can the bible be completely inspired by god and yet still contain errors?

7/30/2019 CAn ThE BIBLE BE ComPLETELy InSPIREd By God And yET STILL ConTAIn ERRoRS?

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1

WTJ73(2011): 1-22

SPECIAL LECTURE

CAn ThE BIBLE BE CmPLETELy InSPIRE By G

An yET STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?

A RESPnSE T SmE RECEnT EvAnGELICAL PRPSALS

G. K. Beale

T s b uc ittu witt t pst t s t tpic

t utit t Bib, spci iscussis witi s-c -gicis ccig t tu t tis iibiit ic.

Rct wits spci qusti t titi ustig

ic. I pticu, ct i uig ic s b tt sic

G is tu witut , t, is w is tu witut

, csqut, is w i Sciptu is tu witut . Tis ipi-

cti tgic ic tt ss Gs fwss cct t

fwss Sciptu s b cg, it s b gu tt it is gi-

c ucti tt is i t Bib. Accig, it is gu tt

tug G, cus, is tu witut , c, i s,ispi all Sciptu i suc w tt, tss, t ks u

ibiit w it it. Tus, t wt w wu csi t b

s i t bibic txt, but G s ispi ts s t

pt is ssg t is pp.

T b ct bks tt gu tis.1 But pps t cst

xp is A. T. B. mcGws ct bk, The Divine Authenticity o Scripture.2

mcGw ss, xp:

T bsic t itists is t isist tt t ic t autographais ict ipicti t bibic cti ispiti ( ii spiti). I

t tis ipicti, t itists k uwt ssupti but

G. T ssupti is tt, gi t tu cct G, t ki

Sciptu cu bt ut ws Sciptu tt is txtu it. I t ws

Gregory K. Beale is Proessor o New Testament and Biblical Theology at Westminster Theological Seminary. This

article is a revised version o a special lecture he gave at the seminary in the spring o 2009.1 F istc, I tik tis is ipicti Pt Ess bk, Inspiration and Incarnation:

Evangelicals and the Problem o the Old Testament(G Rpis: Bk, 2005), .g., s t ipicti

pp. 48-49. F xtsi iw Ess bk s G. K. B, The Erosion o Inerrancy in Evan-

gelicalism(Wt: Cssw, 2008), 25-122.2 A. T. B. mcGw, The Divine Authenticity o Scripture: Retrieving an Evangelical Heritage(ws

G, I.: Itvsit, 2007).


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WESTmInSTER ThELGICAL JURnAL2

istk i t autographa, t G ct b t ut, bcus

is icpb .3

Agi ss tt t itist gut is tt

Sic G is pct s t is us sic G is pwu b

t tigs, it is iccib tt wu w istks i tis pcss

Sciptu-pucti. . . .

c s t gic tis pgssi bibic ppsiti (Sciptu is

G-bt) t ipicti (t Sciptu ust b it) b s

cicti but t tu cct G ( is pct t s t

i is).4

Tis itist psuppsiti sts mcGws g tis pt is bk,

s ss:

Fist, I s stt tt ic is, t bst, ipicti t t bibic

cti. Sc, I s stt tt it is tiist. T, ti, I s -

stt tt t uig ssupti ustits G uis t sigi-

cc t u uts Sciptu.5

Accig t tis iw t, su bi tt w t Bib is

ii ispi but t tt t Bib is witut .

m tic wi ttpt t sp t bk Rti t iws ik

tt mcGw. I wi ct t wig: (1) tt J is xpicitbut t cti ic t tik; (2) tt J, i pticu,

xpicit s t Cists cct s tu t ppis t ttibut

tut Cists cct t t witt w Rti s big tu.

Tus, I wi gu tt J pt ss c ccti btw t fw-

ssss Cist t tt Sciptu i Rti. I t ccusi, I wi

ct wt tis is uiqu tu Js Apcps t

pcptic bks ik i Ezki wt t s pits i

Rti its tt pp Js ti t u tut is bk t tt

t bks t T. T wi s b ct t w/ccpt c-usi ccig wt t t ctu w ic s t b us i

Sciptu t ccpt t b bibic ccpt. I wi gu tt wi t

pcis w ic s t pp i Sciptu, t ccpt xpicit

s. Tis s t k t cti ipicti uss its t

w/ccpt isticti.

T t j pts tis tic, t st tw wic cuci

bckgu gist wic t iw t ti scti, wic is t i sps

t mcGws tsis. I t st pt t tic, I gu tt J ws gi

t s pptic cissi t wit Gs w s ws Ezki t ppt.Sc, I k t t sigicc R 22:18-19 t pptic utit

3 Ibi., 113.4 Ibi., 114.5 Ibi.


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3CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?

t witt Rti, w J puts is witigs utitti

p wit mss Sciptu.

Wit ts tw ituct is tt stt tt J puts is witigs

p wit ts Ezki mss, I wi t pc t ss t itpic t tic: s J k t xpicit css ccti

btw Gs tu cct Cists tu cct t tu c-

ct Sciptu?

I.Johns Prophetic Commission to Write Is Based on theProphetic Commission o Ezekiel to Write

T pt cissis J witi t Bk Rti,

wic bs t pt pptic cissis Ezki.

Ezki Rti

2:2 As h spk t t Spiit t

st t

3:12 T t Spiit it up, I

gt ubig su bi

3:14 S t Spiit it up tk

w . . . t t Lord

ws stg .

3:24 T Spiit t t

st t, h spk

wit

8:3 t Spiit it up btw

t bugt i t

isis G t Jus . . . Ezk 8:4

A b, t g t G Is

wast

11:1 m, t Spiit it up

bugt t t st gt t Lords

us

11:24 A t Spiit it up

bugt i isi b t Spiit

G t t xis i C.

37:1 h [t L] bugt ut b

t Spiit t Lord st w i

t i t

43:5 A t Spiit it up

bugt it t i cut;

b, t g t Lord t

us.

1:10 I ws i t Spiit t Ls ,

I bi u ic ik

the sound tupt,

4:1 At ts tigs I k,

b, standingp i ,

t st ic wic I , ik

the sound tupt spkig wit ,

si, C up , I wi sw u

wt ust tk pc t ts tigs.

R 4:2 Iit I ws i t Spiit;

b, t ws stig i

, sittig t t.

