ans. No, The tree did not remain alive at the last because the tree gave all its different part to be cut down to a boy. ikapok iz’u lgk;d fØ;k Did ls ’kq: gS vr% mrj yes no type gS mrj no ls 'kq: gksxk
did dks gVk dj mrj No ls 'kq: djsa A uhps mnkgj.k ls le>saA 6. Name the different parts of this tree?
7 M.PILANIA
Ans. Trunk, branches, stump etc. iz’u la[;k 6 Name l'kCn ls ’kq: gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^uke* fy[kksa A mrj iz’u esa vk;s the 'kCn ls 'kq: djsa rFkk T cMh fy[ksa A uhps mnkgj.k ls le>saA
7. Find the word from the passage which is opposite to ‘kind’. Ans. ‘Cruel’ is the from the passage which is opposite to ‘kind’.
iz’u la[;k 7 Find 'kCn ls ’kq: gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^<w<ksa* ;k irk yxkvksa]
bl iz’u ds mrj esa Kind 'kCn dk Opposite fy[ksa A uhps mnkgj.k ls le>saA 8. Find from the passage a word similar to “a strang feeling of sadness”
Ans. A word similar to “ a strong feeling of sadness” is remorse.
iz’u la[;k 8 Find 'kCn ls ’kq: gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^<w<ksa* ;k irk yxkvksa] bl iz’u ds mrj esa
js[kkafdr 'kCnksa dk Similar ¼Ik;kZ;okph½ 'kCn esa fy[ksaA uhps mnkgj.k ls le>saA
uksV%&
1- isij esa nwljk iz’u Hkh Passage dk gh gksxk izFke Passage ds mnkgj.k ls bls Hkh
blh izdkj gy djsaA 2- vkids isij esa iz’u la0 12 o 13 Hkh Passage gS ysfdu ;s Seen Passage
¼ns[ksa@i<+s gq;s½ ;s vkidh ikB; iqLrd esa ls i<s gq;s ikBksa esa ls vk;sxsaA bUgsa Hkh
mijksDr mnkgj.k ls le>sa rFkk djsaA vkxs iz’u la[;k 12 esa mnkgj.k ls le>k;k x;k
gSA
SECTION :B
LETTER WRITING
Ikz’u la[;k 3 Marks - 05
I Letter Writing – One out of two. ¼ nks esa ls dksbZ ,d ½
(i) Informal : Personal such as to family and friends.
(ii) Formal : Letter to the editor, Letter of complains, enquiries, request, application.
II E-mail : Formal letters to the principal of the school or to the editor of a News paper of a
Magazine.
Letter Writing ¼i= ys[ku½ i= ys[ku ds ek/;e ls ,d O;fDr vius Hkkoksa] fopkjksa] laoknksa] lwpukvksa] laosxksa vkfn dks
O;Dr djrk gS, i= ,d fu/kkZfjr izk:Ik esa mn~ns’;kuqlkj] fcUnqokj] ljy] lVhd ,oa izHkkoh Hkk"kk esa laf{kIr fy[kuk
pkfg;sA
Kinds of Letters ¼ i=ksa ds izdkj ½
Informal Letters :- Formal Letters :-
¼vukSipkfjd i=½ ¼vkSipkfjd i=½
ifjHkk"kk %& bl izdkj ds i= dks ersonal
vFkok Private i= Hkh dgrs gSA ;s i= fdlh
ifjHkk"kk %& ;s i= os i= gksrs gS tks
jktdh; vf/kdkfj;ksa] O;olkf;d izfr"Bkuksa
lekpkj i=ksa ds laikndksa] jkstxkj nsus
8 M.PILANIA
fe=] ifjokj ds lnL;] fj’rsnkj vFkok ifjfpr
O;fDr dks fy[ks tkrs gSA bu i=ksa ds ek/;e ls
vki fuea=.k] lgkuqHkwfr] fuosnu lwpuk] 'kksd
izdV djuk] c/kkbZ] [ksn] izLrko] ijke’kZ@lykg
vkfn ds Hkko izdV dj ldrs gSA
okys inkf/kdkfj;ksa] fo|ky; ds
iz/kkuk/;kid@iz/kkukpk;Z vkfn dks fy[ks
tkrs gS bu i=ksa dks fy[krs le; Third
Person ¼rrh; iq:"k½ He, She, it,
they vkfn dk vf/kd iz;ksx gksrk gSA
bl izdkj ds i=ksa dks fy[krs le; Person ¼iq:"k½ fuEu izdkj ls cnysxsaA
bu i=ksa esa vki PssiveVoice dk
vf/kd iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA bu i=ksa dh
Hkk"kk vkSipkfjd o 'kkyhu gksuh pkfg;sA
¼i½ First Person dks Second person esa cnyrs gS
I, my, me, we, our You, yourself,
your esa
¼ii½ Second Person dks First person esa
You, yourself, your dks I, my, me, we, our esa
How to Write a Letter ¼i= dSls fy[ksa½
Format of an Informal Letter
An informal letter to a friend congratulating him on
his success.
1. → (a) 197 G.A.D. Colony, Jalore.
→ (b) March 12, 2015Write a Letter
2 → It is a great joy to heare of your success in the
secondary Examination.
3 → Really you have done hard labour. You have
proved your brilliance by securing 95% of marks. I
congratulate you on your grant success. I wish you
a happy and bright future too.
4 → With love.
5 → Yours sincerely.
6 → Navjot Singh.
Note :- mijksDr i= esa la[;k,sa ,oa rhj vukSipkfjd dks
fy[kus dk rfjdk gS vki ,d izk:i dks <ax ls ;kn dj ysaA
bu Hkkxksa dks fuEu ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA
1- The Heading ¼f'k"kZd½ %&
→ (a) Writer's Address.
→ (b) Date of Writing a Letter, month, year blesa i= fy[kus okys O;fDr dk irk fy[kk tkrk gSA dSls
fy[ksa½
2- Salutation ¼lEcks/ku½ %& blesa lEcks/ku 'kCn vkSj f'k"Vkpkj
@ vfHkoknu 'kCn fy[ks tkrs gSA
3- The Body ¼eq[; Hkkx½ %& blesa ijh{kk ds iz'u esa iwNs x;s
lans'k dks foLrr] ljy ,oa NksVs okD;ksa esa fy[ksA
4- Courteous leave taking %& bl i= esa vki with best
wishes, Best wishes, Love, Love from ;k With
Love vkfn fy[k ldrs gSA
5. The Subscription ¼lekiu 'kCn½ %& blesa vki cM+ks dks
izek.k ,oa NksVks dks I;kj] ekrk&firk dks iz.kke rFkk cPpks dks
I;kj vkfn 'kCn fy[k ldrs gSA
6. Signature :- ;gkW fo|kFkhZ pqafd ijh{kk dh dkWih esa fy[k
jgk gS isij esa tks vkidk dkYifud uke gS] mls fy[ksA uke
ugha gksus ij jksy uEcj fy[ksA
Formate of Formal Letters
1. → (a) Govt. Sr. Sec. School, Jalore
→ (b) March 12, 2015.
2. → The Secretary
Board of secondary education
Rajasthan, Ajmer.
3 → Dear Sir,
I wish to bring to your notice that the result
of secondary Board Examination.
4 → 2014 was declared last month. About 150
students of this school appeared in this
examination. But their mark sheets haven't been
sent yet, so it is very difficult to ascertain their
standards without their mark sheets.
Please look into the matter and do the needful.
Kindly make suitable arrangements to send them
as soon as possible.
5 → Thanks
6 → Yours faithfully.
7 → Hanif Khan
Principal
Note :- nksuksa izdkj ds i=ksa dks fy[kus ds leku Hkkx gS] Nk=
nksuks izdkj ds i=ksa dks fy[kus ds vUrj dks le>s rFkk
,d&,d i= dk format ¼[kkdk½ vius efLr"d esa vPNs ls
fcBk;saA Lo;a fy[kdj vH;kl djs dsoy i<+us ekl ls fy[kuk
leHko ugha gksxkA
9 M.PILANIA
I. ijh{kk gsrq egRoiw.kZ Inforal letters ¼vukSipkfjd i=½
1. Write a letter to your friend. describing your trip/visit to Jaipur.
2. Write a letter to your friend, advising him to spent less time on watching T.V. programmes
and pay attention to his health and studies.
3. Write a letter to your uncle. thank him for gift on your birthday.
4. Write a letter to your younger brother, advising him to study hard and avoid bad company.
5. Write a letter to your friend, expressing your inability to attend his younger brother/ sister's
birthday party.
II. Frormal letters for Board Examination ¼vkSipkfjd i=½
1. An application to the Headmaster/principal, requesting him to exempt you from attending
the evening games. with the reason.
2. An application to the principal of your school requesting him to start extra classes for
English teaching with reasons.
3. Write a letter (an application) to the SHO of your area. complaining about frequent cases of
theft and chain snatching in your locality.
4. Write an application to the collector, requesting him to ban the frequent use of
loudspeakers during examination days.
5. An application to the Chairman, municipal council of your city, complaining about the
insanitry condition of your locality.
III. IMPORTANT - E- MALLS" FOR BOARD EXAMINATION
1. E-mail a letter to your friend congratulating him on her/his success in the examination. E-
mail your letter at [email protected]
2. Write E-mail to your friend Nitin inviting him to the wedding of your elder sister.
3. Your father is on a tour to Delhi, has his laptop with him E-mail him and inform him about
the selection of your elder brother in 'ITI' competitive examination.
OR E-MAIL WRITING
Marks - 5
10 M.PILANIA
II. iz'u la[;k 3 ds ^vFkok* esa E-mail Writing ij iz'u iwNk tk ldrk gSA
Formal letters to the Principal of the School or to the Editor of a Newspaper or a magazine.
1. E-mail dh ifjHkk"kk@vFkZ@vk'k; %& E-mail dk iwjk :i Electronic-mail. orZeku ;qx esa bZ&esy 'kh?kz
lans'k Hkstus o izkIr djus dk loZJs"B rjhdk gSA
2. E-mail irs dk izk:i &
(i) bZ&esy ds irs esa xkWo] uxj vkSj ns'k dk uke fy[kk gqvk ugha gksrk gSA
(ii) bZ&esy ds fuEufyf[kr irs dks /;ku ls le>s & [email protected]
blesa vikram = E-mail lsok ds mi;ksx djus okyk O;fDr gSA blesa @ = ;g bZ&esy esa ,d izrhd gS] ftldk mPpkj.k
^aat' gksrk gSA
blesa gmail = bZ&esy lsok iznku djus okys dk uke gS] bldk mPpkj.k 'dot' ¼MkWV½ gksrk gSA
blesa com = laxBu dh izdfr dk |ksrd gS] tks commerce dk laf{kIr :i gSA
uksV & vr% mi;qZDr irs dk bl izdkj cksyk tk;sxk & vikram at gmail.com
3. bZ&esy lans'k dks fy[kus dk izk:i &
To
CC
BCC
Subject
The message compositive window
4- E-mail lans'k dks fy[kuk & bZ&esy ds izk:i ,oa izfof"V;ksa dks Hkjus dh fof/k dks le>s &
To :- ftls vki lans'k Hkstrs gS] ml O;fDr dk E-mail irk fy[ksA
cc :- bldk vFkZ gS dkcZu dkWih % vki ,d vU; O;fDr dks ogh lans'k Hkstrs gS rks ml O;fDr ¼nwljs½ dk
bZ&esy irk nwljs dkWye esa fy[ksA
bcc :- anks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks ogh esy vxj vki vU; 10 ;k 15 O;fDr;ksa dks Hkstrs gS rks mu lcds irs
bl dkWye esa fy[ksA
subject :- bl dkWye esa lans'k dk fo"k; fy[ks fdUrq ,d ykbZu esaA
Body :- blesa fnukad rFkk izs"kd ds uke o irs] ;s dkWye Lo;a dEI;wVj vius vki dj nsrs gSA
Specimen E-mail ¼uewus dk bZ&esy½
1. E-mail to your friend inviting him to the birthday party of your younger brother at [email protected] Ans. To [email protected]
CC
BCC
Sub. Invitation to attend birthday party
Dear Ramesh
I invite you to attend the birthday party of my younger brother on 10th March 2015 at 6 p.m. at
Hotel Ashok. My parents, will feel great pleasure if you attend the birthday party.
Yours affectionately
Prateek Bhardwaj
11 M.PILANIA
Q.4. Marks :- 4
SHORT PARAGRAPHS
(on a given outline/topic)
ijh{kk esa nks iz'u vk;sxs ,d esa Outline nh gksxh] nwljs esa dsoy Topic fn;k gksxkA 'kCn lhek 60 ls 80 gksxhA
;s Paragraphs fdlh O;fDr] ?kVuk vFkok vuqHko ij gksxsA
Paragraphs fy[krs le; fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[ksA 1. fo"k; ij fpUru djs] Points fy[kuk pkgrs gS] mUgsa Øec) djsA 2. okD;ksa dh cukoV ifjfpr 'kCnksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ls gh djsA 3. okD; yEcs u fy[ks vf/kd xyrh;ksa dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA 4. Paragraphs dk izFke okD; fo"k; vk/kkfjr gks rFkk vfUre okD; fu"d"kZiw.kZ gksA 5. vkids Paragraphs esa O;FkZ ckrs u gks] og vFkZiw.kZ rFkk laf{kIr gksA
mnkgj.k & Outline vk/kkfjr Paragraph dk
1- People waste a lot of water in different activities. Tops ......... not closed properly. Valuable
water ..................... carelessness ..................... we should....................... awareness among
children and people about it.
Ans. SAVE WATER
we see water is being wasted at all hours of the day. we can see water taps
running uselessly at all public places. No one thinks on it to turn them off after
use. It is seen in our schools, taps are not colsed properly after they have been
used, Due to this negligence and carelessness, valuable water is wasted. we all
know level of water in the earth has gone down. If it is uncheeked, a day will
soon came when we shall have no water to drink we should save eatch drop of
water we should conserve it, and save the future generation.
2- mnkgj.k fcuk ¼without½ outline vk/kkfjr paragraph dk -
Write a paragraph on "Tree" The green gold of a country in about 60 words.
Ans. Importance of Forests/ Trees : The Green Gold of A Country
1. Trees are very useful to us. (ii) They prevent soil erosion. (iii) They
provide us food and shelter for animal (iv) They keep environment clean. (v)
Should we save / protect them ?
Forest are very useful to us. They give rain. They privent flood. They
prevent soil erosion. They give us a number of useful products. we get timber to build
our henses, wood for furniture, fuel for cooking food, they give us honey, wax, gum,
oil, herbs, lac and dyes,
The paper miles, industries of artificial silk are depend on them. They keep
environment clean. We should not cut forest, we should protect them.
12 M.PILANIA
Q.No. 5 Marks :- 6
SHORT WRITING TASK
(Based on a Topic)
uksV %& d{kk 10 ds ikB~;Øe esa Visul stimulus ¼fp=kRed½ fn;s x;s fp= ds vk/kkj ij 75 'kCnksa esa fp= dks
le> dj mldk o.kZu djuk rFkk nwljk Topic vk/kkfjr] nks esa ls dksbZ ,d djsA bldk vad Hkkj 6 gSA
mnkgj.k nksuks izdkj ds paragraphs ds &
Given pictures describe how man is polluting the environment.
fp= isij esa fn;k gksxs] vkidks o.kZu djuk gSA O;fDr dSls i;kZoj.k dks xank dj jgk gSA
OR
Write a paragraph in about 75 words on "pollution".
¼75 'kCnksa esa ^^i;kZoj.k** ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A½
Ans. POLLUTION
This picture describes how man is polluting the environment. The harmful emission of smokes from the vehicles is polluting the air. This emission is very harmful. It causes diseases. The music instruments causes the sound pollution. The sound of loudspeakers and gramophones is harmful for ears. It disturbs the peace. Environment is being polluted by the harmful gases. from the industries. It has increased the word temperature. Water is being misused, so it causes water pollution.
