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Canal 1 Français. Channel 2 English. Канал 3 Русский. François Régis MOUTON. World Bank GGFR Adviser. Canal 1 Français. Channel 2 English. Канал 3 Русский. Yuriy MYROSHNYCHENKO. World Bank Operations Officer. Canal 1 Français. Channel 2 English. Канал 3 Русский. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Canal 1 Français Channel 2 English Канал 3 Русский
François Régis MOUTON
World Bank GGFR Adviser
Canal 1 Français Channel 2 English Канал 3 Русский
Yuriy MYROSHNYCHENKO
World Bank Operations Officer
Canal 1 Français Channel 2 English Канал 3 Русский
Policy and Regulatory Framework: Flaring and Venting in Canada
Arden BERG
P. Eng. EUB Board Member
Alberta EUB (IA)
EndorsersIndependent Agency (IA) and Gov’t Department
British Columbia (IA)
Saskatchewan (Dept)
Manitoba (Dept)
NEB (IA - federal)
C-NLOPB (IA: joint federal & provincial Board)
Topics for Discussion
• Regulatory framework
• Themes for regulatory model success
• Roles of independent regulator
• CASA process – consultative approach
• Canadian Offshore
• Other Canadian initiatives
Global Review Regulation in 44 Countries
• Word Bank studied 44 oil producing countries
• Objective: determine how regulations and other factors affected flare and venting volumes
• Findings: countries reducing flaring and venting used
– Efficient regulation
– Incentives (fiscal policies and reform of energy markets)
Regulatory Framework Diagram
Governmentsets policy
GovernmentDepartments (environmental standards, leasing, ..)
PublicRegulatorsadminister
policy
Industrydevelops projects
LEGISLATION
REGULATIONS
Was it always easy?
• No – not easy! Wasteful flaring in Turner Valley– "Hell’s Half Acre"; 200 MMCFD for a decade
–Challenges through the years
• Had far sighted political will and leadership
• Created EUB - independent and technical –To be independent of political process / timetables
–To conserve / prevent waste of reserves
–To reduce impact on environment / society
–To enforce regulations, including shut-in oil if necessary
Who is the Alberta Independent Agency? (EUB)
• 9 Board Members – Government appointed–4 engineers, 2 lawyers, 1 accountant, 2 public
• 800 Staff –engineers, geologists, technicians, accountants, lawyers,
135 field staff
–143,000 producing wells, 373,000 km pipelines
• Key to effective independence– "Nobody controls the Regulatory Authority but the
Regulatory Authority remains under control"
Energy Resources Conservation Act (ERCA)
• Section 2 — Purposes of Act
• Appraisal of the reserves and productive capacity
• Appraisal of the requirements for energy resources
• Conservation of, and to prevent the waste… energy
• Control pollution and ensure environment conservation
• Secure the observance of safe and efficient practices
• Recording…timely…useful dissemination of information
• Receive information, advice and recommendations
Atlantic Accord Implementation Act
• Accord Act Section 154 addresses "Waste" and Paragraph (f) deals with gas flaring specifically: the escape or flaring of gas that could be economically recovered and processed or economically injected into an underground reservoir
• If, after the hearing , the Oil and Gas Committee is of the opinion that waste as defined in paragraph 154(2)(f) is occurring in the recovery of petroleum from a pool, the Committee may, by order, direct the introduction of a scheme for the collection, processing, disposition or re-injection of any gas produced from such pool
• Production and Conservation Regulations: The Chiefs may approve the flaring or venting of gas during a production operation at a rate and volume and for the period set out in the approval where the flaring or venting does not constitute waste or an undue safety hazard
• Development Plan Approvals
1996 vs. 2005 (flaring -72%, venting -59%)
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Per
cent
age
utilt
ized
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
Flar
ed a
nd v
ente
d (b
cm*)
Percentage utilizedVolume flared
and vented
Issue: 1996 @ 1.8 bcm and not declining
96.3%
.67 bcm
*bcm = billion cubic metresYear 1996 - baseline for flaringYear 2000 – baseline for venting
Best Management Practices
• KEY — Build consensus on flaring solutions–Clean Air Strategic Alliance (CASA)1
• industry, environmental NGOs, and Government multistakeholder process
–Eventual elimination routine AG gas flaring
–Orderly transition .. balances .. stakeholders ..
