capital market is one of the most important segments of the indian financial system

8/10/2019 Capital Market is One of the Most Important Segments of the Indian Financial System..

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Capital market is one of the most important segments of the Indian financial system. It is the marketavailable to the companies for meeting their requirements of the long-term funds. It refers to all thefacilities and the institutional arrangements for borrowing and lending funds. In other words, it is concernedwith the raising of money capital for purposes of making long-term investments. The market consists of anumber of individuals and institutions (including the Government) that canalise the supply and demand forlong -term capital and claims on it. The demand for long term capital comes predominantly from private

sector manufacturing industries, agriculture sector, trade and the Government agencies. While, the supply

of funds for the capital market comes largely from individual and corporate savings, banks, insurancecompanies, specialised financing agencies and the surplus of Governments.

The Indian capital market is broadly divided into the gilt-edged market and the industrial securities market.

The gilt-edged market refers to the market for Government and semi-government securities,

backed by theReserve Bank of India (RBI). Government securities are tradeable debtinstruments issued by the Government for meeting its financial requirements. The term gilt-edgedmeans 'of the best quality'. This is because the Government securities do not suffer from risk ofdefault and are highly liquid (as they can be easily sold in the market at their current price). Theopen market operations of the RBI are also conducted in such securities.

The industrial securities market refers to the market which deals in equities and debentures of thecorporates. It is further divided into primary market and secondary market.

Primary market (new issue market):- deals with 'new securities', that is, securitieswhich were not previously available and are offered to the investing public for the first time.It is the market for raising fresh capital in the form of shares and debentures. It provides

the issuing company with additional funds for starting a new enterprise or for eitherexpansion or diversification of an existing one, and thus its contribution to companyfinancing is direct. The new offerings by the companies are made either as an initial publicoffering (IPO) or rights issue.

Secondary market/ stock market (old issues market or stock exchange):- is themarket for buying and selling securities of the existing companies. Under this, securities aretraded after being initially offered to the public in the primary market and/or listed on thestock exchange. The stock exchanges are the exclusive centres for trading of securities. It

is a sensitive barometer and reflects the trends in the economy through fluctuations in theprices of various securities. It been defined as, "a body of individuals, whether incorporatedor not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating and controlling the business ofbuying, selling and dealing in securities". Listing on stock exchanges enables theshareholders to monitor the movement of the share prices in an effective manner. Thisassist them to take prudent decisions on whether to retain their holdings or sell off or evenaccumulate further. However, to list the securities on a stock exchange, the issuingcompany has to go through set norms and procedures.

Regulatory Framework

In India, the capital market is regulated by theCapital Markets Division of theDepartment of EconomicAffairs,Ministry of Finance.The division is responsible for formulating the policies related to the orderlygrowth and development of the securities markets (i.e. share, debt and derivatives) as well as protectingthe interest of the investors. In particular, it is responsible for (i) institutional reforms in the securitiesmarkets, (ii) building regulatory and market institutions, (iii) strengthening investor protection mechanism,and (iv) providing efficient legislative framework for securities markets, such asSecurities and ExchangeBoard of India Act, 1992(SEBI Act 1992);Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956; andtheDepositories Act, 1996.The division administers these legislations and the rules framed thereunder.
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TheSecurities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)is the regulatory authority established under theSEBI Act 1992, in order to protect the interests of the investors in securities as well as promote thedevelopment of the capital market. It involves regulating the business in stock exchanges; supervising theworking of stock brokers, share transfer agents, merchant bankers, underwriters, etc; as well as prohibitingunfair trade practices in the securities market. The following departments of SEBI take care of the activitiesin the secondary market:-

Market Intermediaries Registration and Supervision Department (MIRSD) - concerned with theregistration, supervision, compliance monitoring and inspections of all market intermediaries inrespect of all segments of the markets, such as equity, equity derivatives, debt and debt relatedderivatives.

Market Regulation Department (MRD) - concerned with formulation of new policies as well as

supervising the functioning and operations (except relating to derivatives) of securities exchanges,their subsidiaries, and market institutions such as Clearing and settlement organizations andDepositories.

Derivatives and New Products Departments (DNPD) - concerned with supervising trading at

derivatives segments of stock exchanges, introducing new products to be traded and consequentpolicy changes.

Policy Measures and Initiatives

A number of initiatives have been undertaken by the Government, from time to time, so as to providefinancial and regulatory reforms in the primary and secondary market segments of the capital market. Thesemeasures broadly aim to sustain the confidence of investors (both domestic and foreign) in the countryscapital market.