Note :- vU; egRoiw.kZ Paragraphs tks vki Lo;a rS;kj djsA
1. Write a paragraph of about 75 words on your "visit to a zoo". ¼fcuk fp= okyk½
2. A paragraph on "A Drawing Incident" ¼fPk= okyk½
3. Write a paragraph in about 75 words on the need of "ban poly bangs" ¼fPk= okyk½
4. Write a paragraph on the topic/picture. An Election scence.
SECTION - C (GRAMMER)
Q.6. Marks - 4 TENSES
(Correct Forms of Verbs) 1- iz'u la[;k 6 esa Tense vk/kkfjr 1@2 vad ds vkB iz'u iwNs tkrs gSA ftlesa dks"Bd esa fn;s x;s Verb
dk lgh :i ¼correct form½ okD; ds fjDr LFkku esa HkjsA
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2- Tense dh igpku gsrq vkidks Adverbials of time ¼le; lwapd 'kCnksa dks ;kn djuk pkfg;sA ½
3- fo|kFkhZ;ksa dks fØ;kvksa ds lgh :i dk Kku vko';d gSA
Tense dh ifjHkk"kk & fØ;k ds ftl :i ls fdlh dk;Z ;k ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus dk le; rFkk dk;Z dh fLFkfr
¼n'kk½ dk cks/k gksrk gSA mls Tense dgrs gSA
Tense ¼dky½
1. Present Tense ¼orZeku dky½
fgUnh &igpku ¼gS] gWw] gks] gSa½
vaxzsth igpku & orZeku dky dh
1- eq[; fØ;k;s
2- orZeku dky dh lgk;d fØ;k,
3- orZeku dky dh eq[; fØ;k,
$ lgk;d fØ;k,W
2. Past Tense ¼Hkwr dky½
fgUnh igpku & ¼Fkk]Fks]Fkh½
vaxszth igpku &
1- eq[; fØ;k,W ¼V2½
2- Hkwrdky dh lgk;d fØ;k,W
3- V1 $ Hkwrdky dh lgk;d fØ;k,W
3. Future Tense ¼Hkfo"; dky½
fgUnh igpku & ¼xk] xs]xh½
vaxzsth igpku &
1- lgk;d fØ;k,W $ eq[; fØ;k,W
i. Simple Present Tense lk/kkj.k orZeku dky
fgUnh igpku & rk]rs]rh $ gS]gWw]gks
vaxzsth igpku & v1+s or es / v1
fØ;k ds izFke :i ds lkFk s ;k es ,d opu esa rFkk cgqopu esa dsoy v1
dk iz;ksxA
mnkgj.k & og fy[krk gSA
He Writes
i. Simple Past Tense lk/kkj.k Hkwr dky
fgUnh igpku & rk]rs]rh $ Fkk]Fks]Fkh
vaxzsth igpku & v2 / v2
,dopu rFkk cgqopu nksuks izdkj ds
okD;ksa esa fØ;k dk nqljk :i ¼ v2½
mlus fy[kk @ og fy[krk FkkA
He Wrote. os fy[krs Fks@mUgksaus fy[kkA
They Wrote
i. Simple Future Tense lk/kkj.k Hkfo"; dky
fgUnh igpku&rk]rs]rh@;s $ xk] xs] xh
will + v1 / shall + v1
1. will dk iz;ksx ,dopu dks iz;ksx
RkFkk shall dks iz;ksx cgqopu drkZ $ v1A
2- will dk iz;ksx second person ds lkFk ¼you,
they½
3- first person - I, we ds lkFk shall dk iz;ksx
rFkk vU; lHkh cgqopu drkZ ds lkFk ¼noun
subject½ mnkgj.k & og fy[ksxkA
He will write. os fy[ksxsA
They will write.
ii. present continuons Tense viw.kZ orZeku dky
fgUnh igpku & jgk] jgs] jgh $
gS] gWw] gks] gSa
vaxzsth igpku & is, am, are +
v4 (v1 + ing) mnkgj.k & og fy[k jgk gSA
He is writing os fy[k jgs gSA
They are writing
ii. Past continuons Tense viw.kZ Hkwr dky
fgUnh igpku & jgk] jgs] jgh $ Fkk]
Fkss] Fkh
was / were + v4 (v1+ing) mnkgj.k & og fy[k jgk FkkA
He was writing.
They were writing.
iii. Future continuons Tense viw.kZ Hkfo"; dky
fgUnh igpku & jgk] jgs] jgh $ gks $ xk] xs] xh
will be + v4 / shall be + v4 (v1+ing) mnkgj.k & og fy[k jgk gksxkA
He will be writing. os fy[k jgs gksxsA
They will be writing.
iii. present perfect Tense iw.kZ orZeku dky
fgUnh igpku & pqdk] pqds] pqdks $
gS] gWw] gks] gSa
vaxzsth igpku & has been / have
been + v3 mnkgj.k & og fy[k pqdk gSA
He has written. os fy[k pqds gSA
They have written.
iii. Past perfect Tense iw.kZ Hkwr dky
fgUnh igpku & pqdk] pqds] pqdh $
Fkk] Fks] Fkh
had been + v3 / had been + v3 mnkgj.k & og fy[k pqdk FkkA
He had written. os fy[k pqds FksA
They had written.
iii. Future perfect Tense iw.kZ Hkfo"; dky
fgUnh igpku & pqdk] pqds] pqdh $ gks $ xkk] xs]
xh
will have been + v3 / shall have been +
v3 mnkgj.k & og fy[k pqdk gksxkA
He will have written. os fy[k pqds gksxsA
They will have written.
iv. present perfect continous
Tense iw.kZ&viw.kZ orZeku dky
fgUnh igpku & ls $ jgk] jgs] jgh $
gS] gWw] gks] gSa
mnkgj.k & og lqcg ls fy[k jgk gSA
iv. Past perfect Continous
Tense iw.kZ &viw.kZ Hkwrdky
fgUnh igpku & ls$jgk] jgs] jgh $
Fkk] Fks] Fkh
mnk- og lqcg ls fy[k jgk FkkA
iv. Future perfect continouns Tense iw.kZ&viw.kZ Hkfo"; dky
fgUnh igpku & ls $ jgk] jgs] jgh $ gks $ xk] xs]
xh
mnk- og lqcg ls fy[k jgk gksxkA
He will have been writing science
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He has been writing since
morning. os lqcg ls fy[k jgs gSA
They have been writing since
morning
He had been writing since
morning. os lqcg ls fy[k jgs FksA
They had been writing since
morning.
morning. os lqcg ls fy[k jgs gksxsA
They will have been writing since
morning.
Chart of Adverbials of Time
¼le; lwpd 'kCnksa dk pkVZ½
Number ;s le; lwpd 'kCn gks rks
Adverbials of time ;g Tense gksxk
Tense would be
fuEu fØ;k dk iz;ksx djs
Verb to be used
1. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
always, often, sometimes, usually,
generally, frequently, seldom, rarely,
never, regularly, daily, occassionally
every day, night / month/ week/ year etc.
each day / night / week/ month / year etc.
on sunday / monday .........
in the morning / evening
once / twice ....... a day / week / month,
etc.
Present Simple Tense lkekU; orZeku dky
Singular
V1 + s or es
Plural
v1
uksV & ;fn vaxzsth ds fdlh okD; esa mijksDr le; lwapd 'kCn ik;s tk;s rks og okD; Present Simple Tense dk gSA vr% ,d opu esa v1 $ s ;k es, rFkk cgqopu esa dsoy v1 fjDr LFkku esa HkjsA
2- last, night, last year, last month, last week, long
ago, some time back, yester day, once, in 2006,
2010 etc. ;s 'kCn gS rks
Past Simple Tense gksxkA
Singular / Plural
v2 / v2
3 next day / next night / month / next week/
tomorrow, ;s le; lwpd 'kCn gS rks
Future Simple Tense gksxkA
,d opu esa will + v1 fjDr
LFkku esa HkjsA cgqopu esa shall
+ v1 fjDr LFkku esa HkjsA
4 tc ;s le; lwpd 'kCn okD; esa gks rks
still, at this time, at this moment, now a days, this
evening, now, today, at persent, those days etc.
Present Continous
Tense gksxkA
is / am/ are + v1 + ing dk
iz;ksx fjDr LFkku esa djksA
5- at that time, at that moment, those days, then etc. Past Continous Tense gksxkA
was / were + v1 + ing HkjsA
6- at this time tomorrow at this moment tomorrow Future Continous
Tense gksxkA
will be / shall be + v1 +
ing HkjsA 7- this week, (bl lIrkg rd) / month, year, just, till,
now, already, recently, lately, not yet, sofar, by
now, always never etc.
Present Perfect Tense gksxkA
has / have + v3 dk iz;ksx
fjDr LFkku esa HkjsA
8- Hkwrdky esa ,d ds ckn nwljk dk;Z 'kq: gksdj lekIr gksrk gS
oks izFke ?kVuk @ dk;Z gsrq had + v3 rFkk f}rh; ?kVuk gsrq v2 dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Past Perfect
Continouns Tense gksxkA
izFke fjDr LFkku esa had + v3
nwljs fjDr LFkku esa v2 HkjksA
9- okD;ksa ds vkjEHk ;k vUr esa
By + time or By the end of day, night / week/
month, year etc.
Future Perfect Tense gksxkA
will have + v3
shall have + v3 dk iz;ksx
fjDr LFkku esa djksA
10- since / for / all ds lkFk Lke; vo'; fn;k gksrk gSA Present Perfect
Continous Tense gksxkA
has been + v1 + ing +
since / for / all + time dk
iz;ksx gksxkA
11- Hkwrdky esa gh dk;Z 'kq: gqvk rFkk Hkwrdky esa gh tkjh jgk rks
since / for / all ds lkFk Hkwr dky ds le; dk clause vo'; gks rks
Past Perfect Continous
Tense gksxkA
had been / had been + v1
+ ing + since / for/ all fjDr LFkku esa HkjksA
15 M.PILANIA
12- since / for / all ds lkFk by + time ;k time clause in
present gks rks
Future Perfect
Continous Tense gksxkA
(a) will have been + v1 +
ing + since / for/ all + by
+ time
(b) shall have been + v1 +
ing + since / for / all + by
+ time fjDr LFkku esa HkjksA
Q.No. 7 CLAUSES Marks - 3
vkids Syllabus esa Noun Clauses, Adverbial Clauses of contition and time.
ifjHkk"kk & Noun Clauses - og vkfJr miokD; gksrk gS tks fdlh laKk @ loZuke noun phrase }kjk fdlh okD; esa fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dks izdV djsA
1- Noun Clauses dh igpku & 1- verb ds subject ds :i esA
1- That he will succeed is certain.
2. What he said was very strange.
Note :- bu okD;ksa esa vUMj ykbZu okys okD; Øe'k% verb ¼fØ;k½ is rFkk was dk dk;Z dj jgs gSA
¼ii½ object to a verb ds :i esa
1. I know why he is absent.
2. I hope that he will come.
Note :- ;s vUMj ykbZu okys okD; Øe'k% fØ;k know vkSj hope ds object gSA
(iii) Object to an Infinitive ds :i esa &
1. I want to know that I am not well.
2. I want to say that I am not well.
(iv) Object to preposition ds :i esa &
1. I am not impressed by what he did.
2. Please attend to what I say.
(v) Object to Gerund ds :i es &
1. He is in the habit of abusing whoever comes before him.
2. He believes in enjoying whatever he can get.
(vi) Object to a participate -
1. The Judge discharged him believing that he was innocent.
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(vii) Complement to the Incomplete verb ds :i esa &
1. Lif is what we make it.
2. The fact is that he has deceived me.
(viii) In Apposition to a Noun ds :i esa &
1. The news that he had died was a shock me.
2. He told me the fact that he had failed.
(ix) In Apposition to "it" ds :i esa
1. It is clear that he is knoon.
2. It is strange that he has for gotten his own name.
2. Adjective or Relative Clause
(i) ifjHkk"kk & Relative Clause - fo'ks"k.k dk dk;Z djrh gS] ;g that, who, whose, whom, which
rFkk that vkfn ;kstdks ls vkjEHk gksrh gS blesa 'krZ ;g gS fd mijksDr 'kCnksa ls igys
Noun vo'; gksA ftudh ;s 'kCn fo'ks"krk izdV djrh gSA vFkkZr~ tc dksbZ iwjk clause ,d
fo'ks"k.k dk dk;Z djs rks mls Adjective Clause dgrs gSA
(ii) Relative Clause dh igpku &
1- ;fn principal clause dk vafre 'kCn noun or pronoun gS rks mlds lkFk tqM+h clause, relative clause
gksxhA bls Adjective clause Hkh dgrs gSA
2- og clause Hkh Adjective, Relative clause gksrh gSA ftldk fgUnh vuqokn ^t* 'kCn ls vkjEHk gksrk gS] og vius
Bhd igys anticedent ¼iwoZorhZ½ dh fo'ks"krk izdV djrh gSA
Example :- 1. It was an event that unnevved me.
2. Here was a man who took my pocket.
Note :- mijksDr vUMj ykbZu okys okD;ksa esa Antecedent noun event vkSj man dh fo'ks"krk izdV djrs gSA
Relative pronouns ds pkVZ dks i<+s ,oa le>sA
Number Relative Pronouns
(lEcU/k okpd loZuke)
Uses ¼iz;ksx½ djks
Fill in the blanks fjDr LFkku esa Hkjks
1 who - tks] tks fd] ftlus ds vFkZ esa O;fDr;ksa ,oa ikyrq i'kqvksa ds fy,
subject ds :i esa
who
2 whom & ftldks] ftls ds vFkZ esa O;fDr;ksa ,oa ikyrq i'kqvksa ds fy,
object ds :i esa
whom
3 whose - ftldk] ftlds] ftldh ds vFkZ
esa
LokfeRo izdV djus rFkk lEcU/k
izdV djus ds :i esa
whose
4 which - ftldk] ftlds] ftldh ds vFkZ
esa
fuTkhZo oLrqvksa] lk/kkj.k tkuojks]
if{k;ksa gsrq subject ,oa object nksuks ds :i esa
which
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5 that - ftldk] ftlds] ftldh ds vFkZ esa bldk iz;ksx who, whose,
Which ds LFkku ij Hkh gksrk gSA
which
3- The Adverb Clause :-
(i) ifjHkk"kk & Adverb Clauses ges'kk Adverb ¼fØ;k fo'ks"k.k½ dk dk;Z djrh gS] Adverb dh rjg
principal clause esa vk;s fdlh verb ¼fØ;k½ Adjective ¼fo'ks"k.k½ ;k adverb ¼fØ;k
fo'ks"k.k½ dks modify djrh gSA
(ii) Types of Adverb Clauses :- (i) Adverb clause of Time - when, while, before, as soon
as, whenever, since vkfn ls okD; vkjEHk gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k & 1. As soon as the teacher entered the class, the students stood up.
(ii) . Adverb clause of place ¼LFkku lwpad 'kCn½ izk;% okD; where, whereover ls 'kq: gksrs gSSA
Exam. 1. whereever you may go, I shall find you.
(iii) Adverb Clause of purpose : ¼mn~ns'; lwpd fo'ks"k.k½ so that, in order, that ls okD; vkjEHk gksrk gSA
Exam. 1. work hard so that you may get good work.
(iv) Adverb clause of cause/ reason (dkj.k lwapd 'kCn½ izk;%,sls okD; because, since, as, now rFkk that
ls 'kq: gksrs gSA
Exam. 1. He is weeping because his has gone some where.
(v) Adverb clause of condition ¼'krZ lwapd 'kCn½ bu okD;ksa esa if, unless, incase, provide vkfn ls 'krZ lwapd
'kCn ik;s tkrs gSA
Exam. 1. write down my number in your diary in case you forget.
(vi) Adver clause of Result or Effect ¼ifj.kke@izHkkao lwapd 'kCn½ bu okD;ksa dks izk;% so...... that, such .....
that
vkfn ls izkjEHk djsA
Exam. 1. He is so tired that he cannot work.
(vii) Adverb clause of concession or contrast : ;s okD; izk;% though, a though, whatever,
however, no matter, even if, even though vkfn 'kCnks ls vkjEHk gksrs gSA
Exam. 1. Though he is poor, he is contented.
(viii) Adverb clause of manner or Extent : ;s okD; izk;% as, as if, as though, vkfn ls vkjEHk gksrs gSA
Exam. 1. He walks as if he were lame.
(ix) Adverb clause of comparison :- ¼rqyuk lwpd½ as, as ........ as, as much as, no less than,
than vkfn ls vkjEHk gksrs gSA
Exam. 1. He is taller than me. she is as intelligent as her husband.
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Q. No. 4 REPORTED SPEECH Marks - 4
(i) Syllabus - uohure~ ikB~;Øekuqlkj vki dh ijh{kk esa Narration okrkZyki vk/kkfjr 4 vad Hkkj ds
iz'u vkrs gSA ijh{kk esa okD; direct narration dks Indirect Narration esa cnyuk iM+rk gSA
(ii) Direct rFkk Indirect dks fuEu okD;ksa dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa le>s &
Teacher said to student, " I will give you a book."
bl okD; esa f'k{kd vkSj fo|kFkhZ vkeus&lkeus ckr d{kk esa dj jgs gSA
bl okD; ds nks Hkkx gS & 1- Reporting Part - ;g Hkkx inverted commas ("........") ds
Hkkx ls igys gS] bls reporting verb ls tkuk tkrk gSA (ii) Reported Speech (Reported part) ;g og dFku gksrk gS tks cksyus okyk ¼oDrk½
O;fDr O;Dr djrk gS bls inverted commas (".....") ds vUnj fy[kk tkrk gSA
vkvks le>s & izFke Hkkx dks Reporting verb D;ksa dgrs gS \ blls cksyus okys O;fDr }kjk
fdl le; ¼time½ vFkkZr~ Tense ¼dky½ dk irk pyrk gSA mijksDr mnkgj.k esa okrkZ Hkwrdky
esa gqbZ] ftldk izek.k said to gS] ^^ tks verb le; dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gS mls reporting verb dgrs gSA
Teacher said to student, izFke Hkkx gS &
"I will give you a book." nwljk Hkkx gS &
izFke Hkkx esa cksyus okyk v/;kid gS
said to reporting verb gS ftls okrkZ dk le;
fu/kkZj.k gks jgk gS] Hkwrdky
lwuus okyk fo|kFkhZ gSA
uksV & izFke Hkkx Reporting Verb rhu ckrs Li"V
djrk gS & 1 cksyus okyk $ le; $ fdlls cksyrk gS @
fdls dgrk gSA
bl Hkkx esa cksyus okys ¼Teacher½ ds os 'kCn gS tks
^^-----------** esa cUn gSA
blesa I First Person Singular loZuke gS tks
v/;kid ds fy, vk;k gSA
will Hkfo"; esa iqLrd nsus dks n'kkZrk gSA
you rqEgs vFkkZr fo|kFkhZ vk;k ds fy,
second person pronoun gSA f}rh; Hkkx &
Reported Speech cksyus okys O;fDr ds 'kCn ftlesa
og fdlls D;kk dg jgk gS] D;k dk;Z djsxk vFkkZr~ mlds
}kjk cksyk x;k lans'k ;gka fjdksMZ gSA
Direct ls Indirect esa okD; D;ksa cnyrk gS &
D;ksafd O;fDr ¼cksyus okyk½ rFkk lwuus okyk O;fDr ml okD; dks vU; fdlh ls ugha dgrk gS]
vfirq ml d{kk dk vU; dksbZ fo|kFkhZ fdlh vU; Nk= dks ¼v/;kid }kjk ftl Nk= ls ckr
gqbZ½ crkrk gSA dgrk rks mu 'kCnks esa rFkk okD; dh cukoV esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA
;g cnyko rhu dkj.kksa ls vkrk gS & ¼v½- person change gksus ij ¼O;fDr ifjorZu gksus ij½ ¼c½- place ¼LFkku½ cnyus ij rFkk ¼l½ Time cnyrk gS rc og okD; direct ls Indirect cu tkrk gSA
19 M.PILANIA
1- Teacher said to student, "I will give you a book tomorrow"
;g okD; izR;{k dFku gSA bls vizR;{k esa cnyrs gSA ¼d{kk esa vkeus&lkeus gS½
Teacher told students that he would give him a book.
