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CANADA’S NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities

via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada

LABORATOIRE NATIONAL CANADIEN POUR LA RECHERCHE EN PHYSIQUE NUCLÉAIRE ET EN PHYSIQUE DES PARTICULES  

Propriété d’un consortium d’universités canadiennes, géré en co-entreprise à partir d’une contribution administrée par le Conseil national de recherches Canada

OUTLINEALPHA introduction New Results with Si vertex detectorDevelopment for Spectroscopy TRIUMF Review on ALPHA

Makoto C. Fujiwara, ACOT, March 13, 2009

Project ALPHA:Antihydrogen Laser Physics

Apparatus

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MAKOTO C. FUJIWARA

ALPHA Antihydrogen Project

• ALPHA: Canadian funding in Jan 2006First beam at CERN in July 2006

• May 2007, first ALPHA presentation at ACOT

• April 2008, TRIUMF Review on ALPHA (see attached report)

• Increasingly strong university participation– UBC, Calgary, Simon Fraser, York + Montreal (5 graduate

students) – Rob Thompson: leading the effort for U. Calgary to join TRIUMF

as Associate Member

• ALPHA-Canada: significant force in ALPHA– Responsible for much of subatomic physics aspects– Leading the development of antihydrogen spectroscopy

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Motivations: Simple and Clear

• Atomic hydrogen: one of best studied systems

• Comparison with Hbar (antihydrogen): a “must do”– CPT symmetry, Gravity

• Stable trapping of Hbar:– Technical bottleneck for symmetry

tests– Opening up new field: Antimatter

Science

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Trapping Antihydrogen

Na-22Na-22

ee++ Production Production (MeV)(MeV)

ModerationModeration

Accumulation (eVAccumulation (eV)

Cooling ( ~ meV)Cooling ( ~ meV)

108 e+

ADADp- Production

(GeV)

Deceleration (MeV)Trapping (keV)

Cooling (~ meV)

104 p-

1010-12-12 1010-9-9

Superimpose Magnetic Trap

U B

Easy, eh?

Cold Hbar Production: ATHENA (2002) + Neutral Trap

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Challenges in Anti-Atom Trapping

• Plasma stability – Normally axial symmetry

assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem]

– Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry

108 e+104 p-

• Antimatter atoms – Can’t buy an

antihydrogen gas bottle!

– Standard atom trap techniques do not apply

– Need to invent new methods

“Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields”TRIUMF Review Report

• Atomic formation processes– Not completely understoode.g. MCF et al, PRL 101, 053401

(2008)

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Challenges in Anti-Atom Trapping

• Plasma stability – Normally axial symmetry

assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem]

– Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry

108 e+104 p-

• Antimatter atoms – Can’t buy an antihydrogen

gas bottle!• Must be synthesized in situ

from pbar and e+ plasmas• Compatibility of Penning trap

and neutral trap

– Standard atom trap techniques do not apply

• No anti-Teflon walls• No convenient lasers• No collisional cooling

“Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields”TRIUMF Review Report

• Atomic formation processes– Not completely understoode.g. MCF et al, PRL 101, 053401

(2008)

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ALPHA: Before and After

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What we have achieved so far

• Design, Construction, commissioning: NIM (2006)

• Trapping of e-, e+, pbars in Penning traps• Electron cooling of pbars• Hbar production at 3T (like ATHENA)• Pbar, e+ confinement in Octupole field: PRL (2007)• Hbar production at 1T: J. Phys. B (2008)• Plasma diagnosis in Octupole: Phys. Plasmas (2008)

• Pbar plasma radial manipulations: PRL (2008) • Commissioning of 2/3 Si detector• Observation of ballistic transport: in preparation for Phys.

Lett. B• Discovery of zero-rotation bounce resonance: submitted to

PRL• Production of Hbars in magnetic trap: submitted to PRL• First search for trapped antihydrogen: in preparation • Proposal for realistic schemes for microwave

spectroscopy

Reported atTRIUMF ReviewApril 2008

New since May 2008

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New Progress in 2008:ALPHA Si Vertex Detector

Liverpool, TRIUMF +Calgary (Richard Hydomako),

UBC (Sarah Seif El Nasr)York (Hasan Malik, Scott Menary)

Montreal (J.P. Martin)

ALPHA-Canada responsible for Basic design, Readout (30k ch), DAQ, Monte Carlo,

Reconstruction, Analysis and Operation of the Detector

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Antihydrogen Detection and Diagnosis