The policy initiatives that have been undertaken in the primary market during 2006-07 include:-

SEBI has notified the disclosures and other related requirements for companies desirous of issuingIndian depository receipts in India. It has been mandated that:- (i) the issuer must be listed in itshome country; (ii) it must not have been barred by any regulatory body; and (iii) it should have agood track record of compliance of securities market regulations.

As a condition of continuous listing, listed companies have to maintain a minimum level of publicshareholding at 25 per cent of the total shares issued. The exemptions include:- (i) companies

which are required to maintain more than 10 per cent, but less than 25 per cent in accordance withthe Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957; and (ii) companies that have two crore or moreof listed shares and Rs. 1,000 crore or more of market capitalisation.

SEBI has specified that shareholding pattern will be indicated by listed companies under threecategories, namely, 'shares held by promoter and promoter group'; 'shares held by public' and'shares held by custodians and against which depository receipts have been issued'.

In accordance with the guidelines issued by SEBI, the issuers are required to state on the coverpage of the offer document whether they have opted for an IPO (Initial Public Offering) grading
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from the rating agencies. In case the issuers opt for a grading, they are required to disclose thegrades including the unaccepted grades in the prospectus.

SEBI has facilitated a quick and cost effective method of raising funds, termed as 'Qualified

Institutional Placement (QIP)' from the Indian securities market by way of private placement of

securities or convertible bonds with the Qualified Institutional Buyers.

SEBI has stipulated that the benefit of no lock-in on the pre-issue shares of an unlisted companymaking an IPO, currently available to the shares held by Venture Capital Funds (VCFs)/Foreign

Venture Capital Investors (FVCIs), shall be limited to:- (i) the shares held by VCFs or FVCIsregistered with SEBI for a period of at least one year as on the date of filing draft prospectus withSEBI; and (ii) the shares issued to SEBI registered VCFs/FVCIs upon conversion of convertible

instruments during the period of one year prior to the date of filing draft prospectus with SEBI.

In order to regulate pre-issue publicity by companies which are planning to make an issue ofsecurities, SEBI has amended the 'Disclosure and Investor Protection Guidelines' to introduce'Restrictions on Pre-issue Publicity'. The restrictions, inter alia, require an issuer company to ensure

that its publicity is consistent with its past practices, does not contain projections/ estimates/ anyinformation extraneous to the offer document filed with SEBI.

Similarly, the policy initiatives that have been undertaken in the secondary market during 2006-07 include:-

In continuation of the comprehensive risk management system put in place since May 2005 in T+2

rolling settlement scenario for the cash market, the stock exchanges have been advised to updatethe applicable Value at Risk (VaR) margin at least 5 times in a day by taking the closing price of theprevious day at the start of trading and the prices at 11:00 a.m., 12:30 p.m., 2:00 p.m. and at theend of the trading session. This has been done to align the risk management framework across thecash and derivative markets.

In order to strengthen the Know Your Client norms and to have sound audit trail of the

transactions in the securities market, 'Permanent Account Number (PAN)' has been mademandatory with effect from January 1, 2007 for operating a beneficiary owner account and fortrading in the cash segment.

In order to implement the proposal on creation of a unified platform for trading of corporate bonds,

SEBI has stipulated that the BSE Limited would set up and maintain the corporate bond reportingplatform. The reporting shall be made for all trades in listed debt securities issued by all institutionssuch as banks, public sector undertakings, municipal corporations, corporate bodies and

companies.

In line with the Government of Indias policy on foreign investments in infrastructure companies in

the Indian securities market, the limits for foreign investment in stock exchanges, depositories andclearing corporations, have been specified as follows:- (i) foreign investment up to 49 per cent willbe allowed in these companies with a separate Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) cap of 26 per centand cap of 23 per cent on Foreign institutional investment (FII); (ii) FDI will be allowed with specificprior approval of Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB); (iii) FII will be allowed only through


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purchases in the secondary market; and (iv) FII shall not seek and will not get representation onthe board of directors.

The application process of FII investment has been simplified and new categories of investment

(insurance and reinsurance companies, foreign central banks, investment managers, international

organizations) have been included under FII.

Initial issue expenses and dividend distribution procedure for mutual funds have been rationalised.

Mutual funds have been permitted to introduce Gold Exchange Traded Funds.

In the Government securities market, the RBI has ceased to participate in primary issues of Central

Government securities, in line with the provisions of Fiscal Responsibility and Budget ManagementAct (FRBM Act).

Foreign institutional investors have been allowed to invest in security receipts.

Thus, the capital market plays a vital role in fostering economic growth of the country, as it augments thequantities of real savings; increases the net capital inflow from abroad; raises the productivity ofinvestments by improving allocation of investible funds; and reduces the cost of capital in the economy.

capital market is one of the most important segments of the indian financial system

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