the next day / the following day. ¼bl okD; dks dksbZ vU; fo|kFkhZ fdlh vkSj dks dgrk gSA
mijksDr nksuks okD;ksa dh cukoV esa tks ifjorZu gqvk] nksuks okD;ksa dh cukoV esa vUrj vk;kA
;gh vUrj Direct ls Indirect esa cnyus ds fu;e gS vFkkZRk~ Grammar ds fu;e gSA
1. said to........... dks told esa cnyrk gSA
2- nksuks okD;ksa dks that ls tksM+dj ¼]½ rFkk ¼^^-----------------**½ commas dks gVk fn;kA
3- I loZuke Teacher ds fy, vk;k] mls nwljk dksbZ dgsxk rks he esa cnysxkA
4- will Hkfo"; dky dks fØ;k gS mls Hkwrdky esa cny dj would + v1 esa fy[kk gSA
5- you & lwuus okyk O;fDr ¼student½ ds fy, vk;k mls him es cny x;k gSA
6- tomorrow dks the next day vFkkZr ^^dy** dks ^^vxys fnu** esa ¼ijlks vkus okys½ esa cnyk x;k gSA
vFkkZRk~ fdlh okD; dks Direct Indirect esa cnyrs le; fuEu fu;eksa dks /;kuiwoZd ;kn j[kksA
1- Direct esa said or said to gks rks] said ugha cnysxk] rFkk said to dks told esa cnysaxsA
2- Direct ds nksuks okD;ksa dks ^that* ¼connective½ ls tksM+ks rFkk ¼ ] ½ rFkk ¼^^---------------------------**½ commas dks gVk;ksA
3- Pronoun (subject) dk cnyksa & vFkkZr~ nwljs Hkkx ds drkZ dk loZuke cnyksA ¼fu;ekuqlkj½
4- nwljs Hkkx esa drkZ ds ckn vk;h fØ;k dks cnyks & ¼fu;ekuqlkj½
5- Object ds loZuke dks cnyksa ¼fu;ekuqlkj½
6- fudVrk fn[kkus okys 'kCnksa dks nwjh izdV djus okys 'kCnksa esa ¼le; rFkk fLFkfr½ cnyksA
egRoiw.kZ fu;e & ;fn Reporting Verb said vFkok said to gS rks Reported Speech ¼nwljk Hkkx½
dk Tense vFkkZRk~ Verb dks fuEukuqlkj cnysxs &
fØ;kvksa ds Tense cnyus lEcfU/kr pkVZ
Direct Speech esa verbs uhps fy[ks gks rks
Indirect esa Verbs dks lkeus
fy[kh fØ;kvksa esa cnyks
1- v1 + s or es & v1 dks v2 esa
2- does not / do not + v1 did not + v1
3- is / am / are + v1 + ing was / were + v1 + ing
4- has / have + v3 had + v3
20 M.PILANIA
5- has been / have been + v1 + ing had been + v3 + ing
6- v2 had + v3
7- did not + v1 had not + v3
8- was / were + v1 + ing had been + v1 + ing
9- will / shall + v1 would / should + v1
10- can / may could / might
11- must, would / should ought (to) dare + v1 T;ksa dk R;ksa $ v1 esa fy[ksA
mnkgj.k & fuEu okD;ksa dh lgk;rk ls fØ;k ¼Tense½ cnyus dk vH;kl djsA
DIRECT INDIRECT
1. He said, "I write a letter", He said that he wrote a letter.
2. He said, "I wrote a letter", He said that he had written a letter.
3. He said, " I shall write a letter", He said that he would write a letter.
4. I am writing a letter, He told me that he was writing a letter.
5. I was writinga letter, He told me that he had been writing a letter.
6. I shall be writing a letter," He told me that he would be writing a letter.
7. I have written a letter", He told me that he had written a letter.
8. I did not write a letter", He told me that he had not written a letter.
9. I Can write a letter", He told me that he could write a letter.
10. I mus write a letter", He told me that he must write a letter.
2- Direct ls Indirect es Pronouns ds person dks cnyus lEcU/kh fu;e &
Pernouns ¼loZuke½ ds rhu Persons ¼iq:"k½ gksrs gS &
First Person Second Person Third Person cksyus okyk O;fDr
I rFkk We
lwuus okyk O;fDr
You – You
ftldh ppkZ ;k ckr gks jgh gks
He, She it - they
pronouns dk iz;ksx pkj :iksa esa gksrk gSA ¼Direct to Indirect esa cnyrs le;½
1- subject ¼drkZ ds :i esa½
2- Object ¼deZ ds :i esa½
3- Reflexive ¼LkEcU/k ds :i esa½
4- Possessive ¼vf/kdkj ds :i esa½
Pronouns dh Table & bldh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls loZuke cnys
Person Nominative
subjective form
Objective form ¼deZ ds :i esa½
Reflexive form ¼lEcU/k ds :i esa½
Possessive form ¼vf/kdkj ds :i esa½
21 M.PILANIA
¼drkZ ds :i esa½
First
Person ¼izFke iq:"k½
I & eSa ¼,d opu½
We & ge ¼cgqopu½
me & eq>s ¼,dopu½
us & ges ¼cgqopu½
myself & esjk Lo;a dk
ourselves & gekjk
Lo;a] gekjs] gekjh Lo;a
ds
my mine & esjk]
esjs] esjh
Our, ours & gekjk gekjs] gekjh
Second
Person ¼f}rh; iq:"k½
You &rw ¼,d opu½
You & rqe ¼cgqopu½
you &rq>s ¼,dopu½
you &rqEgs ¼cgqopu½
yourself & rsjk] rsjs] rsjh $Lo;a dh ¼,dopu½
yourselves & rqEgkjk]
rqEgkjs] rqEgkjh $ Lo;a dh
Your & rsjk] rsjs]
rsjh ¼,dopu½
yours & rqEgkjk]
rqEgkjs] rqEgkjh
Third
Person ¼rrh; iq:"k½
He & og ¼,dopu½
She & og ¼,dopu½
It - ;g ¼uiq-fyax½
They - os ¼cgqopu½
him &mls ¼,dopu½
her & mls ¼,dopu½
it - bls ¼,dopu½
them - mUgs & rhuksa ¼fyaxksa dk cgqopu½
himself & og Lo;a ¼iq-½
her & mls ¼,dopu½L=h
it & bls ¼,dopu½ uiq-
them - mUgsa rhuksa fyxksa
dk cgqopu
his, & mldk]
mlds] mldh ¼iq:"k½
her, hers - mldk]
mlds] mldh ¼L=h½
its - bldk] blds]
bldh ¼uiq- fyax½
their, theirs - mudk] muds] mudh
rhuksa dk cgqopu
Note - Direct okD; ds Reported Speech esa vk;s loZuke dks Reporting verb ds subject or object ds
vuqlkj cnys &
First Person Second Person Third Person
I or We
Reporting verb ds subject ds
vuqlkj
You or You
Reporting verb ds object ds
vuqlkj
He, she, it rFkk
cgqopu they ugha cnyrk gSA
mnkgj.k ns[k le>s & dsoy loZuke cnyus ij /;ku ns &
(i) Direct - He said, "I am writing a letter". (I izFke iq:"k gS drkZ ds vuqlkj cnysxk drkZ he gS vr% I dks he esa cnyksA½
Indirect - He said that he was writing a letter.
(ii) Direct - He said to me, "you are writing a letter". (You IInd Object dss vuqlkj cnyks½
Indirect - He told me that I was you are writing a letter.
¼bl okD; esa You II person vr% R.V. ds me ds vuqlkj vFkkZr me dk subject 'I' gS vr% you dks 'I' esa cnyksaA½
(iii) Direct - He said to me, "He is writing a letter".
Indirect - He told me that he was you are writing a letter.
¼bl okD; esa drkZ He gS ;g III Person gS vr% ugha cnysxk bls T;ks dk R;ks fy[krs gS½
3- Direct okD;ksa esa vk;s fudVrk izdV djus okys 'kCnksa dks Indirect esa nwjh izdV djus okys 'kCnksa esa cny nsA
Direct esa gksrks Indirect esa cnys
1- ago dks before es
2- come dks go es
3- hence dks thence es
4- hither dks thither es
5- here dks there es
6- just dks then es
22 M.PILANIA
7- tomorrow dks the next day ;k the following day esa
8- Yesterday dks the previous day ;k the day before esa
9- last night/week/year dks the previous /night/week/year es
10- next week/ month/ year dks the following week/month/year es
11. yesterday morning dks the previous morning es
;k the morning befor es
12. the day before yesterday dks two day before es
13. the day after tomorrous dks in two days time es cnyksaA
Note & fiNys ikWp o"kksZ ds cksMZ isij esa vk;s iz'uksa dks crk;s x;s fu;ekuqlkj rS;kj djys vki ds vkRefo'okl esa o`f} gksxhA
Chart of changing in Indirect Speech
Kind of sentence ¼okD;ksa ds izdkj½
Nature of sentence ¼okD;ksa dh igpku izdfr½
Reporting verb ¼R.V. dk iz;ksx gskxk½
Conjunction ¼lecU/k okpd 'kCnksa dk
iz;ksx½
1. Assertive lk/kkj.k okD; gksrk gS said/ told dk iz;ksx djks that la;kstd
2. Interrogative ¼iz'u okpd okD;½
okD; ds vUr esa iz'uokpd (?) fpUg
(i) W.H. (who, which, when,
where, how) vkfn ls okD; 'kq:
gksrk gSA
(ii) do/did/was/can/shall tSlh
H.V. ls 'kq: gksrk gSA
asked/ enquired of dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
W.H. 'kCn Lo;a la;kstd
dk dk;Z djrs gSA
(ii) if ;k whether
3. Imperative ¼vkns'kkRed okD;½
bu okD;ksa esa izkFkZuk] vkKk] lykg vkfn
ds Hkko okys 'kCn gksrs gS rFkk you dRkkZ fNik jgrk gSA
requested, begged,
commanded, ordered,
advised, for bade,
suggested
no conjection dsoy to ls
okD; dh 'kq:vkr djks
4. Optative ¼bPNk lwpd okD;½
bPNk cks/kd ;k bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk wished ;k prayed that ls okD;ksa dks tksMks
5. Exclamatory ¼vk'p;Z okD;½
vk'p;Z] 'kksd] g"kZ dk cks/k okD; ds var
esa ¼!½ fpUgA
exclaimed, cried out,
shouted, applauded
vkfn esa R.V. cnyksaA
that ls okD;ksa dks tksMks
Examples : ns[kks Vscy ds vuqlkj %& ,oa vH;kl djs&
1. Direct - He said, "Ram has done work". (Assertive)
Indirect - Its said that Ram had done work.
2. (i) Direct - She said to me, "Do you know Sohan? (Interragative H.V. ls 'kq: gksus okyk )
Indirect - She asked if I know Sohan.
(ii) Direct - I said to her, "Who are you"? (Interragative Wh. ls 'kq: gksus okyk )
Indirect - I asked he who she was.
3. Direct - He said to his friend, "Work hard". (Imperative) vkns'kkRed
Indirect - He advised his friend to work hard.
4. Direct - He said to me, "May you live long!" (Optative) bPNklwpd
23 M.PILANIA
Indirect - He wished that God might help me.
5. Direct - He said, "Alas! I am ruined". (Exclamatory) vk'p;Zokpd
Indirect - He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
fo'ks"k /;ku ns & Direct ls Indirect okD; esa cnyus ij lHkh izdkj ds okD; lk/kkj.k gh gksrs gS vUr es (.) gh yxrk gSA
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Question no. 10 marks - 2
vkidk ikB~;Øe %& vkids iz'u i= esa nks okD; Active ls passive esa cnyus ds fy, fn, tkrs gSA ysfdu
nksuks okD;ksa ds pkj&pkj fodYi (A,B,C,D) fn, gksxsaA lgh fodYi dk Answer vkidsk mRkj iqfLrdk esa fy[kuk gSA
Passive Construction vkidh utj esa & 1- Voice dks fgUnh esa okP;@okpu@dFku dgrs gS Passive voice
Passive voice cukrs le; Subject ¼drkZ½ dks object ¼deZ½ rFkk object dks subject es cnyrs gSA
;fn dksbZ subject pronoun ¼loZuke gksrks½ mls objective case esa cny nsrs gSA tSls & I dks me esa] he dks
him esa] we dks us esa] she dks her esa] they dks them esa] you dks you esa cnyrs gSA
bu cnys objective case ls iwoZ vko';d gks rks by dk iz;ksx djsA
2- ;fn object ¼deZ½ dksbZ Pronoun ¼loZuke½ gks rks mls Nominative case ¼drkZ dkjd½ esa cnys tSls & me
dks I esa] him dks he esa] her dks she esa] us dks we esaA
3- Passive Voice cukrs le; ges'kk Helping verb ds lkFk V3 dk iz;ksx gh gksrk gSA
fØ;k cnyus gsrq pkVZ
Active Voice dh fØ;k,W fuEu gks rks Passive Voice es fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvksa esa cnyks
1. V1 + s;k es/V1 dks is,am,are + V3 esa cnyksa
2. V2 /V2 dks was/were + V3 esa cnyksa
3. does not/do not /V3 dks is,am,are +not + V3 esa cnyksa
4. did not/ did not /V3 dks was not/were not + V3 esa cnyksa
5.is,am,are +V1 + ing dks is,am,are +being + V3 esa cnyksa
6. was/were + V1 + ing dks was/were + being + V3 esa cnyksa
7. has/have + V3 dks has been/ have been + V3 esa cnyksa
8. had/had + V3 dks had been + V3 esa cnyksa
9. will have/ shall have + V3 dks will have/ shall have + been + V3 esa cnyksa
10. will/ shall + V1 dks will be/shall be + V3 esa cnyksa
11. can/could + V1 dks can/could + be+ V3 esa cnyksa
12.may/might + V1 dks may/might + be + V3 esa cnyksa
13. would/should+ V1 dks would/should + be + V3 esa cnyksa
14. must/need+ V1 dks must/need+ be + V3 esa cnyksa
15. ought to/ have to+ V1 dks ought to/have to + be + V3 esa cnyksa
24 M.PILANIA
Note - iz'u esa mijksDr modals gksrks] modals + be + V3 ls Passive Voice dk okD; cu tk,sxkA
Active ls Passive esa cnyus ds mnkgj.k ,d gh okD; ls lHkh Passive okD; cukus dk rjhdk fups fn;k x;k gSA
TENSE ds vuqlkj Active ls Passive esa cnyus ds mnkgj.k ¼,d gh fØ;k ls½
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. He writes a letter. A letter is written by him.
2. He wrote a letter. A letter was written by him.
3. He will write a letter. A letter will be written by him.
4. He is writing a letter. A letter is being written by him.
5. He was writing a letter. A letter was being written by him.
6. He has written a letter. A letter has been written by him.
7. He had written a letter. A letter had been written by him.
8. He will have written a letter. A letter will have been written by him.
Note - mijksDr of.kZr vkB Tenses ¼dkyks½ dk gh Passive Voice ds okD; curs gS 'ks"k okD; Modals
ls curs gSA blesa modal+be+v3 ls] blds fy;s fiNys ikWp o"kksZ ds cksMZ isij esa vk, Modals ds iz'uksa dks
gy dj vH;kl djsA
iz'u la- 11 & Modals Marks - 2
Syllabus esa Command, Request, Permission, Probability rFkk Obligation dks O;Dr djus okys
lHkh modals vki ds dkslZ esa gSA modals ds izdkj
Auxiliary Verb Modal Auxiliary
1. ifjHkk"kk & modal 'kCn dk vFkZ izofr] O;ogkj ;k eu% fLFkfr ¼mood½ gksrk gS] vr% tks fØ;k
fdlh iw.kZ fØ;k ¼full verb½ dh eu% fLFkfr ;k izo`fr izdV djs] mls modal Auxiliary verb dgrs
gSA
bldh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;s lnSo main verb dh first form dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Kinds of modal Auxiliary ¼blds izdkj½ ;s nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
A. lw= & (H.V. + M.V.) B. lw= (Modal + V1)
25 M.PILANIA
Primary modal Ausxiliary ¼izkFkfed euksHkko izdV
djus okyh½
;s rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS &
¼i½ Verb dk ^to be^ :i is, am, are, was, were
(ii) Verb dk 'do' :i - do, does, rFkk did
(iii) Verb dk 'have' :i - has, have, rFkk had
Modal Auxiliaries ¼euksHkko izdV djus½
24 izdkj dh gksrh gS ¼budh la[;k 24 gS½
is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does,
did, can, could, may, might, will, shall, would,
should, must, ought to, need, used to, dare
1. ;s fØ;k,W LorU= :i esa vkus ij iw.kZ fØ;k Full verb dk dk;Z djrh gSA
2- ;s fØ;k,W lgk;d ds :i esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk vkrh gS
rks Primary Auxiliary
;s os lgk;d fØ;k;s gS tks modal dk :i /kkj.k dj
fofHkUu euksHkkoksa dks izdV djrh gSA
tSls & ;ksX;rk] ck/;rk] izkFkZuk] {kerk] bPNk] lq>ko] /kedh]
izfrcU/k rFkk lEHkkouk
Note - fuEu mnkgj.kksa ls vUrj le>s
3- (i) Sita is a good girl. (Full Verb gS)
She is laughing here. (Primary Auxi.)
