can’t judge a powder by its color - weebly
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Can’t Judge a Powder By Its Color
Gretchen S. Wolf
Continuing Lecturer
Purdue University CalumetSite Coordinator Purdue Regional Science Olympiad
Regional Judge, 1999 to present
National Judge, 2003 Columbus, Ohio
2001 Colorado Springs, CO
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Breakdown of Events
http://www.soinc.org/
SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EVENTS are distributed among
three broad goal areas of science education:Science Concepts
and KnowledgeCan’t Judge a Powder
Cell Biology
Disease Detectives
Forestry
Fossils
Meteorology
Metric Estimation
Picture This
Polymer Detectives
Qualitative Analysis
Road Scholar
Science of Fitness
Science Processes
and Thinking SkillsChemistry Lab
Designer Genes
Dynamic Planet
Experimental Design
Physics Lab
Practical Data Gathering
Process Skills for Life-Sci.
Remote Sensing
Science Crime Busters
Storm The Castle
Water Quality
Write It-Do It
Science
Application
and TechnologyAstronomy
Bottle Rocket
Bridge Building
Mission Possible
Naked Egg Drop
Reach for the Stars
Robo-Billiards
Robot Ramble
Sounds of Music
Tower Building
Wheeled Vehicle
Wright Stuff
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Can’t Judge a Powder by Its Color
A team of up to 2 students
50 minutes time� Subdivided
� 25-35 minutes for testing� Students might want to think about working
individually
� 25-30 minutes for questions
2004 changes noted in red
No flame testing will be done
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Safety in the Laboratory
Students must bring and wear:
� Aprons or lab coats
� OSHA approved splash goggles with indirect vents.
No tasting
Or touching of powders is allowed
No open toed shoes may be worn
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Safety Goggles
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Students must provide:
1. pHydrion paper
2. Hand lens
3. Conductivity tester must be 9V no testers will be allowed to run on 120 volts
4. Beral pipettes or eye droppers
5. Test tube rack or holder if using test tubes
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Students must provide:
6. Containers appropriate for testing conductivities, solubility, etc.
� One or two 50 or 100 mL beakers
Size should be made compatible with the amount of powder a student will be using
Clear plastic spot plate
Nunclon∆Multidishes and OmniTray� NNI # 12-565-75
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Students must provide:
7. Spatula
8. Stirring Rod
9. Gloves are optional
NOTE:
The team may bring no other items. Supervisors will check the equipment and have the right to disqualify a team for using equipment not on this list.
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Spatulas
Fisher Cat# 14-365B
Normal spatula found in most labs
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Spatulas
Micro Spatula
Hayman style
Fisher #21-401-25B
Type used for testing at Purdue
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Conductivity Tester
http://www.soinc.org/condtstr.htm
Parts:
1 - LED (Light Emitting Diode)1 - Resistor(330 ohm, 1/4 watt)1 - 9 volt Transistor Radio Battery1 - Battery Clip to fit Battery)1 - 8 inch piece Red wire1 - 8 inch piece Black wire1 - 4 inch piece Black wiretape
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Conductivity Tester
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Conductivity Tester
Omega.com
CDH 5021 or 5022
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Conductivity Tester
Fishersci.com
10 level RCI junior
20 level RCI-Dx
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Conductivity Tester
Fishersci.com
DiST 5
DiST 6
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Event Leaders will provide
Definitely:
� The white powder
� Or a colored powder
� Distilled water
� 1.0 M NaOH
� 1.0 M HCl
� A blue or black pen
� A pencil
May also provide:
� Thermometer
� Calculator
� Balance
� Hot plate
� An observation sheet
� Anything else the supervisor decides to distribute.
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Event Leaders will announce
Whether refills of the solid will be provided
Whether there are any additional reagents and how to use them
Waste disposal rules
Clean up procedure
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The water:
� Buy distilled water from the store.
�Not spring water
� Use procedure to degas (boil).