17:3 A ci w i t Spiit

it wiss

21:10-11 A ci w i t

Spiit t gt ig uti,

sw t cit, Jus . . .

ig t g G


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T itucti Js cissi i 1:10 is ci i t gug t

ppt Ezkis pt ptu i t Spiit, tus itiig Js -

ti wit pptic utit ik tt Ezki. Uppst i i t

cs Ezk 23 (spci 3:12), tug t t cs b icu.6

T ps ccig t tupt i R 4:1c w b t ptu i

t Spiit (4:2) sws ik wit c. 1, sic t s cbiti ccus i

t cissiig scti t (1:10-11.) J s t t st ic

wic (c. 1:12, w it pps t b t ic Cist). Tis

ik t c. 1 sws tt J is ctiuig t u t pptic cissi t

wit b cig t wig isis. T ituct scti 4:1-2 c-

cus wit fcti t ppt Ezkis pt ptu i t Spiit,

ut itiig Js pptic cissi wit tt Ezkis.I t bgiig R 17:3, g ci J it t st i t

Spiit i t tspt i t t isi w cu iw t

isi. T ps i t Spiit xpsss istutit sp: i

b t Spiit. Tis is u pptic cissi, wic is bs t

sii us xpssig Ezkis pt pptic cissis (sp-

ci Ezk 8:3; 11:1, 24; 43:5, tug Ezk 2:2 3:12, 14, 24 ik ccti

ctibut t t pictu). I c cs, Ezki is cugt up b t Spiit t

psiz tt is ssg is G. Sii, Js tspt it t

t Spiit uscs is pptic cissi utit, s s i R 1:10 4:2. T s usi t Ezkis pptic c-

issiig ccus i R 21:10.

Pticu sigict is t cissi i Ezk 43:5: T Spiit it

up bugt it t i cut; b t g t L

t us. Sic Ezki s b tspt it t i cut, sts i

t ist tis ii g. Pt is pptic cissi i tis ctxt is

t scib t tp t t us Is b witig it i ti sigt (43:10-

11). Tis is ik t tip t icbg tt s tt Ezkis pptic c-

issi ti t ti witt t bk ttibut t i. Cs-qut, is pptic cissi xts t t is pptic spc

t Is but t is cig Gs ssg i witt . Likwis, Js

cissi tis t sig isis G ig Gs w

but s puttig ts isis ii ws it witt . 7

T is xt c t Ezkis cissiig tt is

ppi t Js:

6 Tis iticti wit pptic utit is c b t iti scipti t

ic wic J s gt ic s tupt, kig t s ic wic mss

w yw is mut Sii (Ex 19:16, 19-20).7 S R 1:10-11, 19, wic t t witig t ti bk, s w s 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7,

12, 14; 14:13; 19:9; 21:5, wic t t witig pts t bk.


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Ezki 23 Rti 10

2:8 nw u, s , ist t wt I

spkig t u; t b bius

ik tt bius us. p u

ut t wt I giig u.

2:9 T I k, b, ws

xt t ; , sc wasi it.

2:10 W h sp it ut b , it

ws witt t t bck,

witt it w ttis,

uig w.

3:1 T h si t , S , t

wt u ; t tis sc, g,

spk t t us Is.

3:2 S I p ut, h

tis sc.

3:3 h si t , S , u

stc u b wit tis sc

wic I giig u. T I t it,

it ws swt s i ut.

3:4 T h si t , S , g

t t us Is spk wit m

ws t t.

10:8 T t ic wic I

, I heardgi spkig wit ,

sig, G, tk t bk wic is

p i t t g w sts

t s t .

10:9 S I wt t t g, tig i t

gi t itt bk. A si t ,

Tk it t it; it wi k u

stc bitt, but i u ut it wi

b swt s .

10:10 I tk t itt bk ut t

gs t it, i ut

it ws swt s ; w I

t it, stc ws bitt.

10:11 A t si t , yu ust

pps gi ccig pps

tis tgus kigs.

T ss cpti t bk sbic cts is pptic c. T

c t cig ut t c t tk t bk csu

it is pictu ptig is -cissi t bc ppt. As w

s, tis s b stt i R 1:10 4:1-2 b s usi

t t ppt Ezkis pptic cissi. I t s , t Ezkiusi is ppi gi wit t itic i issuig pptic cis-

si t J. T pcis c is c t Ezk 2:83:3. T ppt Ez-

ki, ik J t i, is cissi b big t t tk sc t t

it, wit t sut tt its t ssg ws swt s i ut.

T ppts tig t sc sigis is iticti wit its ssg. h

is t ppit iist G t t i t ssg wig, but

spci t uc t jugt up wic G s ci,

tug t wi sp pt (.g., Ezk 3:20; 9:4-6; 14:21-23).

Ezkis tig t sc is ppi t J wit t s ig,tug t istic situti is it. Tug t s ics

btw t tis Ezkis Js cissiig,8 t tpic

8 F u xpti t us Ezk 2:83:3, s G. K. B, Revelation(nIGTC; G

Rpis: Es, 1999), 550-53.


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tig Gs w pst bt ppts ti tt iticti

wit subissi t t ii wi s quicti ti big suitb

pptic istuts i t G. Ti ssg cis wit it t

pw Gs w bcus it is Gs w, it is tis tt t cis-si t i. I ctst t Ezki, J is wig, t Is, but t

cuc gist ubi cpis wit t itus w, s w s

wig t w ubis tss.

T pit pt ppig Ezkis cissi t tt Js

tugut t Apcps is t usc tt s t s pptic

utit s Ezki t ppt. As w s i t cs Ezki, J t

spks Gs w but G cissis i t put t ii w it

witt (s Ezk 43:11 [c. 24:1-2], R 1:10-11, 19, t itucti

t c t s tts; ikwis t t ipicti R 22:18-19). Ict, t i utitti pptic cissiig tt xts t t

witt ppts ssg s its ts i t T. I pticu, t

c t wit i bk (gra&yon ei0j bibli/on) i R 1:11 is fcti t cg gi b yw t is pptic sts t cuict t Is

t ti t ci (s LXX Ex 17:14; Is 30:8; J 37:2; 39:44;

Tb 12:20). A suc cissis i t ppts w cs t wit tsti-

is jugt gist Is (s LXX Is 30:8; J 37:2; 39:44; c. s Ex

34:27; Is 8:1; J 36:2; hb 2:2). F xp, J 37:2 (LXX) ss, Tus spks

t L G Is, sig, Wit t ws wic I spk t u i bk. muc Js ssg ikwis is cc wit ucts

jugt, s ppt tug bsig t jugts t ss, tupts,

bws, s w s t sciptis jugt u i t bk.

