can small states influence eu foreign and security policy? maria strömvik lund university reykjavik...
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Can small states influence EU foreign
and security policy?
Maria StrömvikLund University
Reykjavik 2014-06-26
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What is EU foreign policy about?
What is EU foreign policy about?
• Collectively addressing questions relating to peace and security in other parts of the world
• All kinds of foreign policy instruments: statements, continous diplomacy, taking part in peace negotiations, political dialogues, economic and financial carrots and sticks, civilian and military peace support operations
• Collectively addressing questions relating to peace and security in other parts of the world
• All kinds of foreign policy instruments: statements, continous diplomacy, taking part in peace negotiations, political dialogues, economic and financial carrots and sticks, civilian and military peace support operations
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Is EU foreign policy different?
Is EU foreign policy different?
• Compared to other EU policy areas, yes!
• No involvement from the European Parliament
• No involvement from the court of justice
• Very little involvement from the Commission
• Compared to other EU policy areas, yes!
• No involvement from the European Parliament
• No involvement from the court of justice
• Very little involvement from the Commission
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Let's draw an organigram!
Let's draw an organigram!
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Main CFSP bodies
European Council
Council (FAC)
COREPER II
PSC / COPS
EUMC CivCom
HR
EEAS Commission
SatCen EU-ISS EDA
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"It's all France and UK"
"It's all France and UK"
• We all know which two invented the EU's security and defence policy
• We all know which two have a substantial capacity to provide troops and equipment
• We all know which two have large enough foreign and defence ministries to think not only for themselves but also for the EU
• We all know which two invented the EU's security and defence policy
• We all know which two have a substantial capacity to provide troops and equipment
• We all know which two have large enough foreign and defence ministries to think not only for themselves but also for the EU
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If we accept...
If we accept...
• That the nature of the policy process and the political institutions matter...
• That the day-to-day policy process may differ a lot from big history-making decisions...
• That the policy process may be very different in different policy areas...
• Then, why would small states not be able to make a difference?
• That the nature of the policy process and the political institutions matter...
• That the day-to-day policy process may differ a lot from big history-making decisions...
• That the policy process may be very different in different policy areas...
• Then, why would small states not be able to make a difference?
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What does it take?
What does it take?
• Commitment to EU policies
• Formal and informal networks
• Politically relevant resources
• Ability to justify, explain, and persuade others
• Commitment to EU policies
• Formal and informal networks
• Politically relevant resources
• Ability to justify, explain, and persuade others
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Commitment
Commitment
• A vision about what is needed
• Discourse: credibility and resolve, forerunner reputation
• Prestige
• Previous track-record (history of consistency)
• A vision about what is needed
• Discourse: credibility and resolve, forerunner reputation
• Prestige
• Previous track-record (history of consistency)
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NetworksNetworks
• Coalition-building skills
• Willingness to share information
• Pooling of resources
• Ability to "plant" ideas
• Coalition-building skills
• Willingness to share information
• Pooling of resources
• Ability to "plant" ideas
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ResourcesResources
• Knowledge of policy content (reputation and expertise)
• Knowledge of policy process (procedures) and capacity to exploit it
• Physical resources such as personnel, equipment and funding
• Knowledge of policy content (reputation and expertise)
• Knowledge of policy process (procedures) and capacity to exploit it
• Physical resources such as personnel, equipment and funding
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Deliberation
Deliberation
• References to external bodies and norms
• Consistent language (and actions)
• Leadership role
• References to EU goals and visions
• Negotiators are credible and respected
• References to external bodies and norms
• Consistent language (and actions)
• Leadership role
• References to EU goals and visions
• Negotiators are credible and respected
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Is fp different?
Is fp different?• Fewer actors involved and fewer actors who
show interest and commitment (many small states have vague own foreign policies, while all have strong views on labour legislation)
• MS are allowed to directly propose new activities
• Foreign policy is often demand driven - constant and continuous opportunities to influence policy
• Fewer actors involved and fewer actors who show interest and commitment (many small states have vague own foreign policies, while all have strong views on labour legislation)
• MS are allowed to directly propose new activities
• Foreign policy is often demand driven - constant and continuous opportunities to influence policy
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Some examples
Some examples
• EU positions on WMD in 2003
• "Civilian battle groups" (civilian response teams)
• Operation Artémis
• Aceh Monitoring Mission
• EU positions on WMD in 2003
• "Civilian battle groups" (civilian response teams)
• Operation Artémis
• Aceh Monitoring Mission
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Compared to NATO?
Compared to NATO?
• Number of large actors (one in NATO, three or more in EU) - does this make a difference?
• Issue linkage (defence in NATO, "everything" in EU) - does this make a difference?
• Number of large actors (one in NATO, three or more in EU) - does this make a difference?
• Issue linkage (defence in NATO, "everything" in EU) - does this make a difference?