(ii) He has a car. (Full Verb gS)
He has got it yesterday. (Primary Auxi.)
(iii) He does his work regularly (F.V.)
He does not play cricket daily (Pri. Auxi.)
fuEu mnkgj.kksa ls euksHkkoksa dks le>s
(i) You must be here by 10 o'clock. (command)
(ii) Write an application, will you? (Request)
(iii) I can go when ever I like. (Permisen)
(iv) Follow them, They must be rabbers.
(command)
(v) You have to do it. (obligation)
fjDr LFkkuksa esa Modals Hkjus dh dqN Short cut Tricks:
Notions (euksHkko) Modals fjDr
LFkku esa Hkjs Expressions ds euksHkko gks rks
1. Command vkns'k@vkKk
will
shall
must
mustn't
can't
mayn't
fouez funssZ'k@ vkns'k@ gqDe ds Hkko gksrks
dkuwuh ;k vf/kdkjd fu;e@ vkns'k ds Hkko gksrks
ck/;dkjh] vfuok;Z vkns'k ds Hkko gksrks
fu"ks/kkK@ eukgh ds Hkko gksrks
dksbZ dk;Z ugha djus dk vkns'k gksrks
fyf[kr funsZ'k dks eukus ds Hkko gks rks
2. Request izkFkZuk@fuosnu
can
could
will
would
may
might
lcls T;knk vukSipkfjd fuosnu
vR;Ur fouez fuosnu
dqN de fouez fuosnu
lkekU; fouez fuosnu
vkSipkfjd fouez fuosnu
ladksp@ykijokgh Hkjk ladksph fuosnu
3. Permission vuqefr
can
could
may
might
can't
could
vukSipkfjd btktr ysus] vuqefr nsus dsoy vuqefr dks ckr ij
orZeku@Hkfo"; dh vuqefr rFkk Hkwrdky dh lkekU; vuqefr izdV djus gsrq
vkSipkfjd vuqefr ysus o nsus gsrq
fgdfdpkgV iw.kZ vuqefr ekaxus ds fy,
tc dksbZ djus dh vuqefr u gks
Hkqrdky dh vuqefr gsrq
4. Probability lEHkkouk
can
could
must
should/
ought to
will/ would
may
might
orZeku dh vuqekfur ;k lkekU; laHkkouk gsrq
orZeku dh lS}kfUrd ;k rF;kRed lEHkkouk gsrq
Bksl lEHkkouk gsrq
Kku rF;ksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k gksus dh laHkkouk gsrq
dYiuk ;k /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr lEHkkouk gsrq
langkLin lEHkkouk gsrq
vR;Ur {kh.k lEHkkouk
5. Obligation ck/;rk@ca/ku
must
have to
should/
ought to
mustn't
needn't
vR;Ur ncko iw.kZ ck/;rk ijUrq O;fDrxr
vR;Ur ncko iw.kZ ck/;rk ijUrq vO;fDrxr
uSfrd ck/;rk] lgh ;k le>nkjh iw.kZ dk;Z gsrq
udkjkRed ck/;rk
dksbZ ck/;rk ugh vFkkZr djks ;k eu djks QdZ ugha iM+rkA
26 M.PILANIA
uewus ds gy iz'u vH;kl gsrq %&
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given below :
(can, could, may, must, might)
(i) There are not clouds in the sky, but it might rain today.
(ii) Your son has got a first position in the board exam. He must be a very intelligent boy.
(iii) She was a rich lady so she could buy a car for her son.
(iv) The patient is very serious. He may die at any time.
2. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given below :
(can, should, may, might, could)
(i) Raju is very intelligent. He can get first division.
(ii) You are very weak, you should take natritious food.
(iii) He could play football, when he was in school.
(iv) You have completed your home work, Now you may go home.
SECTION : D
(Text books : 35 Marks)
iz'u la[;k % 12 ,oa 13
Marks 4+4 = 8
bu nks iz'uksa esa Seen Passage ¼i<s gq,½ vkidh ikB~; iqLrd First flight esa ls vk,axsA izR;sd Passage esa pkj&pkj iz'uksa dk mRkj nsuk gksxkA
Note : Passage ds mrj section A ds izFke [k.M esa le>us ,oa mRkj nsus ds rfjdksa dks vPNs ls le>k
fn;k x;k gSA vki vH;kl djs &
vkidh lqfo/kk gsrq vkidks egRoiw.kZ Lesson ¼ikBks½ ds ckjs esa fups rkfydk fn tk jgh gS mlds vuqlkj bu
egRoiw.kZ ikBks dh fgUnh rFkk dfBu 'kCnksa dks vPNs ls rS;kj dj ys &
Lesson No. Name of the lesson
2 Nelson Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom. 3 Two stories about Flying : I His Frist Flight
II The Black Aeroplane. 5 Hundred Dresses. 6 Glimpses of India : I A Baker from Goa. 10 The Sermon at Benares.
js[kkafdr Øe la[;k okys ikBksa ds Passage vPNs ls rS;kj dj ys cksMZ esa vkus dh lEHkkouk gSA
27 M.PILANIA
mnkgj.k lo:i ,d Passage ;gk fups le>k;k tk jgk gS] /;ku ls le>s&
Question 12 (Marks 1X4= 4)
On that lovely autumn day I was accompanied by my daughter Zenani. On the Podium
Mr. Deklerk was first sworn is as second deputy president. Then Thabo Mbeki was sworn in as
first depputy president. When it was may turn. I Pledged to obey and up hold the constitution
and to devote myself to the well being of the Republic and its people.
1. 'What type' of Government was set up by the constitution?
Ans - Republican government was set up by the constitution.
bl iz'u What type ls 'kq: gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gS] dSlh] fdl izdkj dh ljdkj
mrj esa blds LFkku ij Republican 'kCn fy[kdj 'ks"k iz'u okyk Hkkx ;Fkkor fy[kdj iz'uokpd fpUg ds LFkku
ij iw.kZ fojke ¼.½ yxk nsA
2- Who was appointed as the first deputy president?
Ans - Thabo Mbeki was appointed as the first deputy president.
bl iz'u ds mRkj esa Who dks gVk ns ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS dkSu blds LFkku ij O;fDr ds ckjs esa ;kfu (Sub.½
ds :i esa Thabo Mbeki fy[kdj 'ks"k iz'u okyk Hkkx ;Fkkor fy[kdj iz'uokpd fpUg ds LFkku ij iw.kZ fojke ¼.½ yxk nsA
3- What did he pledge at his turn?
Ans - He pledge to obey and uphold the constitution.
iz'u What ls 'kq: gS gVk ns ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS D;k] did 'kCn dks Hkh gVk ns rFkk
Pledge dk vFkZ gksrk gS izfrKk vFkkZr mlus D;k izfrKk yh? mrj He................ ls 'kq: djs ¼mij fn, mrj ls le>s½A
4- Find the word which means - "Written documents for the rules and regulations"
Ans - The word which means "Written documents for the rules and regulations" is consitution.
Note - Find 'kCn dks gVk nks rFkk js[kkafdr 'kCnks dk lekukFkhZ 'kCn Passage esa nq<us ij feysxk
consitution bl 'kCn ls iwoZ is tksMdj consitution fy[kdj iw.kZ fojke yxk nsA
First Flight Book
Long Answer type Questions
Question no. 14 marks 4
28 M.PILANIA
1- vkids ikB~;Øeka vuqlkj nks fuEcU/kkRed iz'u isij esa vk,xs vkidks dsoy ,d gh iz'u djuk gS ftldk mrj
dqN&dqN vki tkurs gks mls 'kq: djs bl iz'u dh 'kCn lhek 60 'kCn gSA
Note - dqN egRoiw.kZ iz'u ftUgs vkidks vH;kl dj rS;kj djuk gSA mrj fy[krs le; 'kCn ljy] Li"V rFkk
O;kdj.k vk/kkfjr gks ftl dky esa iz'u gks mlh dky esa mrj nsA
iz'u esa vk, Wh 'kCn rFkk lgk;d fØ;k ¼do,does, did½ gVk ns] rFkk iz'u ds rhljs@pkSFks 'kCn ls mrj
'kq: djsA¼a,an,the½
dHkh Hkh nksuksa iz'u u djs dsoy ,d dk gh mrj ns] mrj ds vUr esa iw.kZ fojke dk /;ku j[ksA
v{kj Li"V ,oa iB~fu; fy[kus pkfg, rFkk dkV&NkV fcYdqy ugha djsA
2- Important Question for Long Answer Type -
(i) How did Lencho react to the Postmaster's help? (A letter to God)
(ii) What does Nelson Mandela say about courage, love and hatred? (Nelson mandela Long Walk)
(iii) Why was the young seagul left alone on the ledge by the members of his family?
(Two Stories about flying : I First Flight)
(iv) Give a brief sketch of Anne's life?
vFkok
What do you think about her life? (From the Diary of Anne's)
(v) Give a pen- portrait of a go an village baker? (Glimpses of India)
(vi) "The air hostess was very queen of her kind". Why does maxwell say so?
vFkok
What did air hostess do for maxwell? (mijbil the otter)
(vii) Describe the sight an the road that made valli laugh and laught.
vFkok
Why did valli laugh and laugh when she visited by bus first- time? (Madam Rides the Bus)
(viii) Why did Gautam Budha leave his palace? (The Sermon at Benaras)
The PROPOSAL
Lesson - 11
Question no. 15 marks - 3
Note - iz'u la[;k 15 vkids ikB~; iqLrd ds Lesson 11 esa ls vk;sxkA ;g ikB ,d 'Proposal' ftldk vFkZ ^izLrko^ ;g ,d
gkL; ukVd gS ikb ds lkj dks fgUnh esa vPNs ls le>s rFkk ik=ksa ds uke rFkk pfj= fp=.k dks /;ku esa j[ksA
Lesson - 11 uke rFkk pfj= fp=.k dks /;ku esa j[ksA
(i) How does Lomove come to Chubukov's house? What for does he came?
29 M.PILANIA
(ii) How does Lomove behave when he was excited?
(iii) "The cause of the dispute was the Oxen Medows" comment/explain it.
(iv) Give a brief character - sketch of Chubukov.
(v) What made natalya soft for Lomov?
Note - bu iz'uksa ds mrj rS;kj vPNh rjg viuh Hkk"kk esa ljy rfjds ls rS;kj dj ys rFkk fy[k dj ;kn djsA
FIRST FLIGHT (POETRY)
Question no. 16 marks - 4
vkidk ikB~;Øe %&
¼i½ dfork ds dksbZ nks explanations with reference to context ijh{kk es avk;sxsA bles vkidks dksbZ ,d stanza dks le>uk
gSA
¼ii½ dfork ds stanza ¼vorj.k½ dks rhu fcUnqvksa ls le>k;s &
(i) Reference ¼lanHkZ½ (ii) context ¼izlax½ (iii) Explanation ¼O;k[;k½ rFkk
¼iv½ Moral teaching Hkh vk ldrs gSA
1. dfork dh iafDr;ksa dk o.kZu@O;k[;k djus ls iwoZ fuEu ckrks dk /;ku nksA
lHkh dforkvksa ds uke] dfo;ksa ds uke] dforkvksa dk dsUnzh; fcUnw] lkj dks vPNs ls le>s rFkk ;kn djsA 2. Important stanza for examination -
The way a crow
Shook down on me
The dust of snow
From a hemlock tree (Dust of snow (cQZ ds d.k)
Q.16. Ans - The way a crow ................................... hemlook tree.
Reference (lanHkZ):- Theses lines have been taken from the poen "Dust of snow", composed by
Robert Forst.
Context (izalx) :- In these lines the poet tells us a simple but very important ncident that took place
with him.
Explantion (O;k[;k) :-
Here the poet is telling about an incident. One day he was sitting under a
hemlock tree. There were snow particles on the tree. A crow was sitting on
30 M.PILANIA
that. It shook the branch of the tree and dropped some snow particles on the
poet.
Moral Teaching (f'k{kk) :- We should love nature.
mDr dfork ds pkjks fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij vkidks Bhd blh rjg ijh{kk esa mrj dh O;k[;k djuh gSA
vU; egRoiw.kZ Stanza ¼vorj.k½ vkSj fn;s tk jgs ;kn djsA (16) Explain any one of the following stanzas with reference to context :
(i) So they show their relations to me and I accept therm,
They bring me token of myself, they evince
them plainly in their possession
I wonder where they get those token,
Did I pass that way huge times ago and negligently drop them? (Animals- tkuoj)
(ii) No use to say 'Othere are other ball'
Anultimate shaking grief fixed the boy
As he stands rigid, trembling staring down
All this young days into the harbour where
His ball went. (The Ball Poem)
(iii) The fog comes on little cat feet.
It sits looking over harbour and city.
On silent haunches and then moves on. (Fog)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
OF POETY
Question no. 17 Marks - 6
vkidk ikB~;Øe %& vkids dkslZ esa dqy 11 dfork,W gSA buesa ls rhu iz'u ijh{kk esa vk;sxsA vkidks dksbZ nks iz'u gh djus gSA
1. Write the main them of the poem 'Dust of snow'. (Dust of snow)
2. What message does the poet want to canvery through the poem 'Fire and Ice?
3. How does the poet suggest that you identify the lion. (A Tiger in the Zoo)
4. what does the boy learn from the loss of the ball. (The Ball Poem)
31 M.PILANIA
5. Why does the poet compare the branches with the patients? (The Tree)
6. How does the tiger terrorize the villagers. (A Tiger in the Zoo)
FOOT PRINTS WITHOUT FEET
Long Answer Type Questions
Question no. 18 Marks - 5
vkidk ikB~;Øe %&
(1) nks Long answer ¼cMs+ o.kZu okys iz'u½ okys iz'u ijh{kk esa vk;sxsA vkidks 80 'kCnksa esa mrj dsoy ,d iz'u dk gh nsuk gSA
mrj gsrq egRoiw.kZ iz'uksa dks fgUnh esa le>ksa rFkk viuh Hkk"kk esa NksVs&NksVs vaxzsth ds okD; cuk dj vH;kl djsA
(2) egRoiw.kZ iz'u ijh{kk dh nf"V ls ;gkW fn;s tk jgs gSA
¼i½ How did the young lady trick Horace Danby? (A Question of Trust)
(ii) Compare and contrast Tricki in the begnnig and in the end of the story. (A Triumph of Surgery)
(iii) Describe how Anil's friend treatment changed thief's life.
(iv) "Griffin was rather a lawless person" comment. (Foot Prints Without Feet)
(v) What changes in the life-style of matilda after she had lost hte necklace? (The Neek lace)
(vi) Write a Chowacter sketch of Lutkins. (The Hack Driver)
(vii) Describe Bholi's exprience on her first day at school? (Bholi)
egRoiw.kZ iz'u rS;kj djs %& ¼iz'u 19 ,oa 20 gsrq½
1- ikB~;Øe & iz'u la[;k 19 esa nks iz'u gy djus gS] mrj lhek 30&40 'kCn dh gksxhA ¼vad & 3½
2- iz'u la[;k 20 esa nks iz'u gksxs vkidks dsoy ,d iz'u gh djuk gSA mrj 20&25 'kCnksa esa fy[ksA ¼vad & 2½
Question no. 19 Important Questions for Practice
(i) Why is Mrs. Pumphrey worried about Tricki?
(ii) Why did Hari Singh take a new name every month?
(iii) How was Max? Why did he enter Ausable's room?
(iv) What was ito race donby's hapbby? Why does he steal?
FOOT PRINTS WITHOUT FEET - (Book IInd) esa ls
Question no. 20
(i) How did the inrisible man first become visible. (Foot Prints without feet)
(ii) How did mother help him? (The making of Scientist)
32 M.PILANIA
(iii) Why did Matilda not like to visit her friend? (The Neck lace)
(iv) Why did lawyer sent to new Mullion? What does he first think about tha place. (The Hack Driver)
(v) Why is Bholi sent to school? (Bholi)
(vi) Why was the twentieth century called the 'Era of Book'? (The Book that saved the Earth)
(vii) Which book saved the Earth form Martain lvasion? (The Book that saved the Earth)
(viii) Why was the narrator disappointed on reaching New Mullion.
(ix) What message does the story 'The Necklace' convey to us?