I t igt ctp bts iibiit s. ic

bts but t iti ic its iscuss i t ituc-

ti, is it usuitb qusti t sk but t tu Ezkis

Js cissi t wit w t w G? Tt is, is it ccib tt

ti witt w ctis ix ib tt wit it ti, w-

s sigt t ? , is ti witt w t b s xusti i its tis t b Gs fwss w? Tis issu wi st b ss i Ezki

i t scti w it p t sw tis qusti i Rti. T

I wi cus t ic Rti its t ti i it s

igt tis t issu.

T st ti Ezkis cissi is stt (Ezk 2:2), its pupss

is tt Is wi kw tt ppt s b g t (2:5; s s 33:33).

T su wt Ezki is t s s ppt is u s s t t, Tus

ss t L G (2:4; ikwis 2:7, u wi spk ws t t). Rc

tt Ezkis cissi icus puttig ts ii ws it witt .Sigict, Ezkis ws ctst wit t s ig ws

s ppts i Is (12:24; 13:7, 9, 23; 21:23, 29; 22:28). F xp, t s

ppts pps tt t wi b pc i Is, spit t tis si

(13:10, 16). Ti ppc wi b sw t b s Ezkis ppc tt

stucti is cig Jus bcus psts wi c tu, wic


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sws is tu ppt: S w it cs t pss [Ezkis ppc]s it

su wit t wi kw tt ppt s b i ti ist (33:33).

T s ppts spk bcus t pps ti w t

t w ti w spiit i ti ppsig (13:2-3).Tus, t ctst btw Ezki t t ppts is tt t

spks wits Gs w, ws t tt pps tss

spk istk. T is it ttiig tig ib, s,

utu i Ezkis w sitig ut t ipu t pu ii w

i Ezkis witigs. Rt, t is bsut ctst btw t ppt

Ezki t s ppts. Tis bckgu is pt Js pp t t

pt pptic cissis Ezki,9 wic c b s t

pt cissis J t wit, wic pc i ctst t s

ppts i t ist t cucs.10 W wi s t issu s tcig ictst t Js witt w is gi i t bk.

II. The Signicance o Revelation 22:18-19 or the Prophetic Authorityo the Written Form o Revelation

vss 18-19 suiz t Bk Rti s w w c t w

Is, wic is t w c t tic Is. Tug

ctts t ut 4, J us t sis wig pssgs

tugut ut:

ut Rti 22:18-19

t sttuts . . . u s t t

t w . . . tk w it (4:1-2;

ikwis 12:32); it wi b w

s t ws . . . cus wic is

witt i tis bk wi st i,

t L wi bt ut is

u (29:19-20).

I tsti t w s t ws

. . . i s t t, G wi

t i t pgus wic b

witt i tis bk, i tks

w t ws t bk . . . , G

wi tk w is pt t t i

t cit . . .

9 S Ric Buck, The Climax o Prophecy(Eibug: T&T Ck, 1993), 150-59, w s

ckwgs t pptic cissiig Ezki s t bckgu Js cissiig

i R 1:10; 4:2; 17:3; 21:10. Tug s t cus t witt it Ezkis

Js ppc, s s tt Js ci tt t w ti [tt] c t i

e)n pneu/mati ws t pups pssig t ti (158), tt t utticti Js ssg t is t i t xpic s suc but i t ci tt it tk pc u t

ct t Spiit c t i tug Jsus Cist G (159). Likwis, t Spiit ispi

Js cpti [ t ssg], i t Spiit, pptic ssg t b gi t ts (159).10 S R 2:12 i ti t 2:14-15 2:18 i ti t 2:20-24; c s tt ts cs

t wit xtsis 1:10-11, wic pt pps t Ezkis pptic cissi.


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Fut siiitis cig t ik btw ut R 22:18-

19 :

(1) i t igt t ict pcig wig ctxts c t tut pssgs, it is c tt t spcic wigs gist it, s

is t cs i R 22 (c. 21:8, 27; 22:15);

(2) psiti sps t bt t T nT wigs suts i t w i i

t w (ut 4:1; 12:28-29; c. R 21:122:5 wit 22:14, 17-19);

(3) bt s us t tig pgus t scib t puist uit-

uss (s ta_j plhga/j i ut 29:21 R 22:18).

Wt is t ig ig t tkig w t t

ws? T sw ust b sugt i ut. I bt ut 4:1-2

12:32 t gug ss s tw wig gist cpti tcig tt tt it ws t icsistt wit it i t G Is (s

ut 4:3, wic us t t B-P pis nu 25:1-9, 14-18, ut

13). Ts w ci i tis w s ppts (s ut 13:1-2.); t

tt ut 12:32 t Egis txt t LXX (s = 13:1) is pc b t

hbw Bib t Tgus (qs nti) s t st s c.

13, wic itucs t subjct s ppts (c. t s ppt B

w ws bi t cpti B-P: s s R 2:14). Suc s tc-

ig uts t ig t Gs Lw. Fut, it is ttut t tkig

w Gs Lw, sic it its t psiti ws gist it, cs-qut uiig ti iit. T isbic wig tis s tc-

ig is pbb icu i t u wig ut 4:2 12:32, s ut

29:19-20 cs.

T, ig tkig w s t t , g isbi-

c t t ii w, but t s tcig but t isciptut w

wig suc cpti tcig. Bi i t biig tut Gs w is

t psuppsiti psiti bic t it: c. ut 4:2, u s t

. . . tk win order thatu kp t cts t L.

T cit n Est tt cuts, t wic ut 4 is ,s w ptct gist itti ttis b s iscipti

sctis cuss.11 T witt suc tt cuts ws bsut

utitti iib, s w t ccpts xpss i t. A cus

wu c up w t pt t witt t c

i i t u pt t bigtis. F xp, i t tt

Tuis Iv wit Ui-Tsub t wig iscipti cus is xpss:

W . . . cgs but w tis tbt . . . t tuss gs

tis tbt t tt s scts ut t htti.12 nt ws

t pibiti gist cgig t wig tig but i it u t ws tis tt . . . t gs . . . t t wi bt u ut.13

11 mit G. Ki, The Structure o Biblical Authority(G Rpis: Es, 1972), 27-38.12 Ibi., 29.13 S ibi., 30, t pi sucs ts quttis.