� Adding HCl or NaOH will change conductivity of water
� All tests at Purdue Calumet done with D.I. (de ionized) water from our water tanks
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The ThermometerControl Company
Cat. No. 4378
Traceable Lollipop Thermometer
Reads in both oF and oC
Be sure students use oC
Or a spirit thermometer
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Neutralizing Distilled Water
2003-04 will be provided event leader
http://www.ncsu.edu/science_olympiad/leaderinfo/neutralizewater.html
Boiling:
� This is accomplished by boiling the water for 5-10 min. Fill a tightly stoppered bottle with the hot water.
� Once the water is placed in the student’s bottle it begins to take up CO2.
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Flow Chart
Observe a small amount of the powder.
Determine
density
Obtain a new sample if necessary
Add distilled water
Note any temperature change
Soluble, dissolves
Conductivity test
pH test
Obtain a new sample
Test with HCl
Obtain a new sample
Test with NaOH
Test with any other test
reagents that are supplied
Insoluble, does not dissolve
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Observation SheetObservation Sheet for Can’t Judge a Powder by Its Color
School Name: ________________________________ Team Code # ___________
Names of participants: ___________________________________________________
1. Use your blue PEN to complete your observations.
2. Write or print legibly.
3. Please write only one observation per line.
4. Do not write beyond the line on the right hand edge of this
paper
5. If your observation will not fit on one line, then indent
subsequent lines. .
1.With your PENCIL
2.Write and circle the
correct question
number on the first
line of the
corresponding
observation.
3.Any remembered
answers are to be
written below the
observations written
in pen. The question
number should be
written and circled in
the right hand column
as before.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Consistency
Encourage your students to be consistent with:
� The size of the sample
� The volume of water or any other liquid added
� Perhaps, the container for testing
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A way to dispenseliquids
Dropper bottles
Empty soap dispenser
Small graduated cylinder
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Proper usage of pH paper
pH hydronium paper
Cut into small pieces that will fit into container for testing
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Proper Usage of pH paper
Do not place pH paper in a solution
Use the tip of a stirring rod to spot a small piece of pH paper
Read pH immediately
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Flow Chart for testing sample
Observe a small amount of the powder.
Determine
density
Obtain a new sample if necessary
Add distilled water
Note any temperature change
Soluble, dissolves
Conductivity test
pH test
Obtain a new sample
Test with HCl
Obtain a new sample
Test with NaOH
Test with any other test
reagents that are supplied
Insoluble, does not dissolve
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Testing Various Powders
Across each spot plate
Water, 1M HCl, 1M NaOH, 2-propanol(isopropyl alcohol), methanol
Second row: pH paper
Third row: 2 drops Ca(NO3)2
2 drops Ba(NO3)2
2 drops AgNO3
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Testing Various White Powders
Alum Aspirin Baking Powder
Borax ChalkCitric acid
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Testing Various White Powders
Epsom Salt Sugar Table salt
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Conductivities
A solution showing conductivity
A solution showing little conductivity
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Testing Various Colored Powders
Copper sulfate Ferrous
ammonium sulfate
Summarizing:
Epsom
Salt
Table
Salt
Borax Alum Sugar Aspirin Baking
Powder
Chalk Citric
acid
Ferrous
Ammonium
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Solubility
in water
Mostly Soluble Very
little
Yes Soluble Insoluble Slightly,
bubbling
Insoluble Soluble Slightly Slightly
conductiity Yes Yes Yes Yes No A little Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
pH of
solution
6 6 9 4-5 7-8 3 8 10 2 9 9
Solubility
in 1M HCl
Slightly
no gas
Soluble
no gas
Slightly
no gas
Soluble
not gas
Soluble
no gas
Insoluble Soluble
bubbles
Soluble
lots of
bubbles
Soluble Soluble
Solubility
in 1M
NaOH
Soluble
? how
much
wt. ppt.
Soluble Very
little
Slightly,
changed
to bigger
whiter
crystals
Soluble Soluble Soluble
jelly like
ppt.
Insoluble Soluble Soluble
yellow ppt.
Soluble
dark ppt.