• eliminate, reduce, and improve the efficiency of flares
• Regulatory backstop if voluntary failed
CASA Flaring Project Team (FPT)
• Series of Consensus CASA FPT Recommendations–Decision tree with predetermined input controls
– Industry wide flaring reduction targets
• Latest Updated Recommendations (EUB updated Directive 60)
–Flaring Absolute Cap = 50% 1996 Base Line (0.670 BCM)
–Must tie-in if Present Value is > $ -50k
–Decision tree extended: gas plant and non-assoc gas flares
–Conventional wells—shut in until tied in (72 hour tests)
–Fugitive emissions programs and implementing required
Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board
Terra Nova FieldGas Flared
Yearly Cumulative Totals And Daily Average Oil Produced
0
60,000
120,000
180,000
240,000
300,000
360,000
420,000
480,000
540,000
600,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Cu
mu
lati
ve G
as T
ota
ls (
103
m3 )
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Dai
ly A
vera
ge
Oil
Pro
du
ctio
n
(m³/
d)
Gas Flared Daily Average Oil Produced
White Rose FieldMonthly Cumulative Gas Flared And Daily Average Oil Produced
0
6,000
12,000
18,000
24,000
30,000
36,000
42,000
48,000
54,000
60,000
Nov
-05
Dec
-05
Jan-
06
Feb
-06
Mar
-06
Apr
-06
May
-06
Jun-
06
Jul-0
6
Aug
-06
Sep
-06
Oct
-06
Nov
-06
Dec
-06
Year
Cu
mu
lati
ve G
as T
ota
ls (
103
m3 )
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000D
aily
Ave
rag
e O
il P
rod
uct
ion
(m
³/d
)Gas Flared Daily Average Oil Produced
Hibernia FieldGas Flared
Yearly Cumulative Totals And Daily Average Oil Produced
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Cu
mu
lati
ve G
as T
ota
ls (
103
m3 )
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Dai
ly A
vera
ge
Oil
Pro
du
ctio
n
(m³/
d)
Gas Flared Daily Average Oil Produced
Other Strategies - Canadian Jurisdictions
• Facilitate discussions with stakeholders and industry• Resolve regulatory barriers and economic barriers• Adopt air quality guidelines, measurement, and
modeling• Improve flare design and operations standards• Require utilization unless flaring justified to regulator• Expand public notification and consultation• Use flare hierarchy—eliminate, reduce, improve• Re-licence facilities - deadline or permit cancelled• Amend acts and regulations
Conclusions - What Worked
• Stakeholder consensus processes
• Industry-wide targets but assess each site
• Independent regulator—backstop provisions
• Clear and consolidated requirements
• Good measurement, reporting, monitoring
• Regular review of flaring and venting targets
• Improved public confidence in process
Policy and Regulatory Framework: Flaring and Venting in Canada
Arden BERG
P. Eng. EUB Board Member
Canal 1 Français Channel 2 English Канал 3 Русский
The Norwegian Experience
Marta Sophie LINDE MELHUS
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
Overview
• The Norwegian resource management to flare
• The international work
Norwegian CS
Norwegian energy policy:
- Combine the role of being a large energy producer with a pioneering position on environmental issues
The petroleum resources on theNorwegian Continental Shelf (status 1.1.2006)
• 50 fields in production
• Produced reserves:
– 27 billion boe
• Remaining reserves and resources:
– 55 billion boe
• Daily production:
– 3.0 million boe liquid per day
– 8.2 billion SCF gas per day
• Share of GDP: 24.7 %
• Share of total export: 51.6 %
The resource management
• Flaring and venting are strictly regulated from a resource management point of view since the early days on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, NCS (1971 → )
Historical view of the flaring on the NCS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003Gas fl
ari
ng
(m
3)
per
m3
sold
o.e
.