*** THE END **
Capsule Series
Remedial Studies Examination Tips
Secondary Examination 2016
Subject – Mathematics
cksMZ ijh{kk ds iwoZ rS;kjh djrs le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; fo”ks’k fcUnq%&
I WISH YOU BEST OF LUCK
33 M.PILANIA
loZ izFke vius eu ls ijh{kk dk Hk; fudky ns ijh{kk,sas rks thou dk fgLlk gSA blfy;s
fdlh Hkh rjg dk udkjkRed fopkj eu esa uk ykos ges”kk ldkjkRed lksps vkSj vius
vkRefo”okl dks n~< cuk;s j[ksA
Ikjh{kk dh rS;kjh gsrq tc vki iz”uksa dk vH;kl djsa] rks ml nkSjku ;g ekudj pys fd vki
cSBs gSa vkSj iz”uksa ds vH;kl dks mruk gh le; nsa ftruk dh vkidks ijh{kk Hkou esa nsuk gksrk
gSA
mu ikBksa dks vf/kd ;kn djsa tks vkidks igys le> esa vkrs gSa] ftuesa vkidh :fp gS] ftuesa
vki vf/kd vad yk ldrs gSaA
[kaM v esa 10 vfr y/kqRrjkRed ;k y?kqRrjkRed ç”u vkrs gSa A çR;sd ç”u 1 vad dk gksrk gS
rFkk çR;sd ç”u gy djus ds fy, yxHkx 2 feuV dk le; fu/kkZfjr gSaA ;s 10 ç’u vkids
fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gSa D;ksafd buesa vki de le; esa vf/kd vad yk ldrs gSaA
ftl ikB dh vki rS;kjh vkjEHk djrs gSa mlds fdlh ç’u fo'ks"k ij tksj ugha nsdj ml ikB
dh fo"k; oLrq ij /;ku nsaA
ftl ikB dh vki rS;kjh vkjEHk djrs gSa mldk çR;sd lw= ;kn djsa] ç”u esa mldk mi;ksx
djuk lh[ksa lw= ;kn dj ysuk gh Ik;kZIr ugha gSA çR;sd mnkgj.k ,oa ç’ukoyh ds çR;sd ç”u
dks gy djsaA dà ckj ge ikB rks iwjk rS;kj dj ysrs gSa ijUrq fdlh ç’u dks ;g le>k dj
NksM+ nsrs gSa fd ;g rks bEiksVsZUV ugha gS vkSj ogh ç’u ijh{kk esa vk tkrk gSA
çR;sd ç’u dk ç’u Øekad lgh ,oa Li"V fy[kuk pkfg,A
;gk¡ vkidks mu ikBksa ds ckjs esa crk;k tk jgk gS ftudks vkidks igys rS;kj djuk pkfg,]
ftuesa vki vPNs vad yk ldrs gSA mu ikBksa dh rS;kjh vkidks dSls djuh pkfg, ;g Hkh
crk;k tk jgk gS%&
ikB & 1 okLrfod la[;k,¡ vad Hkkj 4 ¼1+3½
¼a½ ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk mi;ksx djds egRre lekiorZd Kkr djuk&
Q . 455 vkSj 42 dk HCF ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk mi;ksx djds Kkr dhft,A
Ans. ;wfDyM foHkktu çesf;dk ls& a=bq+r, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
455 = 42 × 10 + 35
42 = 35 × 1 + 7
35 = 7 × 5 + 0
vr% HCF= 7
¼b½ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu djds egRre lekiorZd¼HCF½ rFkk y?kqRre lekioRZ; ¼LCM½ Kkr
djuk&
Q . la[;kvksa 6] 20 vkSj 72 dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/k }kjk HCF vkSj LCM Kkr dhft,A
Ans 6 = 2 × 3
20 = 2 × 2 x5 = 22 x 51
72 = 2 × 2 x2 x3 x3 = 23 x 32
HCF = çR;sd mHk;fu"B xq.ku[;aM dh lcls NksVh ?kkrkad = 2
LCM = çR;sd xq.ku[;aM dh lcls cMh ?kkrkad 23 x 32 x 51 = 8 × 9 x5 = 360
34 M.PILANIA
¼c½ lw= & HCF x LCM = a x b dk mi;ksx djuk&
Q . LCM(336, 54) = 3024 gks rks HCF(336, 54) Kkr dhft,A
Ans ;gk LCM = 3024 ; HCF = Kkr djuk ; a = 336 ; b = 54
HCF x LCM = a x b
HCF = 𝑎 x 𝑏
𝐿𝐶𝑀 =
336 x 54
3024= 6
Q fl) dhft, fd 3 + 2 5 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
Ans. Ekkuk fd 3 + 2 5 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA rc ge bls 𝑝
𝑞 ds :Ik esa fy[k ldrs gS
tgk¡ 𝑞 ≠ 0
3 + 2 5 = 𝑝
𝑞
2 5 = 𝑝
𝑞 −3 i{kkUrj.k djus ij
2 5 = 𝑝−3𝑞
𝑞
5 = 𝑝−3𝑞
2𝑞 = ifjes; la[;k
bldk vFkZ gS fd 5 ifjes; la[;k gS ijUrq 5 rks vifjes; gS vr% vkjEHk esa tks geus ekuk
Fkk og xyr gSA vr% 3 + 2 5 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
¼d½ fcuk yEch foHkktu çfØ;k fd;s ifjes; la[;kvksa dks n'keyo çlkj lkar esa fy[kuk&
Q fcuk yach foHkktu çfØ;k fd;s ifjes; la[;k dks 23
200 dks n'keyo çlkj lkar esa fyf[,A
Ans. 200 ds vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM djus ij &
2 200
2 100
2 50
5 25
5 5
1
200 = 23 x 52
23
200=
23
23 ×52 = 23×51
23×52×51 = 23 ×5
23×53 =115
103 =115
1000= 0.115
bu ç'uksa dks Hkh gy djus dk vH;kl djsa& 7
625 ,
13
3125 vkfnA
ikB & 3] nks pjksa okys jSf[kd lehdj.k vad Hkkj 7 ¼1+6½
¼a½ NksVs okD;ksa dks chtxf.krh; :Ik esa fy[kuk ;k lehdj.k ds :Ik esa fy[kuk &
Q . nks lEiwjd dks.ksa esa cM+k dks.k NksVs dks.k ls 20 fMxzh vf/kd gSA bl dFku dk lehdj.k
;qXe cukÃ;sA
Ans. nks lEiwjd dks.ksa dk ;ksx 1800 gksrk gSA ekuk fd cM+k dks.k 𝑥 rFkk NksVk dks.k 𝑦 gSA
35 M.PILANIA
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 180° rFkk 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 20°
Q . ,d la[;k dk rhu xquk rFkk nwljh la[;k dk nks xquk dk varj 3 gSA bls cht xf.krh;
:Ik esa fyf[k,A
Ans. ekuk fd igyh la[;k 𝑥 rFkk nwljh la[;k 𝑦 gSA rks 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
¼b½ 𝑘 dk eku Kkr djuk ;fn jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds vf}rh; gy gS ;k vifjfer :I ls vusd
gy gS ;k dksà gy ugha gS &
Q . 𝑘 dk eku Kkr dhft, ;fn fuEu lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dk ,d vf}rh; gy gSA
4𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 = −8 rFkk 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2
Ans. lehdj.kksa ds ;qXe dk ,d vf}rh; gy gS vr% 𝑎1
𝑎2 ≠
𝑏1
𝑏2
4
2 ≠
𝑘
2
𝑘 ≠ 4
4 ds vfrfjDr 𝑘 ds çR;sd eku ds fy, fn;s x;s lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d vf}rh; gy gSA
¼c½ fn;s x;s lehdj.k ;qXe dks foyksiu fof/k }kjk gy djuk&
Q . fuEu lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy dhft,&
𝟐
𝒙+
𝟐
𝒚= 2 rFkk
𝟒
𝒙−
𝟗
𝒚= −1
¼d½ xzkQ }kjk lehdj.kksa dks gy djuk&
fn;s x;s okD; dks lehdj.k ds :Ik esa fy[ks rFkk çR;sd lehdj.k dh lkj.kh cukdj mldks
larq"V djus okys de ls de rhu fcUnqvksa ds funsZ'kkad çkIr djsaaA çR;sd fcUnq dks xzkQ esa
vafdr djsa rFkk ,d lh/kh js[kk [khapsaA blh çdkj nwljs lehdj.k ds fy, Hkh djsaA fuEu ç'uksa
dks xzkQ esa gy dj vH;kl djsaA
Q . lehdj.kksa 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 vkSj 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0 dk xzkQ [khafp,A v{k rFkk
bu js[kkvksa ls cus f=Hkqt ds 'kh"kksZ ds funsZ’kkad Kkr dhft, vkSj f=Hkqtkdj iVy dks Nk;kafdr
dhft,A
Q. ,d uxj esa VsDlh ds HkkM+s esa ,d fu;r HkkM+ ds vfrfjDr pyh x;h nwjh ij HkkM+k
lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA 10 fdeh nwjh ds fy, HkkM+k 105 :- rFkk 15 fdeh nwjh ds fy, 155
:- fy;k tkrk gSA bls chtx.khrh; :i esa fyf[k, rFkk xzkQh; fof/k ls gy dhft,A fu;r
HkkM+k rFkk çfr fdeh HkkM+k Kkr dhft,A
Q. fdjk;s ij iqLrds nsus okys fdlh iqLrdky; dk çFke 3 fnuksa dk ,d fu;r fdjk;k gS
rFkk mlds ckn çR;sd vfrfjDr fnu dk vyx fdjk;k gSA dfork us 4 fnuksa rd ,d iqLrd
j[kus ds fy, 12 :- fn;s rFkk foeyk us ,d iqLrd 5 fnuksa rd ,d iqLrd j[kus ds fy, 20
:- fn;s A bls chtx.khrh; :i esa fyf[k, rFkk xzkQh; fof/k ls gy dhft,A fu;r fdjk;k
rFkk çR;sd vfrfjDr fnu dk fdjk;k Kkr dhft,A
Q. ikB~; iqLrd ds ist la[;k 52 ij mnkgj.k 4 dks Hkh gy dhft,A
36 M.PILANIA
ikB & 5] lekUrj Js<h ¼A.P.½ vad Hkkj 4 ¼1+3½
lekUrj Js<h dk çFke in = 𝑎
lekUrj Js<h dk nwljk in = 𝑎 + 𝑑
lekUrj Js<h dk rhljk in = 𝑎 + 2𝑑
lekUrj Js<h dk pkSFkk in = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 ---------
lekUrj Js<h dk lkoZ varj = 𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1
lekUrj Js<h 𝑛 oka in 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
lekUrj Js<h ds 𝑛 inksa dk ;ksx 𝑆𝑛 =𝑛
2 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
lekUrj Js<h ds 𝑛 inksa dk ;ksx 𝑆𝑛 =𝑛
2 𝑎 + 𝑙
;fn fdlh lekUrj Js<h 𝑛 oka in 𝑎𝑛 = 3 + 4𝑛 gks rks blesa 𝑛 dk eku Øe’k% 1]2]3]---- j[kus
ls A.P. çkIr gksrh gSA
𝑆1 = 𝑎1 , 𝑆2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
¼a½ fdlh A.P. esa 𝑎, 𝑑, 𝑎𝑛 ;k 𝑆𝑛 esa ls dksà Hkh nks jkf’k;ka nh tkdj 'ks’k Kkr
djuk A
blds fy, mijksDr esa ls gh fdlh mi;qDr lw= dk mi;skx djds ç'u dks gy djuk gSA
Q. fdlh A.P ds çFke vkSj vafre in Øe”k% 17 vkSj 350 gSA ;fn lkoZ varj 9 gks rks blesa
fdrus in gS rFkk budk ;ksx Hkh Kkr dhft,A
Ans. fn;k gS fd 𝑎 = 17,𝑎𝑛 = 350, 𝑑 = 9
Kkr djuk gS & 𝑛 , 𝑆𝑛 𝑎𝑛 = 350
𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 = 350
17 + 𝑛 − 1 9 = 350
𝑛 − 1 9 = 350 − 17
𝑛 − 1 9 = 333
𝑛 − 1 = 333
9= 37
𝑛 = 37 + 1 = 38
vc gesa 38 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr djuk gSA çFke vkSj vafre in Kkr gS vr% 𝑆𝑛 =𝑛
2 𝑎 + 𝑙
𝑆38 =38
2 17 + 350
𝑆38 =38
2 367
𝑆38 = 19 367 = 6973
Q. fdlh A.P ds rhljs ,oa ukS os in Øe’k% 4 vkSj &8 gS rks bldk dkSulk in 'kwU; gSA
Ans. fn;k gS fd rhljk in = 4 ;k 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 4
ukS ok in = -8 ;k 𝑎 + 8𝑑 = −8 nksuksa lehdj.kksa dks foyksiu fof/k
ls gy djds 𝑎 rFkk 𝑑 ds eku çkIr djsaA 𝑎 = 8,𝑑 = −2
ekuk fd vafre in = 0
37 M.PILANIA
𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 = 0
8 + 𝑛 − 1 (−2) = 0
𝑛 − 1 −2 = −8
𝑛 − 1 = −8
−2= 4
𝑛 = 4 + 1 = 5
vr% 5 ok in “kwU; gSA
Q. A.P 3] 8] 13] ----- ] 253 dk vafre in ls 12 oka in Kkr dhft,A
Ans. vafre in ls fxuus ij çFke in 253 rFkk lkoZ varj &5 ysaxsA
𝑎 = 253 ,𝑑 = −5
12 oka in = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 = 253 + 11 −5 = 253 − 55 = 198
Q. nks vadksa dh fdruh la[;k,a 6 ls foHkkT; gSA
Ans. nks vadksa dh la[;k,a tks 6 ls foHkkT; gS 12] 18] 24---------96
vr% A.P 12] 18] 24---------96 𝑎 = 12 ,𝑑 = 6 ,𝑎𝑛 = 96 Kkr djuk gS = 𝑛 vafre in ds lw= dk mi;ksx djds 𝑛 dk eku Kkr djsa tSlk fd mij okys ç”u esa fn[kk;k
x;k gSA
uksV& ikB~; iqLrd ds ist uEcj 125 ij ç”u la[;k 16 dks gy djsaA
Q. çFke 50 /ku iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
Ans. ;gk¡ A.P 1] 2] 3] --------------------------]50
çFke /ku iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksx =𝑛(𝑛+1)
2=
50(50+1)
2=
50(51)
2= 25x51=1275
ikB & 7] funsZ”kkad T;kfefr vad Hkkj 8 ¼1+1+6½
¼a½ lery esa fdlh fcUnq dh 𝑥 v{k rFkk 𝑦 v{k ls yEc nwfj;ka mlds f funsZ”kkad dgykrs gSaA
fdlh fcUnq ds funsZ”kkad dks ¼ 𝑥 ] 𝑦 ½ }kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA
¼ 𝑥 ] 𝑦 ½
𝑥 funsZ”kkad 𝑦funsZ”kkad
Hkqt dksfV
fcUnq dh 𝑦 v{k ls nwjh fcUnq dh 𝑥 v{k ls nwjh
Q. fcUnq ¼4] &7½ 𝑦 v{k ls nwjh fyf[k,A
Ans. 4
Q. nksuksa v{kksa ds çfrPNsn fcUnq dk uke rFkk mlds funsZ”kkad fyf[k,A
Ans. Ewky fcUnq ¼0] 0½
¼b½ nks fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh Kkr djuk&
38 M.PILANIA
nwjh = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Q. fcUnq ¼4] 2½ rFkk ¼&4] 4½ ds chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A ;k fcUnqvksa ¼4] 2½ rFkk ¼&4]
4½ dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dh yEckà Kkr dhft,A
Ans. ¼4] 2½ -------------------------------------------- ¼&4] 4½ 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2
nwjh = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
nwjh = (−4 − 4)2 + (4 − 2)2
nwjh = (−8)2 + (2)2
nwjh = 64 + 4 = 68
¼c½ fcUnq ¼ 𝑥 ] 𝑦 ½ dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 v{k ij fLFkr fdlh fcUnq ds funsZ”kkad ¼ 𝑥 ] 0 ½ gksrs gSA
𝑦 v{k ij fLFkr fdlh fcUnq ds funsZ”kkad ¼ 0 ] 𝑦 ½ gksrs gSA
¼d½ foHkktu lw=%&
nks fcUnqvksa dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks fdlh vuqikr esa var% foHkktu djus okys fcUna ds funsZ”kkad
Kkr djuk& 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑥1,𝑦1 𝐴 − − −−−− −−𝑃 − −−−−−− 𝐵(𝑥2 ,𝑦2 )
𝑃 ds funsZ”kkad 𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚 2 𝑥1