Solubility
in
2-propanol
Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Slightly
soluble
insoluble Insoluble Soluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
Solubility
in
methanol
Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
(?)
slightly
cloudy
Insoluble Insoluble Slightly Slightly Insoluble Mostly Insoluble Insoluble
PPT with
Ca(NO3)2
No ppt. No ppt. Wt. ppt No ppt. No ppt No ppt No ppt No ppt. No ppt No ppt. No ppt.
PPT with
Ba(NO3)2
Wt. ppt. No ppt. Wt. ppt Bright
wt ppt.
No ppt No ppt Slight wt
ppt.
No ppt. No ppt Wt. ppt. Wt. ppt.
PPT with
AgNO3
Small
amount
ppt.
Bright
white
ppt.
Wt. ppt Very
small
amount
wt. ppt.
Brown
ppt
No ppt Yellow
ppt.
No ppt. No ppt No ppt. No ppt.
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Scoring the Event
The judge:
� will collect the samples and the pens.
� issue pencils.
� provide the students with the questions
Students will be told:� to write and circle the
question number in the column on the right hand side of the observation sheet
� Any remembered answers are to be written below the observations written in pen. The question number should be written and circled in the right hand column as before.
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Potential Questions:
1. What do the crystals look like?
a. Are they:
a. colored,
b. white,
c. clear?
b. Definition of hygroscopic:
A substance having a tendency to absorb water from the atmosphere and become damp, but not form a solution
c. Do the crystals seem to absorb water from the air?
d. Or, were the crystals hygroscopic?
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Potential Questions:
2. Density:a. D = m/v
b. Using a graduated cylinder:
The judge would have to provide a balance1) What is the calculated density of the solid?
Some potential thought questions: The students would probably answer these as additional questions.
1) How many grams would 2mL of the solid weigh?
2) How many mL would 3 grams occupy
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Potential Questions:
2. Density cont:
Relative density using a solvent:a. Does the solid sink or float in the solvent
supplied by the judge?
b. Is the solid more or less dense than the solvent supplied by the judge?
c. Potential solvents:1. Hexane d = 0.6591
2. Methanol d = 0.8100 wood alcohol, methyl alcohol
3. Ligroin d = 0.850- 0.870 painter’s naphtha
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Potential Questions:
3. Solubility1. Definition: The mass of a solid substance
that can be dissolved in 100 g. of solvent to form a saturated solution.
2. Most ionic compounds are soluble in water by undergoing the process of solvation.
3. Most covalent compounds will not be soluble in water.
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Potential Questions:
3. Solubility
a. Is the substance soluble, totally, partially, little, or not soluble?
b. Is the substance soluble in the extra solvent the judge provided?
c. Is the substance more or less soluble in either HCl or NaOH than it was in water?
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Potential Questions:
4. Temperature Change: The judge would have to provide a thermometer
a. This must be done only with the aqueous solution
b. Need a larger sample size to obtain measurable results
c. Definitions:1. Exothermic: a reaction that gives out heat to its
surroundings, ∆H is negative, because the system loses heat.
2. Endothermic: a reaction that takes in heat from its surroundings, ∆H is positive, because the system gains heat
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Potential Questions:
4. Temperature Change: conta) What was the temperature of the water (before
the powder was added)?
b) What was the temperature of the solution after the powder was added?
c) Did the temperature of the water increase or decrease when the powder was added?
d) What was the temperature change for the solution after the powder was added?
e) Was the process of dissolving endothermic or exothermic?
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Potential Questions:
5. Conductivity: The SI unit for conductivity is Siemens (S). The scales on various
devices will vary. The most important property of a conductor is the amount of current it will carry when a voltage is applied. Conductance is the inverse of resistance.
Conductance = S= 1/ohm.
Electrolyte: Any compound which in solution conducts electric current. The solvent is usually water. Adjectives to describe electrolytes include: strong, weak, non.
Always test the solution of the powder in water (aqueous solution).
Do not test powder with NaOH or HCl.
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Potential Questions:
5. Conductivity: cont
a) Did the aqueous solution conduct electricity?
b) Was the aqueous solution a strong, weak or non electrolyte?