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Tt gs wu c t pt bkig suc ttis ipi t t-

tis tss, w t ti ws, pssss ii utit. Likwis,

t t gic icttis Egpt w si t b utit ut b

ius gs.14 Tt t utit ts AnE cuts xt t t t ccpts xpss i t but w t ti ws is s bck-

gu t t ut tt witt Is gi t t b G

tug mss. Tis is t st pbb w t tk uts sttt

tt u s t . . . tk w i tt u kp t c-

ts t L (ut 4:2) t ccptu it wig i

ut 29:19-20: it wi b w s t ws . . . cus wic is

witt i tis bk wi st i [w s isb t cs witt

i t bk], t L wi bt ut is u (29:19-20).

T tw wig 22:18-19 is ict gist ts w st wsuc sucti tcig. Tis utic bckgu is kb suitb

t R 22:18-19, sic t sciptis i t t ic ists 21:8, 21:27,

22:15 ccu b psizig t cptiss t ug i cc-

ti wit it. Csqut, t t t ws Js ppc is t

pt t s tcig tt it is t icsistt wit it i Cist.

T tk w t ws t bk tis ppc is s t c

suc cpti tcig, sic it wu it itit t iit R-

tis xttis gist it. A, s i ut ( c b

its AnE bckgu), bt t ws t ccpts csxpss b ts ws w iib ci bsut utit.

Rkb gus is 1 En. 104:11, w t t cg tk w

ws s t s su t i, su t tk ccut . . .

is, t t pt t ws igtusss t pctic gt

cits. T 1 Enochtxt is pt t utic titi it wic J

s s tpp.

I stikig sii si, Jspus (Ag. Ap. i.42-43) us t t s

wig ut 4:2 ss it s wig gist cti icius scibs

s w s Isit w wu tik but t gig t ti T st cs G, t biig b t uttig sig w gist

t. Bt 1 Enoch Jspus s s tt bt bkig t ccptu

xpss cs ut tig t iiiu

ws big w gist.

Tis sis ts w s wit t situti t cucs pt i cs.

23 Rti, wic pict t cucs ctig it t

g t, tug t t succssu. Stikig, s t s

tcs ti ws cugig it i t cuc Pgu

iti s ts w t tcig B, w kpt tcigBk t put stubig-bck b t ss Is, t t tigs scic

t is, t cit iit (s 2:14). T s cpti tcig ws

s pt i t cuc Tti (s 2:20-23). Suc s ppts w

14 Ibi., 31.


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istt t tut it ig s tg tkig w t

tut. E w wu itti cg t ws is ik

i i, sic suc itti wu pbb b t t s tcig.15

I ctst, t ws ig b witt i tis bk b J tut utt tustwt.

III.Johns Prophetic Commission to Write True Words Is Based on theTruthul Character o God and Christ rom Whom the Words Come

I iti t t bckgu Ezki R 22:18-19, wic I ss

i t st tw sctis tis tic, w s t Bk Rti its

ttst spcic t t tu Js witt c? W s i

t st tw sctis b tt R 22:18-19 sws tt t witt Rti is bsut iib, w s tt t pt c-

s t wit t t bgiig c t s tts is ict p-

t t iiti pptic cissi i 1:10-11. W s s tt t

Ezki cissi i t ppt spkig witig w Gs

ws, tt Js cissi is i t s .

A itt fcti Js cissi t wit uswig tutu

ws b ut iuitig, spci s tis is ik t t fwss c-

ct G Cist. T ipti t wit i t tts cis tis i.

At c c t J t wit, t wig ssg bcs t ws Cist, wic t t c tt is s si t b t ws t

Spiit: w s , t i wt t Spiit ss t t cucs.

Tus, Js witt w is s t w Cist t Spiit. C

ts s pist ssgs cti u Js pt ix wit

t tu ssg Cist t Spiit? T is cti it i t tts

tt tis cu b t cs. I ct, t t c t wit i c t

tts, t ws iit s-itucti b Cist, wig s

tu b wic ws pt i c. 1 i is ct giig J is pptic

cissi. S t tus i c. 1 i cs. 23 scib Jsus s ii big.16 As ii big, it is t igi tt Cist cu cis-

si J t wit is (Cists) ws t cutc tt Js ws

wu t pst t pit Cists ws. Tt is, Js cig ut

Cists cissi ct cti u fws tt wu busct

Cists ssg t pit.

It is tu tt tis ccusi but Js fwss ssg, w, sts

tcic gic uctis, wic I tik fw ict ut t t i

Ezki, Ezkis us i Rti, i R 22:18-19 s xi. Ts

ics , i, ics t w b t itpts R-ti (suc s s) but I wi ct tt t ics s xpicit

15 Tis pcig scti R 22:18-19 is bs B, Revelation, 1150-54, wic s

ut.16 wic s t ct R 1:8, 14, 17, 3:7, 14 i B, Revelation, i c.


11/22


xgtic uc t i Rti its. Ts xpicit ics wi

w b ss.

T i tis tic wi gu t wig: (1) tt J is c-

t wit w t ws G Cist i bk, (2) t witt ws wi b itu tu, (3) becauset c

Cist G, w itu tu. (4) A bcus J wits u

pptic ispiti utit, wt wits uswig psts wt

s G Cist s. T, t cct G Cist s

uswig tu is gi s t bsis Js witt w i Rti s

big uswig tu. Tus, t gic ucti but t tu

Sciptu tt is t icsig big c it qusti is t uc-

ti tt I wi ccu is big i Rti.

T u pssgs i Rti tt tgt stt tt Jswitt w is ti tu bcus it is t G w psssss t tti-

but bsut tut:

R 3:14 T t g t cuc i Lic wit: T A, t itu tu

Witss, t Bgiig t cti G, ss tis:

R 19:9 T si t , Wit, Bss ts w iit t t ig

supp t Lb. A si t , Ts tu ws G.

R 21:5 A h w sits t t si, B, I kig tigs w.

A h si, Wit, ts ws itu tu.

R 22:6 A si t , Ts ws itu tu; t L, t G

t spiits t ppts, st his g t sw t his b-sts t tigs

wic ust s tk pc.

1. Revelation 3:14

Rti 3:14 cuss t tutu ii cct Cist, cs. 19,

21, 22 pp tis ii ttibut t w Js witt w is t b csi-

tu. I ct, t sttts i R 21:5 22:6 ict pt

R 3:14, sic t cti t sttt itu tu (, s wwi s, R 19:9 is pbb s ik t t t sttts i cs. 21

22). Fut, t ik btw R 3:14 tt 21:5 22:6 is

stgt b bsig tt t ts pssgs u t Is 65:16:

Bcus w is bss i t t wi b bss b t G truth; w

sws i t t wi sw b t G truth; bcus t tubs -

gtt, bcus t i m sigt!