Trapped Hbar detection: Create Hbars in a neutral trap Clear all the charged particles Release the trap in ~20 msec Look for annihilations on the walls

First measurements will be statistics limited Need best event characterizations, background

rejections Position sensitive detection of antihydrogen

annihilations 3D annihilation imaging: unique tool to study

plasmas

Si: 3 layers 30k channel

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Physics with Si tracker 1: Ballistic loss

• “Ballistic” pbar loss in octupole field due to symmetry breaking

• Unique annihilation signatures – Enhanced at trap edges

– 4 hot spots at each end • Background for Hbar detection

Cross sectional images at trap edges

Axial annihilation distribution

Calculated field lines in neutral trap

Sarah Seif El Nasr, M.Sc. Thesis (UBC)

In prep. for Phys. Lett. B (2009)

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Result2: New plasma transport mechanism

• Non-harmonicity of electrostatic potentials• Symmetry breaking multipole magnetic fields

Zero-rotation bounce resonance

Si vertex images

Data SimulationSubmitted to PRL (2009)

Simulated particle orbits

Gaining quantitative understanding of new plasma processes

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Result 3: Hbar production in anti-atom trap:

• Efficient Hbar production in neutral trap, detected via Si

• Important milestone for Hbar trapping

• Started search for trapped Hbars

Hbar yields vs. trap depths

Hbar images via Si tracker

Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009)

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Towards Antihydrogen Spectroscopy

Walter Hardy (UBC)Mike Hayden, Mohammad Dehghani

(SFU)Rob Thompson, Tim Friesen

(Calgary)[David Jones, UBC]

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Wave Spectroscopy: Hardy & Hayden

1. Positron Spin Resonance – Pulsed W at ~20

GHz trapped un-trapped

– Look for annihilations– Can start with a few

atoms

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

B0 (T)

Ene

rgy

(GH

z) 15

-15

ah

(Anti)hydrogen energy diagram

20 GHz

trapped states

un-trapped states

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W Spectroscopy: Hardy & Hayden

1. Positron Spin Resonance – Pulsesd W at ~20 GHz

trapped un-trapped– Look for annihilations– Can start with a few atoms

2. NMR (pbar spin flip)– 655 MHz at magic 0.65T

turning point: insensitive to 1st order B inhomogeneity

– Double resonance w/ PSR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

B0 (T)

Ene

rgy

(GH

z) 15

-15

ah

(Anti)hydrogen energy diagram

20 GHz

655 MHz

trapped states

un-trapped states

ALPHA has accepted Wavefor 1st spectroscopy attempt

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Microwave Tests at CERN & SFUhorn focusing

reflector

Loss > 10 dB

W. Hardy et al, June 2008 at CERN

Plasma compatible resonator

M. Hayden et al. 2008

4 cm

SFU prototype f0: 600-800 MHz Q: 100-300

opposed finger-like structures

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ALPHA Review & Collaboration Meeting

April 4-8, 2008, TRIUMF ~30 participants (9 institutes, incl. 4 Canadian)

Reviewers : G. Gwinner (Manitoba), M. Lefebvre (UVic), M. Romalis (Princeton) “It is fair to say that without Alpha Canada’s contribution, the

experiment would not be operating today.”“ Continued support of TRIUMF in the near future is crucial to reap the

rewards of previous investment.”

“[In the spectroscopy phase] It will still be advantageous to focus the university efforts through TRIUMF leadership.”

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Extra Slides

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2009 Run: June 8 to Nov 23 (longer due to LHC?)

– Detector/Software• Full Si detector commissioning• Improved Data Acquisition• Improvements in tracking and analysis codes• Better understand detector backgrounds

– Trapping • Hbar trapping attempts with established

schemes• Colder plasmas with new cooling schemes

– Spectroscopy• Development of efficient injection of 30 GHz

W

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University of Aarhus: G. Andersen, P.D. Bowe, J.S. Hangst

RIKEN: D. Miranda, Y. Yamazaki

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: C.L. Cesar,

University of Tokyo: R.S. Hayano

University of Wales, Swansea: E. Butler, M. Charlton, A. Humphries, N. Madsen

L. V. Jørgensen, M. Jenkins, D.P. van der Werf

Auburn University: F. Robicheaux

University of California, Berkeley: W. Bertsche, S. Chapman, J. Fajans, A. Povilus, J. Wurtele