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ,𝑚1 𝑦2+ 𝑚 2 𝑦1
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
fo’ks"k& ;fn 𝐴 ;k 𝐵 ds funsZ”kkad Kkr djuk gks ;k vuqikr Kkr djuk gks rks Hkh blh lw= dk
mi;ksx djsaxsA
Q. fcUnqvksa ¼&3] 10½ vkSj ¼ 𝑃,−8) ½ dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks fcUnq ¼&1] 6½] 2%7 esa
foHkkftr djrk gS rks 𝑃 dk eku Kkr dhft,A 2 7
−3,10 𝐴 − − − − −−−−𝐷 − −−−− −− 𝐵(𝑃,−8)
¼−1,6½
𝐷 ds funsZ”kkad 𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚 2 𝑥1
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ,𝑚1 𝑦2+ 𝑚 2 𝑦1
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = −1,6
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1
𝑚1 + 𝑚2= −1
2 × 𝑃 + 7 × −3
2 + 7= −1
39 M.PILANIA
2𝑃 − 21
9= −1
2𝑃 − 21 = −9
2𝑃 = −9 + 21
2𝑃 = 12
𝑃 = 6
¼e½ f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy Kkr djuk ;fn mlds rhu 'kh"kksZ ds funsZ’kkad Kkr gks%&
;k 𝐾 dk eku Kkr djuk ;fn f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy fn;k x;k gks&
;k 𝐾 dk eku Kkr djuk ;fn rhu fcUnq lajs[kh; gSA
𝐴 𝑥1,𝑦1
𝐵 𝑥2,𝑦2 𝐶 𝑥3,𝑦3
f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy= 1
2[𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ]
Q. fcUnqvksa ¼1] &1½] ¼&4] 𝐾½ rFkk ¼&3]&5½ }kjk cus f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy 24 oxZ ek=d gS rks 𝐾
dk eku Kkr dhft,A
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥3 𝑦3
¼1] &1½] ¼&4] 𝐾½ ] ¼&3] &5½
f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy= 1
2[𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ]
24= 1
2[1 𝐾 + 5 − 4 −5 + 1 − 3(−1 − 𝐾)]
24= 1
2[1 𝐾 + 5 − 4 −4 − 3(−1 − 𝐾)]
24= 1
2[𝐾 + 5 + 16 + 3 + 3𝐾]
24= 1
2[24 + 4𝐾]
48= 24 + 4𝐾
4𝐾 = 48 − 24
4𝐾 = 24
𝐾 = 24
6
𝐾 = 6
ikB 8 f=dks.kfefr dk ifjp; vad Hkkj 9 ¼2 +2 +2+ 6½
6 f=dks.kferh; vuqikr Øekuqlkj ;kn djsaA
sin𝜃, cos𝜃, tan𝜃, cot𝜃, sec𝜃, cosec𝜃,
𝐿𝐴𝐿
𝐾𝐾𝐴 ds vuqlkj buds lw= ;kn djsaA
dkSulk vuqikr fdldk O;qRØe gksrk gS&
40 M.PILANIA
sin𝜃,
cos𝜃,
tan𝜃,
cot𝜃,
sec𝜃,
cosec𝜃,
fdu fdu vuqikrksa dk xq.kQy 1 gksrk gS
sin𝜃 × cosec𝜃 = 1] cos 𝜃 × sec𝜃 = 1, tan𝜃 × cot 𝜃 = 1
ikB~;iqLrd ist la[;k 204 ij cuh lkj.kh dks ;kn djysa rFkk ijh{kk esa jQ dk;Z ds LFkku
ij Hkh fy[k ysaA
iwjd dks.ksa ds lw= esa dkSulk vuqikr fdl esa cnyrk gS&
sin𝜃 cosec𝜃, sin𝜃 cosec𝜃, sin𝜃 cosec𝜃,
f=dks.kferh; loZlfedk,a&
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 1
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 − 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 − 1
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃 = 1
Q. sin 20°
𝑐𝑜𝑠70° dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. cos ( 90°−20°)
𝑐𝑜𝑠70°=
𝑐𝑜𝑠70°
𝑐𝑜𝑠70°= 1
Q. 6𝑠𝑖𝑛263° + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛227° dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 6𝑠𝑖𝑛263° + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛227°
= 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛263° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛227°
= 6(𝑠𝑖𝑛263° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛227°)
= 6(𝑠𝑖𝑛263° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(90° − 27°)
= 6(𝑠𝑖𝑛263° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠263°)
= 6(1) [𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 1]
41 M.PILANIA
ikB 12 o`rksa ls lEcfU/kr {ks=Qy vad Hkkj 5
¼1+1+3½
o`r dh ifjf/k = 2𝜋𝑟
o`r dk {ks=Qy = 𝜋 𝑟2
o`r ds prqFkkZa”k dk {ks=Qy =1
4 𝜋 𝑟2
nks ladsUnzh; orksa ds chp dk {ks=Qy = 𝜋(𝑟12 − 𝑟2
2)
f=T;[kaM ds pki dh yEckÃ= 𝜃
360 x 2𝜋𝑟
y?kqf=T;[kaM dk {ks=Qy = 𝜃
360 x 𝜋 𝑟2
nh?kZ f=T;[kaM dk {ks=Qy = 360−𝜃
360 x 𝜋 𝑟2
42 M.PILANIA
y?kq o`r[kaM dk {ks=Qy = y?kqf=T;[kaM dk {ks=Qy & f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy
?kM+h dh feuV dh lqà 1 feuV esa 60 dks.k cukrh gSA
?kM+h dh ?kaVs dh lqà 1 feuV esa 1
2 fMxzh dks.k cukrh gSA
¼a½ or dh f=T;k] {ks=Qy ls lEcaf/kr ç'u&
Q. nks o`rksa dh f=T;k,a Øe”k% 19 lseh rFkk 9 lseh gSA ml o`r dh f=T; Kkr dhft, ftldh
ifjf/k bu orksa dh ifjf/k;ksa ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gSA
Ans. igys o`r dh f=T;k = 19 𝑐𝑚
igys o`r dh ifjf/k = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋. 19 = 38𝜋
nwljs o`r dh f=T;k = 9 𝑐𝑚
nwljs o`r dh ifjf/k = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋. 9 = 18𝜋
nksuks o`rksa dh ifjf/k;ksa dk ;ksx = 38𝜋 + 18𝜋 = 56𝜋
2𝜋𝑟 = 56𝜋
2𝑟 = 56
𝑟 = 56
2= 28 𝑐𝑚
Q. ,d ?kM+h ds feuV dh lqà ftldh yEckà 14 lseh gSA bl lqà }kjk 20 feuV esa jfpr
{ks=Qy Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 𝑟 = 14 𝑐𝑚 𝜃 = 20 x 6= 1200
y?kqf=T;[kaM dk {ks=Qy = 𝜃
360 x 𝜋 𝑟2 =
120
360 x
22
7 x14 x14 = 205.33 cm2
¼b½ lery vkdfr;ksa ds la;kstuksa ds {ks=Qy Kkr djuk&
Q. ,d prqFkkZa”k OPBQ ds varxZr ,d oxZ OABC cuk gqvk gSA ;fn OA=20cm gS rks
Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=Qy Kkr dhft,A ¼ 𝜋= 3.14 yhft, ½
Q
C B
O A P
43 M.PILANIA
Ans. Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=Qy = prqFkkZa'k dk {ks=Qy & oxZ dk {ks=Qy
;gka prqFkkZa”k dh f=T;k Kkr ugha gS ijUrq prqFkkZa”k dh f=T;k = oxZ dk fod.kZ OB
ikÃFkkxksjl çes; ls d.kZ2 = vk/kkj
2 + yEc
2
OB2 = 202 +202 = 400 +400= 800
vr% 𝑟2 = 800 lehdj.k ua- 1
vc Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=Qy = prqFkkZa'k dk {ks=Qy & oxZ dk {ks=Qy
= 1
4 𝜋 𝑟2 − Hkqtk
2 =
1
4 x 3-14 x 800 & 20 x 20
= 628 & 400 = 228 cm2
ikB 14 lkaf[;dh vad Hkkj 6
¼a½ çR;{k fof/k] dfYir ek/; fof/k ,oa in fopyu fof/k ls ek/; dh x.kuk djukA
¼b½ ek/; Kkr gks rks vKkr ckjEckjrk Kkr djukA
¼c½ ek/;d Kkr djukA
¼d½ ek/;d Kkr gks rks vKkr ckjEckjrk Kkr djukA
¼e½ cgqyd dh x.kuk djukA
in fopyu fof/k ls ek/; dh x.kuk djuk& bl fof/k esa lkj.kh cukrs le; /;ku j[kuk gS fd
blesa dqy 6 [kM+s dkWye cusaxsA oxZ] ckjEckjrk 𝑓] 𝑥,𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑎,𝑢,𝑓𝑢
lkj.kh cukus ds ckn 𝑓 vkSj 𝑓𝑢 dk ;ksx djuk gSa lw= esa jkf”k;ksa ds eku j[k dj ek/; dh x.kuk
djuh gSA
Q.fuEu ckjEckjrk caVu Hkkjr ds mPprj ek/;fed Ldwyksa esa] jkT;ksa ds vuqlkj f”k{kd&fo|kFkhZ
vuqikr n”kkZrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa dk ek/; vkSj cgqyd Kkr dhft,A
çfr f”k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k jkT;@la?kh; {ks=ksa dh la[;k
15 & 20 3
20 & 25 8
25 & 30 9
30 & 35 10
35 & 40 3
40 & 45 0
44 M.PILANIA
45 & 50 0
50 & 55 2
Ans. in fopyu fof/k ls ek/; dh x.kuk&
oxZ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎 =32-5
𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑑
5= 𝑢 𝑓𝑢
15 & 20 3 17-5 17-5 &32-5 = &15 &3 &9
20 & 25 8 22-5 22-5 &32-5 = &10 &2 &16
25 & 30 9 27-5 27-5 & 32-5= &5 &1 &9
30 & 35 10 32-5 32-5 &32-5 = 0 0 0
35 & 40 3 37-5 37-5 &32-5 = 5 1 3
40 & 45 0 42-5 42-5&32-5 = 10 2 0
45 & 50 0 47-5 47-5 &32-5 = 15 3 0
50 & 55 2 52-5 52-5 &32-5 = 20 4 8
&& 𝑓 =-35 & & & 𝑓𝑢 =-&23
Ekk/; = 𝑎 + 𝑓𝑢
𝑓 x ℎ = 32.5 +
−23
35 x 5 = 32.5 −
23
7 = 32.5 − 3.2 = 29.3
cgqyd dh x.kuk&
oxZ 𝑓 15 & 20 3
20 & 25 8
25 & 30 9 𝑓0
30 & 35 10 𝑓1
35 & 40 3 𝑓2
40 & 45 0
45 & 50 0
50 & 55 2
vf/kdre ckjEckjrk = 10 ] cgqyd oxZ = 30 & 35
] cgqyd = 𝑙 +
𝑓1− 𝑓0
2 𝑓1− 𝑓0− 𝑓2 x ℎ
¼𝑙 = 30, 𝑓1 = 10, 𝑓0 = 9, 𝑓2 = 3, ℎ = 5½ lHkh jkf'k;ksa ds eku lw= esa j[kdj
cgqyd dh x.kuk djsaA
Ekk/;d dh x.kuk djuk&
Q.,d ikS/ks dh 40 ifRr;ksa dh yEckÃ;ka fudVre feyhehVjksa esa ekih tkrh gS rFkk çkIr vk¡dM+ksa dks
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh ds :Ik esa fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
45 M.PILANIA
yEckümm esa½ ifRr;ksa dh la[;k
118 & 126 3
127 & 135 5
136 & 144 9
145 & 153 12
154 & 162 5
163 & 171 4
172 & 180 2
ifRr;ksa dh ek/;d yEckà Kkr dhft,A
Ans. Ekk/;d dh x.kuk&
oxZ 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 117-5 & 126-5 3 3
126-5 & 135-5 5 8
135-5 & 144-5 9 17
144-5 & 153-5 12 29
153-5 & 162-5 5 34
162-5 & 171-5 4 38
171-5 & 180-5 2 40
𝑁 = 40 𝑁
2= 20 vr% ek/;d oxZ ¼144-5 & 153-5½ gSA
Ekk/;d = 𝑙 +
𝑁
2−𝑐𝑓
𝑓 x ℎ [𝑙 = 144.5,
𝑁
2= 20, 𝑐𝑓 = 17, 𝑓 = 12, ℎ = 9]
Ekk/;d = 144.5 + 20−17
12 x 9
Ekk/;d = 144.5 + 3
12 x 9
Ekk/;d = 144.5 + 2.25
Ekk/;d = 146.75
ek/;d Kkr gks rks vKkr ckjEckjrk Kkr djuk &
Q.fuEu caVu dk ek/;d 137 gks rks 𝑥 rFkk 𝑦 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
oxZ 𝑓 65 & 85 4
85 & 105 5
105 & 125 13
46 M.PILANIA
125 & 145 𝑥 145 & 165 14
165 & 185 𝑦 185 & 205 4
;ksx 68
Ans.
oxZ 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 65 & 85 4 4
85 & 105 5 9
105 & 125 𝑥 9+ 𝑥 125 & 145 20 29+ 𝒙 145 & 165 14 43+ 𝑥 165 & 185 𝑦 43+ 𝑥+ 𝑦 185 & 205 4 47+ 𝑥+ 𝑦
;ksx 68
47+ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 68
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 68 − 47
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 21 &&&&& lehdj.k 1
ek/;d 137 fn;k x;k gS tks fd oxZ 125 & 145 esa vkrk gSA vr% ek/;d oxZ ¼125 & 145½ gSA
Ekk/;d = 𝑙 +
𝑁
2−𝑐𝑓
𝑓 x ℎ [𝑙 = 125,
𝑁
2=
68
2= 34 , 𝑐𝑓 = 9 + 𝑥, 𝑓 = 20, ℎ = 20]
137 = 125 + 34−(9+ 𝑥)
20 x 20
137 −125 = 34−9− 𝑥
13 x 20
12= 25− 𝑥
20 x 20
12 = 25 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 25 − 12
𝑥 = 13 𝑥 dk eku lehdj.k 1 esa j.kus ij&
47 M.PILANIA
13 + 𝑦 = 21
𝑦 = 21 − 13
𝑦 = 8
ikB 15 çkf;drk vad Hkkj 4¼1+3½
fdlh ç;ksx dh lHkh çkjafHkd ?kVukvksa dh çkf;drkvksa dk ;ksx 1 gksrk gSA
fdlh ?kVuk rFkk mldh iwjd ?kVuk dh çkf;drkvksa dk ;ksx 1 gksrk gSA P(E) + P(𝐸 )=1
fdlh fuf”pr ?kVuk dh çkf;drk 1 gksrh gSA
fdlh vfuf”pr ?kVuk dh çkf;drk 0 gksrh gSA
,d flDds dks ,d ckj mNkyus ij dqy lEHko ifj.kke = 2
,d ikls dks ,d ckj mNkyus ij dqy lEHko ifj.kke = 6
52 iRrksa dh xM~Mh dk fooj.k&
bDds = 4
ckn”kkg = 4 ( rLohj okyk iRrk½
csxe = 4 ( rLohj okyk iRrk½
xqyke = 4 ( rLohj okyk iRrk½
dqy rLohj okys iRrs= 12 (dkys jax ds 6 rFkk yky jax ds 6½
Q.,d [ksy esa ,d :Ik;s ds flDds dks rhu ckj mNkyk tkrk gS vkSj çR;sd ckj dk ifj.kke
fy[k fy;k tkrk gSA rhuksa ifj.kke leku gksus ij vFkkZr rhu fpr ;k rhu iV çkIr gksus ij
guhQ [ksy thr tk;sxk] vU;Fkk og gkj tk;sxkA guhQ ds [ksy gkj tkus dh çkf;drk Kkr
dhft,A
Ans. ,d flDds dks rhu ckj mNkyus ij çkIr dqy lEHko ifj.kke = 8
HHH; HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,THT, TTH, TTT gkjus okys ifj.kke HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,THT, TTH
vuqdwy ifj.kke = 6
çkf;drk = 6
8=
3
4
Q.,d 52 iRrksa dh vPNh çdkj ls QsaVh x;h xM~Mh esa ls ,d iRrk fudkyk tkrk gSA blds rLohj
okyk iRrk gksus dh çkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
Ans. dqy lEHko ifj.kke = 52
48 M.PILANIA
rLohj okys iRrksa dh la[;k = 12
çkf;drk =12
52=
3
13
Q.,d ikls dks nks ckj Qsadk tkrk gS A bldh D;k çkf;drk gS fd ¼i½ 5 fdlh Hkh ckj ugha vk,xk
¼ii½ 5 de ls de ,d ckj vk,xkA¼iii½ nksuksa iklksa dh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx 8 gksA
Ans. ,d ikls dks nks ckj Qsadus ij çkir dqy lEHko ifj.kke = 36
¼1]1½ ¼1]2½ ¼1]3½ ¼1]4½ ¼1]5½ ¼1]6½
¼2]1½ ¼2]2½ ¼2]3½ ¼2]4½ ¼2]5½ ¼2]6½
¼3]1½ ¼3]2½ ¼3]3½ ¼3]4½ ¼3]5½ ¼3]6½