Tis usi t Isi st s t b stbis i R 3:14, t it c b

s w t t pssgs pt bt R 3:14 its ct Isi. Tt Is 65:16 is t pi suc Cists tits i R 3:14 is

suppt b s is ic, wic wi b suiz .17 Fist, o(a)mh/n (t A) is Sitic quit t t Gk itu (pisto&j), s

17 Ts is ic xp up i ibi., 297-301.


12/22


w s tu (a)lhqino/j), wic is it t Sptugits tpic ts-ti b i s t tNm) (t b itu) i bpisto&j, but s stis ba)lhqino/j.18 T, t t iR 3:14 cu b xp tsti Isis A. Suc pi-cti Isis A is pit t ut b cig tt t hbw txt

s twic t G s t G tut [Nm)], wic is tst i t w-ig ws b it sis t Gk T:

Isi 65:16 Rti 3:14

t G . . . t G A.

(E Gk Bibs t tis pit t

G (a)mh/n), ts ist

t tu [a)lhqino/n] G, sti ts

t itu [usig i pticipi

pisteu/w] G.)

(Cist is) t , t itu

tu witss,

a)mh/n, o( ma&rtuj o( pisto&j kai_ a)lhqino/j

I tis igt, t tit t itu tu witss i R 3:14 is bst tk s

itptti tsti A Is 65:16.19 Tus, t u Gk -

sis Is 65:16 tgt itu t s pi igs s tt R 3:14. nw s i Sciptu ts t ws, A, itu,

tu, u i cbiti, tis is tu wit t cbiti

itu tu.20

At tu pitig t usi t Is 65:16 is tt A i bt t

T nT usu is sps b pp t w G t p,

it stis s t Jsus tustwt sttts. hw, bsti

uscig ut ik btw Is 65:16 R 3:14 is tt ts t

tw pssgs i t ti Bib w A is . Fi, t bss-

ig t G tut, wic is g t i Is 65:16, is p-cis ust i t wig s t b tt t w cti wic

18 S htc Rpt, Concordance to LXX, i c.19 T Sptugit s t trueG (to\n qeo\n to\n a)lhqino/n, LXX); t sis Tti

Scus suppt t tsti t G Amen (a)mh/n); Aqui, J, mS 86suppt t bsic ig t G aithulness (Aqui s e0n tw|~ qew~| pepistwme/nwj, wicps t bi itu s pt t u ps b wic t bssig is

i t t wi b bss itu b G).20 2:45 (T.) s bit s cbis t tw ws (tu is t

itu is its itptti [a)lhqino\n to\ e)nu/pnion kai\ pisth\ h( su/gkrisij au)tou=]), but t is ti w cti t s t is i R 3:14 (tug s t pssib sc c

2:45 i t iscussi R 22:6 bw). S s 3 mcc 2:11 w G is t s

itu . . . tu (pisto\j . . . kai\ a)lhqino/j), but i tis c t is tig but cti w cti but Gs ituss i tu xcutig jugt. I tis w i i, it wu

sti b kig t s pit but Gs cct. T i mccbs txts tss

w s b usis t Is 65:16.


13/22


wi big but: F b, I ct w s w t (Is

65:17). Likwis, t ict wig cus i R 3:14 t T A, t

itu tu witss is t bgiig t cti G, wic pb-

b s, t t t bgiig cti i G 1, but t t suct Jsuss t bgiig t w cti. T c ptt pps s ws:

Isi 65:16-17 Rti 3:14

t G . . . t G A.

b, I ct w s

w t

(Cist is) t , t itu

tu witss,

(Cist is) t bgiig t (w)

cti G.

Tus, just s i Is 65:16-17, s i R 3:14 t ii ttibuts A

(= itu tu) w b c t w cti. Tis uiqu tw-

ptt pits ut t R 3:14 big pt Is 65:16-17.

Tt Cist s t bgiig t cti G s t t w

cti is s ppt cgizig tt R 3:14 is pt

R 1:5:

Rti 1:5 Rti 3:14

t itu witss,

t st-b t

t , t itu tu witss,

t bgiig t cti G.

T st p i R 1:5, Cist s itu witss, is ict w b

is big st-b t , just s i 3:14 Cist s itu witss is

ict w b bgiig t cti G. hc, tis p

sws tt t bgiig t (w) cti G is bgu i Jsus su-cti (s t ct b). Tis p is stt ut b cig

tt Cists s-ituctis i c t t tts i R 23

is it sttt pt stig i c. 1. It is uik tt

t ps t bgiig t cti G is t pt Cists

s s-ituctis tt is t i c. 1. It is pbb tt tis

ps t bgiig t cti G is t uig t t st cti

i t bk Gsis but is itptti pps Jsus s t st-

b t i 1:5. I tis igt, R 3:14 s p R 1:5 tug

ustig it s bgiig ut Is 65:16-17.It s t b usc ci t tis pit tt t bssig t

G tut [ , ituss], wic is g t

i Is 65:16, is pcis ust i t wig s t b t pis

bssig t w cti wic wi big but: F b, I ct

w s w t (Is 65:17; t s t itit Is 65:16 wit


14/22


65:17 i t pt ps t sc i c s, t tu-

bs [tigs] gtt [s t b b]. Tis G is his

gut tt wi su big but w cti, wic piss t

i Is 65:17. Thereore, God promises in Isa 65:16-17 to create a new earth, and hegives assurance in v. 16 that he will ulfll this promise because he is completely trustworthy,

dependable, reliable, and true. Gods word o promise is true and it cannot be broken or

nullifed nor can he be seen to be mistaken in making this promise.

T i pit wt I wt t s but R 3:14 is tt Cist is iti

wit t tu, itu, G Is 65:16. Sic Jsus is iti wit

t G Isi, is just s tustwt, pb, ib, tu21 i is

cct spk w (R 3:7 s s tt Cists cct is tu

[o9 a)lhqino&j], s b w sscitig i wit t G Isi22).I wu p tt Cisti tgi wu tik tt Gs t

ii resurrectedCists ttibut tut cu cti ixtu .