Nuclear Research Centre, Negev, Israel: E. Sarid

University of Liverpool: P. Nolan, P. Pusa

University of University of British ColumbiaBritish Columbia:: S. Seif El Nasr, D.J. Jones, WS. Seif El Nasr, D.J. Jones, W..N. Hardy*N. Hardy*

University of CalgaryUniversity of Calgary:: T. Friesen, R. Hydomako,T. Friesen, R. Hydomako, R.I. Thompson*R.I. Thompson*

UniversitéUniversité de de MontréalMontréal: J.-P. Martin*: J.-P. Martin*

Simon Fraser UniversitySimon Fraser University: M. Dehghani, M. Hayden*: M. Dehghani, M. Hayden*

TRIUMFTRIUMF: P. Amaudruz*, M. Barnes, M.C. Fujiwara*, D.R. Gill*, : P. Amaudruz*, M. Barnes, M.C. Fujiwara*, D.R. Gill*,

L. Kurchaninov*, K. Olchanski*, A. Olin*, J. Storey + Professional Support**L. Kurchaninov*, K. Olchanski*, A. Olin*, J. Storey + Professional Support**

York UniversityYork University: H. Malik, S. Menary*: H. Malik, S. Menary** Active faculty/staff in present phase* Active faculty/staff in present phase

**P. Bennett, D. Bishop, R. Bula, S. Chan, B. Evans, T. Howland, K. Langton, J. Nelson, D. Rowbotham, P. Vincent +**P. Bennett, D. Bishop, R. Bula, S. Chan, B. Evans, T. Howland, K. Langton, J. Nelson, D. Rowbotham, P. Vincent +

Undergrad Students: W. Lai, L. Wasilenko, C. KolbeckUndergrad Students: W. Lai, L. Wasilenko, C. Kolbeck

Project ALPHA CollaborationProject ALPHA Collaboration

ALPHA-CanadaALPHA-Canada

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ALPHA Publications

1. 'A Magnetic Trap for Antihydrogen Confinement' Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 566, 746 (2006)

2. 'Antimatter Plasmas in a Multipole Trap for Antihydrogen'Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023402 (2007)

3. 'Production of Antihydrogen at Reduced Magnetic Field for Anti-atom Trapping'J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41, 011001 (2008)

4. 'A Novel Antiproton Radial Diagnostic Based on Octupole Indused Ballistic Loss'Phys. Plasmas 15, 032107 (2008)

5. 'Critical Loss Radius in a Penning Trap Subject to Multipole Fields'Phys. Plasmas 15, 032108 (2008)

6. 'Compression of Antiproton Clouds for Antihydrogen Trapping'Phys. Rev. Lett 100, 203401 (2008)

7. Antihydrogen Formation Dynamics in and Anti-atom trap, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009)

8. Magnetic multipole induced zero-rotation frequency bounce-resonat loss in a Penning-Malmberg trap used for antihydrogen trapping submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009)

9. 'Temporally Controlled Modulation of Antihydrogen Production and the Temperature Scaling of Antiproton-Positron Recombination'M. C. Fujiwara et al. (ATHENA data analysis) Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 053401 (2008)

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Canadian Contributions

1. Beam monitors2. External Scintillator3. Internal Scintillator4. MIDAS DAQ System5. On-line/Off-line Software6. Si vertex detector design & simulations7. Si readout electronics 8. Trap control electronics9. Building Experiment 10.Running Experiment 11.Physics Analysis 12.Developments towards spectroscopy

1. Beam monitors2. External Scintillator3. Internal Scintillator4. MIDAS DAQ System5. On-line/Off-line Software6. Si vertex detector design & simulations7. Si readout electronics 8. Trap control electronics9. Building Experiment 10.Running Experiment 11.Physics Analysis 12.Developments towards spectroscopy

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Building ALPHA at CERN

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ALPHA Potential Sensitivity (model dep’t!)

CPTVn

nmE

1

~

GeVPossible CPTV shift (Pospelov)

Small absolute energy E probes high energy

scale

For n=1, m=1 GeV, CPTV = MPl ~ 1019 GeV

ECPT ~ 10-19 GeV (~10 kHz in frequency)

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ALPHA Antihydrogen Apparatus

Mixing trap(1T)

e+

Mixing electrostatic potential

Octupole magnet

Si tracker

antiproton trap(3T)

pbar

Superimpose Penning Trap and Magnetic Trap

U B

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ALPHA Challenges

Characteristic energy scales:– Plasma energy: space

charge (∝ener2 ) ≈ 10 eV– Neutral trap depth:

(B) ≈ 0.1 meV– Need to bridge 105

disparity in energy scales

Careful optimization of plasma processes

Sensitive detection system

Understanding plasma

Optimizations in particle moving and shaking: – ~40 potentials, time scale,

particle numbers etc.– Not a fundamental

limitation, but takes time!– Largely systematic trial

and error: much of 5-6 months beam time spent on this

Antihydrogen quantum states:– Formation process still not

completely understood– Need ground state for

spectroscopy “Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields”

TRIUMF Review Report

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ALPHA Challenges

• Plasma stability – Normally axial symmetry

assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem: 1980]

– Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry

r c 2

e

1

2i

N

iBP

Radial B field

Octupole vs Quadrupole

• Use Octupole instead of Quadrupole

• Perturbation near axis much reduced

108 e+104 p-

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Plasma confinement in Octupole trap

• Antiprotons and positrons in 1.2 T octupole field

• Number of particles measured as a function of storage time

• Demonstrate compatibility of Charged and neutral trap

Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023402 (2007)Radial B field : Octupole vs

Quadrupole

• Use Octupole instead of Quadrupole • Perturbation near axis much reduced

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More ALPHA Physics Results• Hbar production in 1T• New plasma radial diagnosis• Obtained with APD readout

Scintillator Arrays operated at 1 to 3T

• Developed at TRIUMF/UBC due to Si detector delays

J. Phys. B 41, 011001 (2008) Fast Track

Phys. Plasmas 15, 032107 (2008)

Scot Menary (York)R&D for new beam detector

CVD Diamond

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Antiproton Plasma Radial Compression

• Plasma radial control important

– Recall E ∝ener2 • External rotating RF

field exerts torque on plasma radial compression

• What’s new?– Normally need

coolant – Use electrons as a

coolant

Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 203401 (May 2008)

Multi-channel plate imaging

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Si Tracker Construction

• Summer 2005 Basic design at TRIUMF Compatible with traps

• Oct-Nov 20076 modules in situ test

• June-Nov 200838 module out of 60 commissioned (only 20,000 channel!)

• Spring 2009Full detector (30,000ch)will be installed

Si sensors built at Liverpool

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Read Out System

• Custom made modules• TRIUMF-Montreal

48 channel FADCs• Level 1.5 triggering

capability with FPGA• Much improvement over

ATHENA in performance & cost

• Similar to Belle system

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AD Future at CERN

CERN Research Board, December 2008• Antiproton Decelerator: operational until

2017• New antimatter gravity experiment AEGIS

just have been approved

Other high intensity hadron facilities • Proposal for low energy pbars at GSI/FAIR• LOI at J-PARC, Fermilab

Mike Hayden

PSR Lineshapes and spectral resolution

16 18 20 22

b-c a-d

f (GHz)

10-7 10-6 10-5 10-410-5

10-4

10-3

f bc /

f bc

(s)RF pulse length (s)

limited by radial homogeneity of field

limited by spectral

width of RF pulse

atoms move significant distances during

no resolution improvement forpulses longer than ~10s

Mike Hayden

10-7 10-6 10-5 10-410-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

f cd /

f cd

(s)

NMR lineshape and spectral resolution

RF pulse length (s)

limited by spectral

width of RF pulse

B0 = 1.01B′

B0 = B′

atoms move significant distances during

coherent atom-field interactions limited by transit time to ~ 100s 654.0 654.2 654.4 654.6 654.8 655.0

B0= B'

B0> B'B

0< B'

c-d transition

f (GHz)

fcd at B0=B′

Mike Hayden

10-5 10-4101

102

103

104

Pow

er (

W)

Pulse Duration (s)

Power Requirement

RF pulse length (s)

Pow

er (

W)

c-d transitionEjection

probabilities of a

few percent/pulsefield homogeneity limit

transit-time limit

Estimates for power required to induce spin flip; based on K/Ka-band Wave loss measurement and calibration of B1 in UHF resonator

assumes B0=B′

20% conversion/pulse

c d

b-c transition

Mike Hayden

Expectations

Initial Experiments: a handful of H; B ~ 1T; measure PSR lines to 1:103 or 30 MHz (difference gives a/h)

Later Experiments: plenty of H; measure PSR lines to 1:106 or ~ 30 kHz (limited by static field homogeneity)

UHF Resonator: measure fcd to 1:106 or 650 Hz (limited by transit broadening)

Combined at B′: gives a/h to 1:106 and p to 2:105 independent of any other measurement