Gas export started
CO2 tax introduced
Gas flaring policy
• The Petroleum Act; Flaring and venting in excess of the quantities needed for normal operational safety shall not be allowed unless approved by the Ministry”
– The Plan for Developement and Operation (PDO) needs an approval from the Norwegian government/Storting
– A gas management system for each new field is implied
– Annual flare permits and annual production permits are needed
• The CO2 Act; CO2 tax has to be payed for all gas to fuel, flare and vented gas (about USD 0.1 per Sm3 gas)
The consequences of the policy
• Developement of integrated gas transport systems
• Driving force to improved oil recovery by gas reinjection
• Environmental friendly flaring technologies has been developed
• Realization of smaller oilfields on stream
Institutional co-operation
• Currently 12 projects ongoing with focus on:–Legal, regulatory and contractual framework–Resource assessment, promotion and licensing–Government tools: PDO, Production Plans, Flaring Permits,
Abandonment Plans, etc–Gas planning, Environmental Issues, CDM–Supervision and auditing–Data management–Education and Training
• Assistance from Petroleum Safety Authority, PETRAD and other Norwegian authorities and companies
Institutional co-operation
• Exchange of experience, also on issues regarding management of natural gas:
–Assistance to develop legal and regulatory framework–Gas planning–Technology transfer–Health, safety and environment isues–Training and other institutional support
• For more information you are welcome to visit the NPDs web side:
www.npd.no
The Norwegian Experience
Marta Sophie LINDE MELHUS
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
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Minimizing Flaring and Ventingin Established Markets
J. Michael MELANCON
Regional SupervisorProduction and DevelopmentMMS, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region U.S. Dept. of Interior
Oil Production2005
• Oil Production
Source: Energy Information Administration (2004 data)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Sau
di
Ara
bia
Ru
ssia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Iran
Mex
ico
Ch
ina
No
rway
Can
ada
Ven
ezu
ela
Ku
wai
t
Nig
eria
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Iraq
Alg
eria
Bra
zil
An
go
la
Ecu
ado
r
Eq
uat
ori
al
Gu
inea
Gab
on
Cam
ero
on
Mil
lio
n B
arr
els
/Da
y
Gas Production2005
• Gas Production
Source: Energy Information Administration (2005 data)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
Can
ada
Alg
eria
Iran
No
rway
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Ven
ezu
ela
Nig
eria
Mex
ico
Ch
ina
Bra
zil
Ku
wai
t
An
go
la
Iraq
Eq
uat
ori
al G
uin
ea
Gab
on
Cam
ero
on
Ecu
ado
r
Bil
lio
n C
ub
ic F
ee
t/D
ay
US Gulf of Mexico
1947
2006
GOM Production(Bar height indicates volume)
Pipelines
• Pipeline Infrastructure
Flaring & Venting 2004
• Worldwide Flaring & Venting
Source: Energy Information Administration (2004 data)
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pro
du
cti
on
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bra
zil
Ku
wai
t
Iran
Ven
ezu
ela
Alg
eria
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Can
ada
No
rway
US
(n
on
-GO
M)
US
(G
OM
)
Sau
di A
rab
ia
MMS Regulatory Program
•Flaring & Venting Categories1.Continuous
• generally not allowed offshore U.S.• small & uneconomic allowed• lease use allowed
2.Intermittent (upsets)• equipment failure/maintenance• testing/unloading
ALL must be recorded on field records and submitted to MMS monthly
MMS Regulatory Program
• How to Minimize Continuous Flaring & Venting
– Prohibit permanent flaring/venting of associated gas
– Economic review of facilities that continuously flare/vent over threshold
– Require capture of gas if equipment is cost neutral over life of facility
(Courtesy of Christopher Richter)
US Offshore Law
OCS Lands Act43 USC 1334(i)
• (No lessee)... shall be permitted to flare natural gas from any well unless the Secretary finds that there is no practicable way to complete production of such gas, or that such flaring is necessary to alleviate a temporary emergency situation or to conduct testing or work-over operations
Intermittent Flaring
• How to Minimize Intermittent Flaring & Venting
– Properly maintain equipment– Install spare compressor capacity– Spare VRU on large platforms– Only low GOR wells during
incidents– Shut-in facilities when necessary– Monitor compliance
GOM Challenges
• Challenges– ~87% of gas is vented instead of
flared – can’t see it– Deepwater facilities can flare/vent
huge volumes in short time period– Cannot inspect as many facilities in
deepwater due to long flight times
Future