But t qusti iss, wi t cct spk w G

Cist tu, tt is, fwss, cu t s iccucis t it t

u cig i Sciptu tis spk w? Wu t suc ibiit i

pt t cig Sciptu fct t u ct t Bib? I t

cs Rti, I tik w sw t tis qusti.

2. Revelation 21:5

G cs J t wit t uct . 5 bcus

ts ws but t cig w cti itu tu (pistoi\ kai\a)lhqinoi/), ps t i Is 65:16, s w s b i t iscussi R 3:14. Agist tis bckgu, t xpssi 21:5 is t b s s

itptti tsti Nm) Is 65:16. Accig, R 21:5 is -pt R 3:14, wic itpts Isis A i t s w is

s ict cct t xpssi but t w cti.

Rti 3:14 Rti 21:5

Cist is t , t itu tu

witss, t bgiig t [w]

cti G.

A h w sits t t si,

B, I kig tigs w.

A h si, Wit, ts ws

itu tu.

21 S BAG, 43, wic gis t wig gs ig a)lhqino/j: (1) ptit tbig i cc wit wt is tu, true, trustworthy; (2) ptit t big i ccc wit ct, true;

(3) ptit t big , genuine, authentic, real. BAG, 820-21, gis t wig pisto&j: (1)ptiig t big wt bi tust, trustworthy, aithul, dependable, inspiring trust/aith; (2)

ptit t big tustig, trusting, cherishing, aith/trust.22 wic s B, Revelation, 283, w Cist s t , t tu ccus, t tit

t ik iig t pt c i Isi t G s t Is.


15/22


A usi t Is 65:16 is s cbt b R 21:5 w t t

t ss i)dou\ kaina_ poiw~ pa&nta (B, I k tigs w), -c t Is 43:19 65:17, t s t tis cti s itu

tu. Tis cti its is pt t i usi t Is65:17 i R 21:1 (A I sw w w t). A tis ut

cts ict ik btw R 3:14 21:5. A ic btw R 3:14

tt 21:5 is tt i t tt t ws i t pu. T ik s

t ic is tt t cus i 3:14 is t cct t sigu

Cist, ws i t tt t cus is up Gs witt ws (pu) tt

J is c t wit w.

Tus, R 21:5 tks t sttt but Cists cct w i R

3:14, g wit its usi t Is 65:16-17, ppis it w t Js witig

w Gs ( Cists)23 ws, B, I kig tigs w. Ipticu, t xpssi ts ws itu tu pi t s

(bcus, o#ti) w J is c t put it witig Gs ws:wit, bcus ts ws itu tu. I t ws, t -

ti but Cists uswig tu cct spk w i R 3:14, s

w s i tt txt i Is 65:16 t wic it us, is ppi t t

tu Gs/Cists ws i witt , wic J is cissi t

wit. T ic tt is big 3:14 is tt just s Cists ii

cct spk w fwss, s is Js cig t ii

ws i witt . h is t wit suc uswig tu ii ws tt s i tt t cucs pu uubt ii w

ss t t i witig.

3. Revelation 22:6

nt t ps gi wit R 3:14:

Rti 3:14 Rti 22:6



cti G.

A si t , Ts ws

itu tu: t L, t G

t spiits t ppts, st his

g t sw t his b-sts t

tigs wic ust s tk pc.

23 T ps spkig i R 21:5 is ik G (s B, Revelation, 1052), tug it is pssib

tt it is t xt Jsus, sic t sig st st i 21:6 is spk b Cist i 1:17

Cist is t w guis t t spigs t wt i i 7:17, s tt 21:6 s t Cist

w ss, I wi gi t t w tists t spig t wt i. Wt t ts

Gs Cists ws is t sigict u pupss, sic w s tt i R

3:14 Cist spks t ws Is 65:16, wic t spk b G. Tus, Rti, t

bsis iticti wit G Cistg, cu si G t Cist bck t

G gi s t spk ts ws.


16/22


Rti 22:6 ss s ccuig sttt bt t isi 21:1

22:5, s w s t w bk. T spk cu b Jsus, sic . 7 cti-

us t sttt (t t cjucti [kai\]), w s Jsus is ct spk. T spk cu just s w b g i i wit t itic-ti t ti ps i itucig t isis i 21:9-10 22:1.

vs 6 suizs t pcig isi t nw Jus, wic is

ppt its pct iit t tt isi its b pti-

ti 21:5b, Ts ws itu tu (ou[toi oi9 lo/goi pistoi\ kai\a)lhqinoi/). As w s t iscussi 21:5, t ps is bs Is65:16, wic xpsss cc i Gs tcig ct w cti,

wic wi c tu bcus Gs w pis is tu ct b ui-

b s t b istk. I, t cus i 21:5 cts pcis t

s i i cjucti wit usis t Is 43:18-19, 65:17, 66:22. Ts wig i 22:6 tus pts t s i ctit but Gs stt-

ts i 21:622:5 but is utu ct w cti. T pups t

ptiti is t psiz tis i. Accig, t s ccusis but

R 21:5 pst : Cists uswig tu cct w i

R 3:14 ppi t t tu is ws i witt (tug is ws

b spk b g). T ic tt is big 3:14 is tt

just s Cists ii cct spk w fwss i 3:14, s it b

i tt Js witig w t ii ws suts i fwss c

ts ws t s cucs. Tug t is t c xpiciti 22:6 t t witt , it is ik i i bcus t p wit 21:5

bcus t wig ctxt s t t ws tis bk (22:9)

t ws t ppc tis bk (22:10, ikwis 22:18-19). J

sw ts tigs (22:8) wt t w i bk.

Tgt wit t Is 65:16/R 3:14 bckgu, t s b c

2:45b (T.) stig i t bckgu t ps t ws

itu tu: t is tu [a)lhqino/n], t itptti it isitu [pisth/]. T cus i 2 is t ccusi t pptic isibut t ictius stbist Gs kig, it ispis ctittt t pptic isi s ii utit , t, its ctts

tu ib. T usi t 2 s t s ig .24 T isi

tt i sw wt cuict t t Bbi

kig, tis is w ppi t wt J sw put it witig.

Cu t b tig i is cuicti t isi t t

kig tt ws iccut pps i w tis? is ccuig ws,

t is tu t itptti it is itu, k tis ipbb,

s tt t 2 c, i it is i i, cs t i bsut iibiit

i t witt Rti.

