cannabinoid system physiological effects motor impairement memory impairement catalepsy temperature...
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Cannabinoid system physiological effects
• Motor impairement
• Memory impairement
• Catalepsy
• Temperature decrease
• Analgesia
• Pressure modification
• Immune suppression/stimulation
Definition of pain and nociception
• Pain is “An unpleasent sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in term of such damage” IASP 1979
• Nociception is referred to the reception in the central nervous system of signals triggered by the activation of specialized receptors called nociceptors
Pain pathway I
Receptor typeFiber group Quality
Nociceptors Mechanical AδSharp,
pricking pain
Thermal and mechano-thermal Aδ
Sharp, pricking pain
Thermal and mechano-thermal C
Slow, burning pain
Polymodal CSlow, burning
pain
Cutaneous and subcutaneous
mechanoreceptors
Meissner’s corpuscle Aβ Flutter
Pacinian corpuscles Aβ Vibration
Ruffini corpuscle AβSteady skin indentation
Merkel receptor AβSteady skin indentation
DRGSpinal
cord
Skin
Pain grouping Etiology
Neuropathic Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN)
HIV-related neuropathic pain
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)
Acute Postoperative pain
Visceral Irritable bowel syndrome
Chronic pelvic pain
Cancer related pain Severe pain
Metastatic bone pain
Neuropathic pain (caused by nerve injury and chemotherapic agents)
Breakthrough pain
Musculoskeletal pain Painful osteoarthritis
Painful rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic lowback pain
Fibromyalgia
Headache Migraine
Chronic daily headache
Type of pain
Preclinical pain models
Ethical issuesLegislation: Procedures involving animals and their care must be conducted in conformity with the institutional guidelines, in compliance with national and international law
• Experiments involving the study of pain on conscious animals must be reviewed by a specific committee;
• Is forbidden the use of animals paralyzed with a neuromuscular blocking agent without a general anesthetic or an appropriate surgical procedure that eliminates sensory awareness;
• The duration of experiments must be as short as possible, and the number of animals involved must be kept to the minimum.
A. Acute pain:
B. Chronic pain:Inflammatory pain models
Neuropathic pain models
Phasic pain models
Tonic pain models
Preclinical pain models
Acute pain models
The hot plate test(according to Woolfe and McDonald,
1944)
The tail flick test
(according to D'Amour & Smith, 1941)
Phasic: short-duration stimulus-evoked models
Disease models
Pain-like behaviour
min after i.pl. injection
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Paw
lick
ing
and
flinc
hing
(sec
/5 m
in)
0
50
100
150
200
250
saline 1.5% formalin
First phase
Second phase
Formalin test
Tonic: short-duration spontaneous models
Chronic pain models
1. Metabolic disfunction STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy
2. Cancer pain Vincristine-induced neuropathic pain
3. Infectious disease Varicella zoster virus-induced neuropathy
4. Neuropathic pain Surgical manipulation of sciatic nerve
5. Post-tissue injury Injection of an irritant into a joint or hind paw
6. Inflammatory pain model Injection of CFA
• Read outs:– Mechanical allodynia– Mechanical hyperalgesia– Cold allodynia– Hot allodynia
Preclinical pain models
Mechanical allodyniavon Frey hair test
Thermal allodynia (hot)plantar test
Thermal allodyniacold plate test
Mechanical hyperalgesiaRandall-Selitto
Potential targets for intervention
• CB1 and CB2 receptors:– Use of agonists to induce analgesia.
• Endocannabinoids internalization:– Blockade of the transporter to elevate the
extracellular level of endocannabinoids.
• Endocannabinoids degradation– Blockade of the endocannabinoid degrading
enzymes (FAAH and/or MAGL) to elevate endocannabinoid extracellular level.