• Future U.S. Improvements– Drafting clearer regulations– Require flare/vent meters on
major oil production facilities– Separate flare vs. vent records– Sending regulatory experts
offshore with inspectors– Infrared video cameras to "see"
unauthorized venting– Monitor from satellites
Infrared Video Camera
Infrared Video Camera Flare boom
Naked Eye
Infrared Video Camera
Infrared Video Camera Flotation Unit (treats produced water)
Naked Eye
Infrared Video Camera
Satellites
(Courtesy of Goddard Space Flight Center)
(Data from European Space Agency World Fire Atlas)
Minimizing Flaring and Ventingin Established Markets
J. Michael MELANCON
Regional SupervisorProduction and DevelopmentMMS, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region U.S. Dept. of Interior
Canal 1 Français Channel 2 English Канал 3 Русский
François Régis MOUTON
World Bank GGFR Adviser
Canal 1 Français Channel 2 English Канал 3 Русский
Flares As Seen From The Sky
Dr. Christopher D. ELVIDGE
U.S. Department of CommerceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Environmental Satellite and Information ServiceNational Geophysical Data Center
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• How much gas is flared globally?
• How much gas is flared within individual countries?
• What are the trends in gas flaring?
• Can progress in reduction in flaring be independently confirmed?
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
Why Not Estimate Gas Flaring Volumes From Satellite Data?
• Open combustion produces a unique signature that should be detectable by satellite sensors.
• Systematic global observations of gas flaring from satellites could provide independent data on location of flaring, flaring volumes and trends over time
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• The U.S. Air Force• Defense Meteorological • Satellite Program (DMSP)• Operational Linescan System (OLS) has a
unique capability to collect low-light imagery. The primary mission of DMSP is cloud detection and weather prediction. But gas flares and other light sources are also detected.
• Polar orbiting• 3000 km swath• Fourteen orbits per day• 2.7 km ground sample distance (GSD)• Two spectral bands: visible and thermal• Nightly global coverage• Flown since 1972• Digital archive from 1992.• Will continue till ~2012
Visible
Thermal
• The OLS sensor is extremely sensitive to light emitted by gas flares.
• Nightly observations make it possible to include many observations during a year.
• Global archive extending back to 1992.
• NGDC has standardized and largely automated annual product generation.
• Lighting detected from many other sources.
• No onboard calibration of visible band.
• Gas flares not detected in OLS thermal band data.
• Coarse spatial resolution.
• Clouds, sunlight and heavy moonlight degrade the quality of the observations.
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
Pros and Cons of DMSP
• Composites made using data from the thousands of orbits collected in a year.
• Composites are screened to exclude:– Clouds– Sunlight– Moonlight– Solar Glare– Missing / bad scan lines
• Composite image is the average digital number of the cloud-free light detections divided by the number of cloud-free observations
• The “sum of lights index” tallies the image values within vectors drawn to cover gas flares.
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
Nighttime Lights Annual Products
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Processed time series of annual cloud-free composites
1992 F10
1993 F10
1994 F10 F12
1995 F12
1996 F12
1997 F12 F14
1998 F12 F14
1999 F12 F14
2000 F14 F15
2001 F14 F15
2002 F14 F15
2003 F15
2004 F15 F16
2005 F15 F16*
2006 F15 F16*
* Processing not complete
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Cloud-free Coverages From Satellite F16 In 2004
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Average Digital Number of Lights Detected From Satellite F16 In 2004
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
The annual composites were inter-calibrated based on sets of lights from human settlements (avoiding gas flares and fires). The primary assumption of the inter-calibration is that in most areas lights change very little over the course of two years.
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Convert To A One Km2 Equal Area Projection(Mollweide)
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Vectors are drawn around flares identified based on their fuzzy, circular appearance, dynamic change over time, and lack of urban center in DOE’s population grid
Color composite image made with 2004 as red, 1998 as green and 1992 as blue. Flares often yield vivid colors due to changes in activity from year-to-year.