24 F ut iscussi but t iit tis 2 usi, s B, Revelation, 1124.


17/22


4. Revelation 19:9-11

c gi b cspcs btw R 3:14 bsb:

Rti 3:14 Rti 19:9-11



cti G.

R 19:9 T si t , Wit,

Bss ts w iit t t

ig supp t Lb. A

si t , Ts tu ws G.

R 19:10 T I t is t t wsip

i. But si t , t tt; I

w st us u

bt w t tsti Jsus;

wsip G. F t witss Jsus is

t spiit ppc.

R 19:11 A I sw p,

b, wit s, h w st

it is c Fitu Tu, i

igtusss h jugs wgs w.

J is c, Wit, Bss ts w iit t t -

ig supp t Lb. T g t iit s, Ts tu

ws G. Tis sc sttt is ik s ugiig t st.

Tt t sc ssti is t gu t st is s pit t b t

ccti btw t sii sigs i 21:5, w J is st c-

t wit but t cig w cti, t it is iit

ts ws itu tu. It is ss ppt i 19:9 tt t

is usi t Is 65:16 R 3:14, but t c t tu b bb-

iti itu tu ts t tw pssgs. Rgss, tig is cti t s: J is t put i witt Gs ws

tug t g bcus t tu ws G. T ps G

iicts tt t i ti suc i G. Tt is, ts ws

tu bcus t c G w is tu. It is ik t cicit

tt s t t witss Jsus is t (19:10), t

Cist is c itu tu (19:11). I s, Cists itu tu c-

ct is t st pt t t Js witt w big itu true(19:9)

is bi t ibiit is witss(19:10). T cct t divine

Cist,25 w b pt wt is bi t ps i 19:9, Ts tuws G.

25 R 19:16 c s Cists it s Kig Kigs L Ls, spci i igt

its usi t 4:37 (LXX), w t tit is ppi t G.


18/22


vs 10 s tt wt J is witig is pt t tsti [ wit-

ss] Jsus, wic is t Spiit ppc. mti pneu~ma tt it is pptic tsti ispi b t Spiit: to\ pneu~ma th~j profhtei/ajs bjcti giti, t Spiit ispiig ppc.26 Tus, Js witt

ws itu tu s bcus is ppt ispi b Gs Spiit.

I iti t t tts R 23, tt t Spiit ispis J is ppt s

i R 14:13: A I ic , sig, Wit, Bss t

w i i t L w ! ys, ss t Spiit, s tt t

st ti bs, ti s w wit t. J is c t

wit, wt wits is b t Spiit t b tu pb

(s, ss t Spiit). Buck s wit spct t tis s, T ws

t Spiit t Spiits sps, spkig tug J, t t ic.

As J bs t c t wit t btitu, t Spiit ispiig i s ptic st it. 27

Iv. Refection on the Signicance o the Reerence to the Written Words oRevelation Being Reerred to as Authoritative

Rti 19:9, 21:6, 22:6, 18-19 t t witt ws t bk s

tu itu tu s iib. T ct tt t ccpts but

t witt ws t b s s witut istk is ppt i ticig

spci t spcic cs i 19:9 21:9. T stc isspk b G g t t stc is t s ts ws.

It is ipusib tt t is c t uig ccpt tt is

xpss tug ixtu pps just tw ipct ws. It is

ptic t ps suc qusti, but t pst bts t

ic Sciptu c psig suc qusti. Tus, bt t ccpt

xpss b t ws c t iiiu ws tss bs-

ut utitti, s tt ws ct b spt ccpts.28 I t

s , t ws tis bk (R 22:9-10, 18-19), t ti witt

Rti, cis t s xct ti.

26 C. Zwick Gs, 772; nEB. S ikwis G. B. Ci, A Commentary on the Revelation o

St. John the Divine(nw yk: hp & Rw, 1980), 233. Atti, t ps tt

ts giig suc tsti csi pptic pp. Ag ts is, pneu/ma wu b ccti istibuti sigu th~j profhtei/ajwu b scipti giti: ppticspiit[s] pptic su[s] = ppts. Tis tti wu sti s t ws t b p-

ptic; t ppts pssss spiit tt cis ispiti G. S ut iscussi i

B, Revelation, 947 1124-25.27 Buck, Climax o Prophecy, 160.28 cus, t c b ws xpss i witig tt jibbis xpss

ccpt. W cciig t witt ws i Rti big giz b J i suc

w s t xpss ccpts, wic is cuicti spc ct, but t tik tt t iiiu

ws sw spt t pcis tu ccpts is qusti tt J wu

tti, sic ust tt t ws tt ws cissi t wit w Gs

ws.


19/22


v. Conclusion

I bsut fwssss b gt but Gs cct spk w,

t t s su b gt but Js witt w. Tis ic ist s ic tt J ws: sic Cists cct spk w

ipccb, J is cissi t c Cists (Gs) ws bcus

t c t ii big ws cct is witut fw, icuig is

kwg tigs.

igt ccu tt wt Rti tcs but its witt tu

ct b ppi t t pts Sciptu. But s bstis iitt

gist tis: (1) i t k txts xi b, R 22:6, J is

gup wit t ppts: t L, t G t spiits ppts, st

is g t sw . . . . Tis ik icus t nT ppts but ik Tppts, spci sic t ps t spiits t ppts pps t b

usi t nu 27:16 (t L G spiits), w it s t Gs

pcig mss wit Jsu, w wu w b t pptic spks-

Gs pp (c. nu 27:12-21). (2) J is pt gi t s

cissi s ppt s ws Ezki t ppt. (3) T ttit Js

witt c i Rti is s t b itu tu i t s w tt

G ppsi tt t w cti wu it ccu bcus yw s

itu tu ppsi it. (4) T ccuig ps R 22:6,

G st . . . t sw . . . wt ust c t pss quick, is c c t 2:45, wic cs t ccusi t ppt is pt is

isi i 2. (5) Sic Js cst tis but t uswig

tut is w bk xpicit bs t pcptic T wks (.g.,

Ezki i) wit wic puts is bk p, wu t Js

ti but Sciptus u tut b ci tt c b but

pcptic bks i t c i wic t pcptists ci ti -

ti ict b isi uiti G? But it s t b b

tt J i t wit w s sct tkig ictti, but t is isis

put p t pp ik is s T usis i iuspcs, s tt t bk is ix isi it pucti. Fut,

tt Js pp gs utsi t pcptic T g is c cig

tt puts is p wit t utit mss i R 22:18-19, w

c ppis ut 4:1-2 29:19-20 t is w bk. I iti, J

ks c t t T t t nT wit, wic ipis tt,

sic c puts is p wit s ts T witsmss,

i, Ezkitt wu t t s iw ti witigs

s s is but s it ipis tt wu t s iw t T

witigs t wic us utsi mss, i, Ezki. It is ik tis s tt J us t t ius T bks tt s, sic t

t s sttus utitti Sciptu i.