¼4]1½ ¼4]2½ ¼4]3½ ¼4]4½ ¼4]5½ ¼4]6½
¼5]1½ ¼5]2½ ¼5]3½ ¼5]4½ ¼5]5½ ¼5]6½
¼6]1½ ¼6]2½ ¼6]3½ ¼6]4½ ¼6]5½ ¼6]6½
¼i½ os ifj.kke ftuesa 5 fdlh Hkh ckj ugha vk,xk = 36-11=25
çkf;drk =25
36
¼ii½ os ifj.kke ftuesa 5 de ls de ,d ckj vk,xk= 11
çkf;drk =11
36
¼iii½ os ifj.kke ftuesa nksuksa iklksa dh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx 8 gks = ¼2]6½ ¼3]5½ ¼4]4½ ¼5]3½ ¼6]2½=5 ifj.kke
çkf;drk =8
36=
2
9
Q.,d fMCcs esa 5 yky daps] 8 lQsn daps rFkk 4 gjs daps gSA blesa ls ,d dapk ;k„PN;k fudkyk
tkrk gSA bldh D;k çkf;drk gS fd fudkyk x;k dapk &
¼i½ yky gS ¼ii½ lQsn gS ¼iii½ gjk ugha gS
Ans. dqy lEHko ifj.kke = 17 ¼5 yky daps + 8 lQsn daps + 4 gjs daps= 17 daps½
¼i½ yky daps = 5
vuqdwy ifj.kke = 5
çkf;drk =5
17
¼i½ gjs daps = 4
vuqdwy ifj.kke = 4
çkf;drk =4
17
¼i½ gjs daps ugha gS rks yky ;k lQsn gS
vuqdwy ifj.kke = 13 ¼5 yky daps + 8 lQsn daps½
çkf;drk =13
17
50 M.PILANIA
ek/;fed cksMZ ijh{kk % foKku
iz'u i= dh cksMZ }kjk fu/kkZfjr :ijs[kk ,oa Cyw fizUV
d{kk&X fo"k;&foKku iw.kkZad&80
Ø-
l- mÌs'; bdkbZ@ mi bdkbZ
vad
Hkkj
bdkbZ
vad
Hkkj
Kku vocks/k Kkuksi;ksxh@vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky@ekSfydrk
;ksx vfr y?kq- y?kq- fuca-
vfr-
y?kq
y?kq- fuca-
vfr-
y?kq
y?kq- fuca-
vfr-
y?kq
y?kq- fuca-
SA1 SA2 SA1 SA2 SA1 SA2 SA1 SA2
1 vEy] {kkj rFkk yo.k 5
24
1(1) 1(1) 3(1) 5(3)
2 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;ka, 5 5(1) 5(1)
3 /kkrq,a rFkk v/kkrq,a 5 2(1) 3(1) 5(2)
4 dkcZu ;kSfxd 5 5(1) 5(1)
5 rRoksa dk vkorhZ oxhZdj.k 4 1(1) 3(1) 4(2)
6 tSo izfØ;k,a 8
22
1(½) 3(½)* 2(½) 2(½)* 8(2)
7 ikniksa rFkk tUrqvksa eas
fu;a=.k ,oa leUo;
6 3(1)
1(½)
2(½) 6(2)
8 tuu 4 1(1) 3(1) 4(2)
9 vkuqokaf'kdrk ,oa fodkl 4 2(1) 2(1) 4(2)
10 foHkokUrj rFkk fo|qr /kkjk 7
14 2½(½) 2(1) 2½(½) 7(2)
11 fo|qr /kkjk ds pqEcdh;
izHkko
7 1(1) 4(½) 1(1) 1(½) 7(3)
12 izdk'k dk ijkorZu 3
10
3(1) 3(1)
13 viorZu 3 3(1) 3(1)
14 fizTe ls gksdj izdk'k dk
viorZu
4 2(½) 1(1) 1(½) 4(2)
15 izkdfrd lalk/ku dk
izca/ku
3
10
3(½) 3(½)
16 {ks=h; i;kZoj.k 2 2(½) 2(½)
17 ÅtkZ ds L=ksr 3 2(1) 1(1) 3(2)
18 gekjk i;kZoj.k 2 1(½) 1(½) 2(1) ;ksx 3(3) 5(2½) 13(4½) 9½(1½) 3(3) 3(1½) 8(2½) 15(3) 2(2) 2(1) 3(1) 2½(½) - 2(1) 6(2) 3(1) 80(30) dqy ;ksx 30½ (11½) 29 (10) 9½(4½) 11(4) 80(30)
51 M.PILANIA
fodYiksa dk ;kstuk & * = vkUrfjd fodYi iz'u uksV & dks"Bd ds ckgj dh la[;k vadksa dh rFkk Hkhrj iz'uksa dh |ksrd gSA
52 M.PILANIA
izR;sd iz'u ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh
iz'u i= ds dqy pkj [k.M+ gksxsaA [k.M ^v^ esa 1 ls 8 rd izR;sd ds 1 vad] [k.M ^c^ esa 9 ls 14
rd izR;sd ds 2 vad [k.M ^l^ esa ls 15 ls 24 rd izR;sd ds 3 vad gSA [k.M ^n^ esa 25 ls 30 rd izRlsd
iz'u 5 vad ds gSA
mi;ksxh ladsr %&
[k.M&^v*
[k.M ^v^ iz'u i= ds bl Hkkx esa ikB~;Øe dh fo"k;&oLrq esa ls dqy 8 iz'u izR;sd 1 vad dk vk,sxkA bu
vfr y?kqjkRed (VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE) dks /;kuiwoZd i<+dj mÙkj 2&3 iafDr esaa nsosA
bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa 'kCn lhek dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kdj mÙkj lVhd o lgh nsosaA
iz'uksa dk mÙkj vf/kd cMk u gks dsoy iqNh xbZ tkudkjh gh crk,saA
uewuk (Specimen)
iz'u&1 'kwU; lewg ds rRo ¼fuf"Ø; rRo½ D;k gS \
mÙkj & mRd`"V xSl ;k fuf"Ø; rRo fgfy;u He] fuvkWu Ne] vkxZu Ar] buds ckgjh dks'k esa
bysDVªkWu iw.kZ Hkjs gksrs gS bUgsa 18 lewg esa j[kk x;k gSA
iz'u&2 fdlh ijek.kq ds ckgjh dks'k esa bysDVªkWuksa dh vf/kdre la[;k Kkr djus dk lw= fy[kksaa
mÙkj& 2n2
iz'u&3 izFke lewg ds rRo {kkjh /kkrq,a D;ksa dgykrs gS \
mÙkj& D;ksafd izFke lewg ds rRo ty ds lkFk fØ;k djds {kkj mRiUu djrs gSA
iz'u&4 pqEcdh; {ks= D;k gS \ bldh izcyrk vf/kdre dgk¡ gksrh gS \
53 M.PILANIA
mÙkj& fdlh pqEcd ds vkl&ikl dk og {ks= ftlesa pqEcd viuk izHkko ¼vkd"kZ.k@izfrd"kZ.k½
fn[kkrk gS] pqEcdh; {ks= dgykrk gS] pqEcd ds /kqzo ij pqEcdh; {ks= dh rhozrk vf/kdre
gksrh gSA
iz'u&5 og dkSu&dkSuls dkjd gS] ftu ij pkyd ij vkjksfir cy dk eku fuHkZj djrk gS \
mÙkj& pqEcdh; {ks= dk eku] pkyd dh yEckbZ] pkyd esa izokfgr /kkjk dk ekuA
iz'u&6 IykLVj vkWQ isfjl dh ty ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fy[kksA
mÙkj& CaSo4 ½ H2O + 1½ H2O ------> CaSo4. 2H2O
iz'u&7 fyVel i= fdlls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS \
mÙkj& FkSyksQkbVk lewg ds ykbdsu lsA
iz'u&8 i.kZ }kjk dkf;d izo/kZu oys ,d ikni dk uke fy[kksA
mÙkj& czk;ksfQYye ¼iRFkjpV~Vk½
iz'u&9 ekuo dh eknk eas fu"kspu fØ;k fdl vax esa gksrh gS \
mÙkj& v.Mokfguh ¼Qsyksfi;u ufydk½ esaA
iz'u&10 OTEC dk iwjk uke fy[kks &
mÙkj& lkxjh; rkih; ÅtkZ :ikUrj.k fo|qr l;a= A
iz'u&11 ck;ks xSl l;a= ls izkIr Lyjh esa mifLFkr 2 vo;oh rRoksa ds uke fy[kks \
mÙkj& ¼i½ ukbVªkstu ¼ii½ QkWLQksjl
54 M.PILANIA
[k.M&^c*
iz'u i= ds [k.M&c esa iz'u la[;k 9 ls 14 rd izR;sd 2 vad dk gksxkA ;s lHkh iz'u y?kqjkRed izdkj
¼SAI½ ds gksaxsA bu lHkh iz'uksa ds mÙkj fu/kkZfjr 'kCn lhek esa lVhd mÙkj nsosaA
iz'u esa fp= iwNs tkus ij gh fp= cukosaA
iz'u dks i<+dj /;kuiwoZd fcUnqokj Li"V v{kjksa esa mÙkj nsosaA
iz'uksa dh rS;kjh Cyw fizUV ds vk/kkj ij bdkbZokj djsaA
uewuk ¼Specimen½
iz'u&1 /kkrqvksa ,oa v/kkrqvksa ds nks&nks lkekU; xq.k fy[kks&
mÙkj& /kkrqvksa ds lkekU; xq.k&
¼i½ /kkrqvksa esa lrg pednkj gksrh gS] vFkkZr /kkfRod ped gksrh gSA
¼ii½ /kkrq,a Bksl ,oa dBksj gksrh gSA
v/kkrqvksa ds lkekU; xq.k &
¼i½ v/kkrq,a fo|qr dh dqpkyd gksrh gSA ¼xzsQkbZV dks NksMdj½
¼ii½ v/kkrq,a dejs ds rki ij Bksl] nzo] xSl gks ldrh gSA
¼czksehu&nzo½
iz'u&2 thok'e fdls dgrs gS \ budh vk;q Kkr djus dh dkSulh fof/k;ka gS \
mÙkj& izkphudky esa mifLFkr thoksa ds os vo'ks"k tks Hkw&iVy dh pÍkuksa esa fpUg ds :i esa feyrs
gS] thok'e dgykrs gSA thok'eksa ds vk;q Kkr djus dh fuEu nks fof/k;ka gS&
¼a½ lkis{k fof/k A
¼b½ dkcZu dky fu/kkZj.k fof/kA
iz'u&3 es.My }kjk fd, x,s ,d ladj ladj.k iz;ksx dk ukekafdr fp= cukvksa&
mÙkj&
55 M.PILANIA
iz'u&4 ,d pkyd esa 0-5 dwykWe dk vkos'k izokfgr djus ij 3-0 twy ÅtkZ dk ál gksrk gS] pkyd
ds fljksa dk foHkokarj Kkr dhft,&
mÙkj& vkos'k Q = 0.5 dwykWe
dk;Z W = 3.0 twy
rks foHkokarj V = dk;Z (W)
vkos'k (Q)
3.0
0.5=
30
5= 6 oksYV
iz'u&5 lkSj iSuy D;k gksrk gS \ buds nks ykHk fyf[k;s&
mÙkj& lkSj lsyksa ds lewg dks lkSj iSuy dgrs gSA lkSj lsyksa dks ,d fo'ks"k Øe esa tksM fn;k
tkrk gSA budksa tksM+us esa flYoj ¼pk¡nh½ dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
lkSj iSuy ds ykHk ¼i½ lM+dksa ij izdk'k djus esaA
¼ii½ ty iEi pykus esaA
iz'u&6 tSo vko/kZu D;k gS \ bldk ikfjra= ds iks"kd Lrjksa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \
mÙkj& gkfudkjd vtSo fuEuhdj.kh; jlk;u ihMduk'kh dhVuk'kh DDT vkfn feÍh esa feykdj
ikS/kksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr fd,s tkrs gS ckn esa jlk;u vkgkj Jaa`[kyk esa izos'k dj fofHkUu
iks"kh Lrjksa esa tek gks tkrs gS] thoksa easa lafpr bu jlk;uksa dh ek=k dkss tSo vko/kZu
dgrs gSA
56 M.PILANIA
ikfjra= ds fofHkUu iks"kd Lrjksa esa bu jlk;uksa dh lknzark c<rh tkrh gS] ftlls
gkfudkjd izHkko iM+rk gSA
[k.M&^l*
iz'u i= ds [k.M&l esa iz'u la[;k&15 ls 24 rd izR;sd 3 vad dk gksxk&
;s lHkh iz'u y?kqrjkRed izdkj ¼SAII½ ds gksxs ftuds mÙkj foLrr :i ls nsus gksxsaA
iz'uksa esa vko';drk gksus ij lqUnj o Li"V fp= Hkh cukosA
iz'u dk /;kuiwoZd v/;;u dj vadokj fcUnqvksa dks js[kkafdr dj mÙkj nsosA iz'u esa iwNh xbZ
tkudkjh gh fy[ksaA
uewuk ¼Specimen½
iz'u&1 Xyqdksl ds fo[k.Mu ds fofHkUu iFk dkSu&dkSuls gS] le>kbZ;sA
mÙkj
Xyqdkst dksf'kdk nzO; esa
ikb:osV
¼2 v.kq½
O2 dh vuqifLFkfr esa
C2H5OH+2CO2 + 2ATP ¼ÅtkZ½
¼lq{e tho] ;hLV esa½
O2 dh mifLFkfr esa
CO2 + H2O + 38ATP ¼ÅtkZ½
¼vf/kdrj lthoksa esa½
ekbVksdkfUMª;ka esaA
(C6 H12O6)
(1 v.kq) Xykbdksykbfll
O2 dk vHkko]
ySfDVd vEy $ ÅtkZ ¼2 ATP½
¼ekalisf'k;ksa eas½
izR;sd tho esa fofHkUu tSfod fØ;kvksa ds lapkyu ds fy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
tks iks"k.k izØe }kjk izkIr Xyqdkst ¼Hkkstu½ ds vkWDlhdj.k ls izkIr gksrh gSA fofHkUu thoksa esa
Xyqdkst dk vkWDlhdj.k fHkUu&fHkUu iFkksa }kjk fuEu izdkj ls gksrk gSA
1- izFke iFk&dqN thoksa esa Xyqdkst dk vkWDlhdj.k O2 dh dh vuqifLFkfr esa gksrk gS] bls
vok;oh; 'olu dgrs gSA bl izfØ;k esa ,FksukWy o CO2 rFkk ÅtkZ ¼2ATP½ curh gSA
mnkgj.k&lw{etho] ;hLV ¼fd.ou ds le;½
2- f}rh; iFk&;fn Xyqdkst dk vkWDlhdj.k vkWDlhtu gSA iw.kZ vkWDlhdj.k ds QyLo:i
CO2 o ty ds lkFk ÅtkZ ¼38ATP½ izkIr djrs gSA mnkgj.k&vf/kdk'ka tho/kkfj;ksa esaA
3- r`rh; iFk&tc vkWDlhtu ds vHkko esa Xyqdkst dk vkWDlhdj.k gksrk gS] rks ySfDVd
vEy o ÅtkZ ¼2ATP½ curh gSA ;g gekjs ekalisf'k;ksa dh is'kh dksf'kdkvksa esa O2 dh
deh gksus ij gksrk gSA blls ØsEi ;k f[kapko mRiUu gksrk gSA
57 M.PILANIA
iz'u&2 izfrorhZ fØ;k D;k gS mnkgj.k nhft;s \ izfrorhZ pki ds fp= ds }kjk lwpuk esa xkzgh
vax ls vkxs c<us ds ekxZ iznf'kZr dhft, rFkk blds nks ykHk fy[kksa \
mÙkj okrkoj.kh; ifjorZuksa ;k cká mÌhiu ds izfr vpkyd] vdLekr~ gksus okyh vuqfØ;k dks
izfrorhZ fØ;k dgrs gSA izfrorhZ fØ;k,a vuSfPNd fØ;k,a gS ftu ij efLr"d dk dksbZ
fu;=a.k ugha gksrk gSA bu fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu es:jTtq ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;s
izfrorhZ fØ;k,a vfoyEc o cgqr rhoz xfr ls lgt :i esa lEiUu gksrh gSA
izfrorhZ fØ;kvksa ds mnkgj.k&
1- xeZ oLrq dks Nqus ij gkFk dk gVukA
2- dkaVks] fiu pqHkus ij gkFk@iSj dk rqjUr gVukA
3- rhoz izdk'k esa vka[kksa dk Lor% cUn gksukA
izfrorhZ fØ;kvksa dh dk;Zfof/k&
losnkax ls ysdj viokgd vax rd laosnh o izsjd raf=dkvksa }kjk laosnuk lapkfyr
gksrh gSA laosnh vaxksa ls laosnukvksa dks laosnh raf=dk }kjk es:jTtq rd vkus ,oa
es:jTtq ls izsjd raf=dk }kjk izsj.kk ds :i esa vuqfØ;k djus okys vaxksa dh ekalisf'k;ksa
rd lans'k igqapkus okys ekxZ dks ^^izfrorhZ pki** dgrs gSA
xzkgh vax mÌhiu laonh U;wjksu
¼Ropk½ m"ek ;k rki
es:jTtq
izfrorhZ pki
viokgd vax vuqfØ;k izsjd U;wjksu
¼ekalisf'k;ka½
loZizFke laosnh vaxksa Ropk vkfn ls laosnuk] mÌhiu laosnh U;wjksu ds }kjk
es:jTtq ds i`"B ewy esa vkosx xfr djrk gS] laosnh U;wjksu ds n`ek'e] dksf'kdk dk;]
raf=dk{k] o fluSIl ds ek/;e ls vkosx lapfjr gksrk gSA es:jTtq esa mifLFkr laosnh
58 M.PILANIA
U;wjksu vkSj izsjd U;wjksu ds la;kstd dks fefJr U;wjksu dgrs gSA ;gka ls vuqfØ;k izsjd
U;wjksu }kjk v/kjewy ls viokgh vax ekalisf'k;ksa dh vksj xfr djrh gS] ftlls isf'k;ka
ladqfpr gksrh gSA
izfrorhZ fØ;k ds ykHk&
1- izfrorhZ pki NksVk gksus ls ;s 'kh?kz iwjh gksrh gS] ftlls izkf.k;ksa ds ?kkrd izHkko ls
cpk tk ldrk gSA
2- ;s fØ;k,a es:jTtq }kjk fu;af=r gksrh gS] ftlls efLr"d ij ncko de gks tkrk gSA
iz'u&3¼v½ mu rRoksa ds uke crkbZ,s tks vkorZ lkj.kh ds rhljs vkorZ esa gS vkSj mudk /kkrq o
v/kkrq esa oxhZdj.k dhft,&
¼c½ es.MyhQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh dk mi;ksx dj fuEu rRoksa ds vkDlkWbM ds lw= dk vuqeku
dhft,A K, C, Al, Si, Ba
¼l½ czksehu rFkk vk;ksMhu dks ,d gh lewg esa D;ksa j[kk x;k gS \
mÙkj&¼v½ vkorZ lkj.kh ds rhljs vkorZ esa
Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S rFkk C1 gS
/kkrq = Na, Mg, Al