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Potential Questions:
6. pH of the solutiona. Only test aqueous solution
b. Correct use of pH paper
Definitions:
Acidic solutions have a pH <7
Basic solutions have a pH >7
a) What is the pH of the aqueous solution?
b) Was the aqueous solution acidic or basic?
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Potential Questions:
7. Reaction with HCl or NaOH:
a. Is there any gas produced?
b. What is the odor of any gas?
c. Is there any color change?
d. Is there any precipitate formed?
e. Is the substance more or less soluble in either HCl or NaOH than it was in water?
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Potential Questions with other reagents
8. Test solubility of powder in other reagents supplied.
a. Judge should indicate which reagent to use if there is more than 1 reagent
b. Is the substance soluble in the extra solvent the judge provided?
1) What might this indicate about the bonding in the powder?
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Potential Questions with other reagents
9. Test for precipitate formation with addition a precipitation reagent
a. Judge should indicate reagent, if more than one reagent is available
b. Judge should tell students how much reagent to add
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Potential Questions with other reagents
9. Test for precipitate formation, cont.
A solid formed from substances in solution.
a. Was a precipitate formed?
b. What color was the precipitate?
c. What was the form of the precipitate?
1) Was it a powder?
2) Or did it seem like jello?
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How many questions?
Question sheet can also function as the scoring sheet.
10-12 seems to be a good number.
Give students the opportunity to note what they think is their best observation.
A question grading waste disposal and clean up of work area.
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Question SheetCan’t Judge a Powder by Its Color
Scoring Sheet
School Name:
__________________________
Team Code # _________
Names of Participants (please print)
_______________________
_______________________
Questions Question Values
1 2 3 4 5 0
A. Is the substance in a powder or crystalline form? 1 2 3 4 5 0
B. What is the shape of the pieces of the powder?
C. How much does 3 mL of this substance weigh? 1 2 3 4 5 0
D. Is the powder soluble in water? 1 2 3 4 5 0
E. Which solvent, water or methanol is the powder more
soluble in?
1 2 3 4 5 0
F. How well does the water, ALONE, conduct electricity? 1 2 3 4 5 0
G. Is WATER a strong, weak or non-electrolyte? 1 2 3 4 5 0
H. What is the conductivity of the aqueous solution of the
powder?
1 2 3 4 5 0
I. What is the pH of the aqueous solution of the powder? 1 2 3 4 5 0
J. Were any gases observed?
K. What is the color of solution formed when the powder
is added to NaOH?
1 2 3 4 5 0
L. What was the temperature change when the powder was
added to the water?
1 2 3 4 5 0
M. Is the powder soluble in hexane? 1 2 3 4 5 0
N. When the powder is placed in hexane and stirred, does
the powder float or sink to the bottom?
1 2 3 4 5 0
O. What happened when silver nitrate was added to the
aqueous solution of the powder?
1 2 3 4 5 0
P. Use this letter to mark what you think is your best
observation
1 2 3 4 5 0
Total /80
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Thoughts: Practice, Practice, Practice
1. Use common solids
2. Size of sample
3. Supply water in a wash bottle
4. Is temperature worth it?
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Thoughts:
5. Perhaps supply a third liquid to test solubility
6. Perhaps supply a test reagent solution to look for precipitates
7. For #5 and #6 decide about waste problems
a. Is it worth is it?
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Thoughts:
8. Where is waste from the students work to be disposed?
9. What about clean up of work area?
10.If judging decide on a powder and become familiar with that powder
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In closing:
Can’t Judge a Powder
Gretchen Wolf may be contacted at:
� Purdue University Calumet
� Or 219-989-2282
This presentation is available at the following web site.
http://www.calumet.purdue.edu/chemphys/olympiad
/
Many thanks for this opportunity.
Gretchen S. Wolf 10/01/03
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Flow chart for testing sample
Observe a small amount of the powder.
Determine
density
Obtain a new sample if necessary
Add distilled water
Note any temperature change
Soluble, dissolves
Conductivity test
pH test
Obtain a new sample
Test with HCl
Obtain a new sample
Test with NaOH
Test with any other test
reagents that are supplied
Insoluble, does not dissolve
56