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Gas flaring in the Gulf of Mexico. Color composite image made with 2004 as red, 1998 as green and 1992 as blue. Flares often yield vivid colors due to changes in activity from year-to-year
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Gas flaring in West Africa. Color composite image made with 2004 as red, 1998 as green and 1992 as blue. Flares often yield vivid colors due to changes in activity from year-to-year
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Gas flaring in the North Sea. Color composite image made with 2004 as red, 1998 as green and 1992 as blue. Flares often yield vivid colors due to changes in activity from year-to-year
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Gas flaring in the Middle East. Color composite image made with 2004 as red, 1998 as green and 1992 as blue. Flares often yield vivid colors due to changes in activity from year-to-year.
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Gas flaring in the Russia. Color composite image made with 2004 as red, 1998 as green and 1992 as blue. Flares often yield vivid colors due to changes in activity from year-to-year
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
2004 Gas Flaring Calibration
BCM = 2.54E-05x
R2 = 0.94
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 400,000 800,000
Sum of Lights Index
BC
M..
Reference BCM data from GGFR 2004 and a set of metered flares in West Africa.
Nigeria
Iran
IraqAngola
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Standard deviations for the 2004 BCM estimates generated from monthly nighttime lights for 2004.
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
Global estimate of 2004 flaring based on DMSP data is 175 BCM (std. dev. = 26 BCM).
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
2004 Gas Flaring Estimates From DMSP Data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
BC
M..
BCM
Std. Dev.Russia (excluding KM)
Khanty Mansiysky
Nigeria
Iran
Iraq
4-5 BCM:KazakhstanAlgeriaAngolaLibya
2-4 BCM: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, China, Indonesia, Kuwait, Oman, Gabon, North Sea, UAE, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Malaysia
1-2 BCM: USA, Egypt, Turkmenistan, Eq. Guinea, Congo, Cameroon, Ecuador, Syria
0.5-1.BCM: Brazil, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Yeman, India, Vietnam, Colombia
< 0.5 .BCM: Argentina, PNG, DRC, Thailand, Bolivia, Tunisia, Sudan, Chile, So. Africa, Azerbaijan, Peru, Brunei, Norway, Romania, Chad, Philippines, Trinidad, Myanmar, Kyrgyzstan
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Patterns in annual trends: steady
Cameroon Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
Australia Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Patterns in annual trends: sharp decline in early 1990’s
Saudi Arabia Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
Libya Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Patterns in annual trends: declinesSyria Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
Gabon Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Patterns in annual trends: increasing flaringKazakhstan Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
China Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
• Global flaring remains largely stable
Global Gas Flaring Estimated From DMSP Data
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
BC
M..
F10
F12
F14
F15
F16
• DMSP satellite data can provide estimates gas flaring volumes at an accuracy of about +/- 15%.
• Global flaring remains largely stable from 1992 to 2006.• The 2006 estimate from DMSP data is that global gas flaring
stands at 160 BCM.• Trends can be observed for individual countries – with some
increasing, others decreasing.• The satellite data complement in situ efforts to track gas flaring
volumes.• There are several satellite systems with demonstrated
capability for flare detection. Cost and level of processing and analysis effort will be factors to consider.
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
Conclusions:
Flares as seen from the skyPost Forum Workshop
Data and Results Will Be Posted At:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/download_gas_flares.html Shape files for gas flare vectors Spreadsheets for individual countries Sum of lights in geotiff format Cloud free coverages in geotiff format
For additional discussion contact [email protected]
Canal 1 Français Channel 2 English Канал 3 Русский
Round Tables
• Russia / Caspian SeaAnastasiya ROZHKOVA
–Delibes room (level 1)
• Africa Gulf of GuineaDominique LALLEMENT
–Lulli room (level 1)
• Middle East / North AfricaSilvia PARIENTE-DAVID
–Berlioz room (level -1)
• Latin AmericaFrancisco SUCRE
–Mozart room (level 1)
10h45 – 12h15
Closing Session
• Wrap-Up of round tables
12h30 – 13h15
• Cocktail lunch in Opera Room
13h15 – 14h30
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