v/kkrq = P, S, Cl
mi/kkrq = Si
¼c½ rRoksa ds vkDlkWbM ds lw= fuEu gS
rRo rRo dk vkDlkWbM
K K2O
C CO2
Al Al2O3
Si SiO2
Ba BaO
59 M.PILANIA
¼l½ czksehu rFkk vk;ksMhu dks ,d gh lewg esa j[kk x;k gS D;ksafd buds jklk;fud xq.k
leku gS rFkk nksuksa gh rRoksa ds ckáre dks'k esa 7 bysDVªksu gS vkSj nksuksa gh & 1
la;kstdrk n'kkZrs gSA
iz'u&4 ¼v½ ysal dh {kerk fdls dgrs gS \ 2 ehVj Qksdl nwjh okys vory ysal dh {kerk Kkr
djksaA
¼c½ fdlh mÙky ysal ds lkeus oLrq F o O ds chp gks rks oLrq dk izfrfcac vkjsf[kr dj
izfrfcac dk izdkj crkvksaA
mÙkj& ¼v½ fdlh ySal }kjk izdk'k fdj.kksa dks vfHklj.k vFkok vilj.k djus dh {kerk dks ySal dh
{kerk dgrs gSA bls P }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSA
fdlh ySal dh Qksdl nwjh F gS rks ySal dh {kerk
𝑃 =1
𝑓
ySal dh {kerk dk SI ek=d MkbvkWIVj ¼D½ gksrk gS
f = - 2 m
ySal dh {kerk 𝑃 =1
𝑓=
1
−2= &0-5 Mk;WIVj
¼c½ tc fdlh mÙky ySal ds lkeus oLrq F vkSj O ds chp gks rks izfrfcac fcac dh vksj gh
curk gSA izfrfcac cMk vkHkklh ,oa lh/kk curk gSA
60 M.PILANIA
[k.M&^n*
izR;sd iz'u i= ds bl Hkkx esa iz'u la[;k 25 ls 30 rd izR;sd iz'u 5 vad dk gksxkA
;s lHkh iz'u fuca/kkRed izdkj (Eassy Type) ds gksxsaA bu iz'uksa ds mÙkj iz'u ds vyx&vyx
Hkkx dks fcUnqokj lkFk&lkFk gy djsA
bu fuca/kkRed iz'uksa ds Hkkxksa dk 'kh"kZd fy[krs gq,s Li"V v{kjksa esa foLrr mÙkj nsosaA
iz'u esa vko';drk gks rks Li"V o ukekafdr fp= cukosaA
buesa vkrafjd fodYi okys iz'u ¼vFkok okys½ dks /;kuiwoZd i<dj ftl iz'u dh rS;kjh vPNh
o vf/kd gks mls gh gy djsA
uewuk ¼Specimen½
iz'u&1 fuEufyf[kr jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa dks larqfyr djds izR;sd vfHkfØ;k ds izdkj crkb,s
\
1. Pb (NO3)2 + Fe2 (SO4)3 Fe (NO3)3+ PbSO4
2. Zn + AgNO3 Zn (NO3)2 + Ag
3. CaCO3 CaO + CO2
4. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
5. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
mÙkj (i) 3Pb (NO3)2 + Fe2(SO4)3 2 Fe (NO3)3+ 3 PbSO4
;g f}foLFkkiu jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k gSA
(ii) Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn (NO3)2 + 2 Ag
;g foLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k gSA
(iii) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
;g m"eh; fo;kstu izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k gSA
(iv) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
;g m"ek{ksih vfHkfØ;k gSA
(v) NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
;g mnklhuhdj.k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k gSA
iz'u&2 ¼v½ CH3Cl ,oa ,Fkhu ds bysDVªkWu fcUnq lajpuk cukb,sA
¼c½ lra`Ir ,oa vra`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu fdls dgrs gS bldh Js.kh ds lkekU; lw= ,oa izFke 3&3
lnL;ksa ds uke o lajpuk cukvksA
61 M.PILANIA
mÙkj&¼v½ CH3Cl dh bysDVªkWu fcUnq lajpuk
H
׀
H – C – C1
׀
H
,Fkhu& H H
C = C
H H
mÙkj& ¼c½ ;s dkcZfud ;kSfxd tks dkcZu ,oa gkbMªkstu ls feydj curs gS gkbMªksdkcZu dgykrs gS] ;s 2
izdkj ds gksrs gSA
¼1½ lra`Ir gkbZMªksdkcZu
¼2½ vlra`Ir gkbZMªksdkcZu
¼1½ lra`Ir gkbZMªksdkcZu
tc dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa C-C ds chp ,dy cU/k ¼lgla;kstd½ ik;k tkrk gS] rks mUgs lra`Ir
gkbZMªksdkcZu dgrs gSA bl Js.kh ds ;kSfxdksa dks ,sYdsu dgrs gSA buesa izca/k ca/k gksrs gS]
ftlls fØ;k'khyrk de gksrh gSA ,sYdsuksa dk lkekU; lw= CnH2n+2 gSA buesa IUPAC uke esa
^^,su** vuqyXu yxk;k tkrk gSA
,sYdsu Js.kh ds lnL;&
1. CH4 esFksu
H
1
H - C - H
1
H
2. C2H6 ,sFksu
H H
1 1
H-C-C-H
1 1
H H
3. C3H8 izksisu
H H H
1 1 1
H-C- C- C- H
62 M.PILANIA
1 1 1
H H H
¼2½ vlar`ir gkbMªksdkcZu&
tc dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa C-C ds chp f}ca/k@f=ca/k gksrs gS rks mUgs vlra``Ir
gkbMªksdkcZu dgrs gS] ;s vf/kd fØ;k'khy gksrs gSA
tc C-C ds chp f}ca/k gksrk gS rks mUgs ,sYdhu dgrs gSA budk lkekU; lw= CnH2n
gksrk gS buesa uke ds ihns ^bu* vuqyXu yxkr gSA
,sYdhu Js.kh ds lnL; CnH4
H H
C = C
H H
izksihu C3H6
H
H-C= C- C- H
1 1 1
H H H
C;wVhu C4H8
H H H H
1 1 1 1
H-C= C- C- C- H
1 1
H H
tc dkcZu dkcZu ds chp f=ca/k ¼C=C½ik;k tkrk gS rks mls ,sYdkbu dgrs gSA bl
Js.kh dk lkekU; lw= CnH2n-2 gks rks gS buds uke esa ^vkbu* vuqyXu yxk;k tkrk gSA
63 M.PILANIA
iz'u&3 ¼v½ fo|qr tfu= fdl fl)kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS \ fo|qr tfu= dh cukoV ,oa
fØ;kfof/k dks lfp= le>kvksaA
¼c½ izR;korhZ /kkjk ¼AC½ ,oa fn"V /kkjk ¼DC½ dh rqyuk djrs gq, crkbZ;s fd
dkSulh /kkjk mi;ksxh D;ksa \
mÙkj&3¼v½ fo|qr tfu= ¼Mk;useks½
fo|qr tfu= ;kaf=d ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA blesa ;kaf=d
ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[ks pkyd dks xfr iznku djus esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls
fo|qr /kkjk mRiUu gksrh gSA
fl)kUr&
fo|qr tfu= fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k ds fl)kUr ij dk;Z djrk gSA
cukoV&
fo|qr tfu= ds fuEu Hkkx gksrs gS&
64 M.PILANIA
1- {ks= pqEcd&vkesZpj dks 2 'kfDr'kkyh pqEcdksa N o S ds chp j[kk tkrk gSA
2- vkesZpj&;g vk;rkdkj dq.Myh ftls dPps yksgs ds ØksM ij rkacs ds rkj dks yisVdj
cuk;k tkrk gSA fp= esa bls ACBC ls fn[kk;k x;k gSA
3- foHkDr oy;&dq.Myh ds nksuksa fljs /kkrq ds nks oy;ksa R1 o R2 ls tqMs jgrs gSA ;s
vkesZpj ds lkFk&lkFk ?kwers gSA nksuksa oy; vUnj ls /kqjh ls tqMs jgrs gSA
4- czq'k&foHkDr oy; R1 o R2 nks dkcZu dh ifÙk;ksa dks Li'kZ djrs gS] ftUgs dkcZu ds cqz'k
B1 o B2 dgrs gSA ;s cqz'k fLFkj jgrs gSA budksa R1 o R2 ij nckdj j[kk tkrk gSA
nksuksa cqz'kksa ds ckgjh fljs ckgjh ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk ds izokg dks n'kkZu gsrq xsYosuksehVj
ls tksMrs gSA
dk;Zfof/k&tc ;kaf=d L=ksr /kkjk }kjk 2 oy;ksa ls tqMh /kqjh dks bl izdkj ?kqek;k
tkrk gS fd dq.Myh ABCD nf{k.kkorZ Hkqtkvksa esa AB mij dh vkjs rFkk CD uhps dh fn'kk esa
izsfjr fo|qr /kkjk,sa izokfgr gksus yxrh gS dq.Myh esa Qsjks dh la[;k vf/kd gS rks 'kfDr'kkyh
fo|qr /kkjk B2 ls B1 dh vksj cgrh gSA
vk/ks ?kw.kZu ds ckn Hkqtk CD mij dh vksj o AB uhps dh vksj tkus ls izsfjr fo|qr
/kkjk dh fn'kk cnyrh gS] tc ckgjh ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk B1 ls B2 dh vkjs cgrh gS
xsYosuksehVj esa fo{ksi vkus ls fo|qr /kkjk mRiUu gksus o fn'kk dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
¼c½ fn"V /kkjk ¼DC½ vkSj izR;korhZ /kkjk ¼AC½ esa vUrj
fn"V /kkjk
¼DC½
izR;korhZ /kkjk ¼AC½
1- ,slh fo|qr /kkjk ftldk eku
leku le; varjky ds ckn
viuh fn'kk ifjofrZr djrh
gS] mls izR;korhZ/kkjk (AC)
dgrs gSA 2- Hkkjr esa izR;korhZ /kkjk dh
vko`fr 50 gVZt gksrh gSaA
1- ,slh fo|qr /kkjk ftldk eku
leku le; varjky ds ckn
viuh fn'kk ifjofrZr djrh
gS] mls izR;korhZ/kkjk (DC)
dgrs gSA 2- fn"V /kkjk dh vko`fUr 'kwU;
gksrh gSaA izR;korhZ /kkjk fn"V /kkjk dh rqyuk esa vf/kd mi;ksxh gS D;ksfd &
1- bls mRiUu djuk vlku gSaA
2- ;g lLrh gSaA
3- izR;korhZ /kkjk dks f"V /kkjk esa cnyk tk ldrk gSaA
4- izR;korhZ dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkuk vklku gSaA
iz'u 4-¼v½ izfrjks/kksa ds ik'oZØe la;kstu ds ifjiFk dk fp= nsrs gw,s rqY; izfrjks/kdk lw= LFkkfir djksa \
¼c½ fuEu ifjiFk esa
¼i½ dqy izfrjks/k] ¼ii½ dqy /kkjk dk ifjdyu djks &
65 M.PILANIA
mÙkj&¼v½ ik'oZØe la;kstu &
ekuk fd R1, R2, R3 rhu izfrjks/kksa dks fcUnqvksa A vkSj B ds chp ik'oZØe esa tksMk x;k gS]
cSVjh esa izokfgr fo|qr /kkjk I gS] ;g fo|qr /kkjk fcUnw A ij rhu Hkkxksa esa caV tkrh gS rhuksa
izfrjks/kksa ds ik'oZØe esa oksYVehVj V o ifjiFk esa dqy izokfgr /kkjk ds eku Kkr djus gsrq
vehVj A Js.khØe esa tksMk x;k gSaA
ik'oZØe esa izR;sd izfrjks/k esa izokfgr /kkjk I dk eku vyx vyx gksxk ijUrq izR;sd
izfrjks/k ds fljksa ij foHkkarj V leku gksxk A
;fn izfrjks/k esa izokfgr /kkjk dk eku Øe'k% I1, I2, I3 gks rFkk ifjiFk esa foHkokarj V gks
rks vkse ds fu;e ls
𝐼 =𝑉
𝑅
𝐼1 =𝑉
𝑅1
𝐼2 =𝑉
𝑅2
𝐼3 =𝑉
𝑅3
ifjiFk esa dqy /kkjk I = I1 + I2 + I3
eku j[kus ij
𝑉
𝑅=
𝑉
𝑅1+
𝑉
𝑅2+
𝑉
𝑅3
vFkok
1
𝑅𝑃=
1
𝑅1+
1
𝑅2+
1
𝑅3
66 M.PILANIA
vr% ik'oZØe esa tqMs izfrjks/kksa dk rqY; izfrjks/k dk O;qRØe lHkh izfrjks/kksa ds O;qRØeksa ds ;ksx ds
cjkcj gksrk gSaA
¼c½ ¼i½ iz'u esa 10 Ω ,oa 10 Ω ds nksuks izfrjks/k lekUrj ¼ik'oZØe½ esa tqMs gSaA
vr% rqY; izfrjks/k 1
𝑅′ =1
𝑅1+
1
𝑅2
=1
10+
1
10=
2
10=
1
5
R'=5 Ω
R' rFkk 5 Ω ds izfrjks/k Js.khØe esa la;ksftr gSaA
vr% R = R'+5
= 5 + 5
= 10 Ω
¼ii½ dqy /kkjk 𝐼 =𝑉
𝑅
=10
10
¾ 1 ,sfEi;j
67 M.PILANIA
ikB;Øe dh fo"k;oLrq ds laca/k esa &
ijh{kk iwoZ rS;kjh gsrq mi;ksxh fVIl ¼useful Tips½
1- ikB~;Øe dh fo"k;oLrq ls lacaf/kr iz'uksa dks ;kn dj Lo;a fcuk ns[ksa fy[kus dk vH;kl djsaaA
2- vf/kdkf/kd fyf[kr dk;Z o vH;kl djsaA
3- ikB~; iqLrd ds ihNs vafdr iz'uksa dks /;ku iwoZd i<+dj muds mRrj ,d ckj Lo;a dh Hkk"kk esa fy[ksaA
4- jlk;u foKku ls lacaf/kr ikBksa ds fy,s rRoksa ds izrhd] la;kstdrk dks ;kn djsa rFkk v.kq lw= fuekZ.k dk
vH;kl djsaA
5- vlarqfyr jklk;fud lHkhdj.kksa dks fy[kdj mUgsa larqfyr djus dk ckj&ckj vH;kl djsaA
6- cksMZ ijh{kk ds foKku fo"k; ds Cyw fizUV ds v/kkj ij lHkh izdkj ds iz'uksa dh rS;kjh bdkbZ okj ns[k dj
rS;kjh djsaA
7- ek/;fed ijh{kk ds cksMZ ds iwoZ o"kksZ ds iz'u i=ksa dks xgu v/;;u dj mUgs gy djus dk vH;kl djsaA
8- vkafdd iz'uksa dh rS;kjh gsrq egRoiw.kZ lw=ksa dks ;kn dj vf/kdkf/kd iz'uksa dks gy djus dk vH;kl djsaA
9- vkorZ lkj.kh esa ijek.kq la[;k 1 ls 30 rd Øeokj rRoksa dks lewg o vkorZ vuqlkj ;kn djsaaA
10- fo"k; oLrq ls lacaf/kr fp=ksa dks Li"V cukdj mUgs ukekfdar djus dk vH;kl djsaaA
ijh{kk d{k esa /;ku nsus ;ksX; fcUnq&
1- iz'u i= izkIr gksrs gh ml ij jksy ua- fy[ksa] iz'u i= ij jksy ua ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh u fy[ksaA
2- mÙkj iqfLrdk ds eq[; i`"B ij fu/kkZfjr LFkku ij vko';d tkudkjh vafdr djsa fdUrq mÙkj iqfLRdk ds
vanj dgh Hkh vius jksy ua- uke ;k O;fDrxr igpku ;k fo|ky; dk uke ugh fy[ksa A
3- iz'u i= izkIr gksrs gh loizFke ,d ckj iwjk] /kS;Z ls /;ku iwoZd i<saA
4- iz'u i= dks i<rs le; lqfu'fpr djsa fd vki fdl fdl iz'u ds mÙkj vPNh rjg ls ns ldrs gSaA
5- ftu iz'uksa ds mÙkj vki vPNh rjg ls ns ldrs gS] mudk mÙkj igys nsos] 'ks"k iz'uksa mÙkj ckn esa nsosaA
6- mÙkj iqfLrdk esa iz'u dh okLrfod Øe la[;k gh fy[ksa viuh rjQ ls u;s iz'u la[;k u fy[ksa ,slk djus
ij vad dkVs tk ldrs gSaA
7- iz'uks ds mÙkj vPNs lqUnj v{kjksa esa Li"V fy[ksA
8- izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj nsus ds ckn 1&2 iafDr [kkyh NksMsaA
9- iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsrs le; fu/kkZfjr le; lhek vo'; /;ku j[ksaA
10- fdlh Hkh iz'u dks NksMs ugh iz'u dk mÙkj ftruk vki ns ldrs gS mruk nsaA
11- ijh{kk nsus tkus ls iwoZ izos'k&i= vko';d lkexzh ¼isu] isafly] Ldsy] jcj½ ys tkuk u HkwysA
12- ijh{kk dk lkeuk /kS;Z o vkRefo'okl] 'kkUr eu ls djsaA
13- iz'u i= dh ekax ds vuq:i mÙkj nsos] vuko;d ckras u fy[ksaA
14- vkUrfjd fodYi okys iz'uksa dks i<+dj vPNh rjg ls p;u dj iz'u gy djsaA
15- iz'u i= gy djus ds ckn Hkh ,d ckj lko/kkuh iwoZd tkWp ys fd dksbZ iz'u gy djus ls NwV rks ugha x;k
A
16- mÙkj iqfLrdk fu/kkZfjr le; ls igys oh{kd dks u lkSaisA
17- lHkh iz'u gy djus ds ckn The End fy[ksaA