I ct, uc ik R 19, 21, 22, Ps 119:137-142 s t Gs cct

s igtus ks t ccusi tt, t, is witt Sciptu is

s igtus, pu, tu:


20/22


Ps 119:137 Rigtus yu, Lord,

A upigt yu jugts [ = Sciptu].

Ps 119:138 yu c yu tstiis i igtusss

A xcig ituss.Ps 119:139 m z s csu ,

Bcus sis gtt yu ws.

Ps 119:140 yu w is pu,

T yu st s it.

Ps 119:141 I s spis,

YetI t gt yu pcpts.

Ps 119:142 yu igtusss is stig igtusss,

A yu w is tut.

It is ut itstig tt i tig is pptic c ccig t t pt-

t Ezkis (R 10:1-10), J s ws Ps 119:103 (w swt uws t pt, swt t t ut) it R 10:9-10 (i u

ut it [Gs w] wi b swt s , u i bt ss). I t

Ps, tis is t ict w b t Psist ctstig ustig

Gs pcpts wit s w (Ps 119:104). Pps s Ps 19:10

is icu i t usi: Gs witt Lw is t s swt s t

, cp wit t jugts t L tu (Ps 19:9)

ctst wit s (Ps 19:12: W c isc is s?).

Likwis, R 16:5, 7 cps Gs igtus cct wit is igtus

jugts, wic gist t bckgu t cbi T usis,29s t Gs w i Sciptu:

5 A I t g t wts sig, Rigtus yu, w w

w, h , bcus yu jug ts tigs;

7 A I t t sig, ys, L G, t Aigt, tu igtus

yu jugts.

Ps 119:37 b icu i ts T usis (.g., s t gi

nA27): Rigtus u . . . igtus is u jugt(s).

S igt bjct t gut b sig tt w s J t T t t ctu w ic i ppicti t Sciptu, but

tis wu b kig t w/ccpt cusi. I ti t sw tt

t ws us b J i cs. 19, 21, 22 (tu, itu) ssti

but t s ccpt s Gs w big witut . I ct, s

Js usis t t T, s i Pss 119 19 ctst Gs w s tu

swt t s . I tis g, it is s istucti t cp

t c i 2 Pt 1:20-21 t Sciptu t b ct u wi,

but b t h Spiit spk G, wic is iit c-

tst wit s ppts, w ig t w tut spk sws (2 Pt 2:1-3). T gt G-bt txt 2 Ti 3:16 is s pc

i t s ki ctst wit s tcig.

29 I iti t Ps 119:137 bw, s s Ps 144:17 ut 32:4 R 16:5 3:27

(G), t tt wic b puig tgt Pss 119 144 ut 32 i t s w tt

R 16:5 7 ig.


21/22


Pps I c csst t bsig gut ipicti w I

ssu tt Gs cct t suct Cists cct witut

, icit i ti bsut xusti kwg

t st ppt uiptt cts but cti uit but tpst, pst, utu. But tis is psuppsiti tt is pic tgt

t bsis sciptu tsti (.g., s Ps 119 b; nu 23:19; 1 S

15:29; Is 46:10; 48:3-8; Jb 11:11; 23:10, 23; 34:25; Pss 1:6; 37:18; 44:21; 69:5;

94:11; 103:14; 138:6; 139:1-18, 23-24; P 24:12; 2:19-23; mtt 6:8, 32; Luk

16:15; Acts 15:8; R 8:27; 1 J 3:20).

Fi, t pt, t tgic ic wic s gics

sig is ubibic is, i ct, t ic tt J t pts

Sciptu pt k: sic Gs cct is uswig tu, is wit-

t w Sciptu is uswig tu. m w ustig t i-t tut Sciptu is bt i ius ws i t Cicg Sttt

Bibic Ic.

S igt sp t iw R 19:9, 21:5, 22:6 b sig tt

itu tu (spci i t st tw txts) pcis t t

ws Cist t spcic t t witt ts ws. Acc-

ig, tug J is c t wit t ws s, cu

t t b s sippg i Js t xusti pcis

cig wt ws si, s tt s s g cu cpt it

t witt t ws?m sps t tis is t wig: (1) Wu G c/cissi

J s ppt t wit is ws kwig ti tt is pptic

w wu b iccut c? W s tt J wits wit t

utit T ppt, tis wu s t c t s utit s

G spkig tug ppt. F xp, J spks wits s

ppt: t tt 19:10 ss, t Spiit ispis ppc, wic s i i

Js witig s ppt i 19:9. A R 22:6b c pcs J s

g t spiits t ppts, w s ci ti tt is it-

u tu (22:6), wic is ict t i c s t ws t ppc tis bk (22:7 22:18; s itic R 22:10) t

ws t bk tis ppc (22:19; s sii 22:9).

(2) T ik btw itu tu wit iicts ssus

ik btw ts ttibuts t witt .

(3) Tt pit # 2 is i is it t ittxtu ik btw wit

i 1:9-10 i t pt c t wit i t tts cs. 2 3.

J wits t t witt is si t b t ws Cistand t

Spiit. At t st, t witt t tts is pst t t cucs s

t ws t Spiit.(4) T ittxtu ik btw wit i 1:9-10 cs. 23 19:9

21:5 cs t spiit-ispi tu Js pcptic witig tsk. Tt

Js spiit-ispi ict pptic tsk cig wt s s

suts i pptic bk is c, s w just s, R 22:7,

10, 18, 19, wic icusi wit R 1:3. Tus, t witt c


22/22


t isi uiti is qu pptic; sic t pptic isi

uiti itu tu, s is t witt pptic itu

tu. Tis is just wt R 19:9, 21:5, 22:6 ig.

I t igt ts u pits, it wu b ii ccusi ( xp ti scipti) t s tt 19:9, 21:5, 22:6 t

Cists ws big itu tu t iw ts ss s xt-

ig t t witt pptic s big itu tu.

Tus, c t Bib b u ispi b pct G t sti cti

s? J t sciptu wits s .

can the bible be completely inspired by god and yet still contain errors?

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