can plant breeding safe seed production if pesticides
TRANSCRIPT
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Can plant breeding safeseed production – if
pesticides disappear?
Rasmus L. HjortshøjWinterbarley breeder
06/01/2018
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• Starting point…Frames for commerciel breeding.
• Tools…Which methods are available?
• The future…What will it take (in my view) for breeding to deliver?
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Overview of the breeding process
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A x B Double single plants 6x1m row 1y. yield (Sejet) 2y. yield officiel trials
haploid (Sejet) (Sejet) (Sejet + Fyn) (Sejet + Fyn +2) (min. 2 år)
~ 15.000 ~ 8.000 ~ 300 ~ 60 4-5
(2014) (2015) (2016) (2017) (2018) (2019) (2020-21) (2022)
Marketing!
Maintenance breeding/multiplication
Selection – yieldtrials
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From crossing to market– ex. winterbarley.
(Royalties from ca. 100 tons certified seed pays for DUS and VCU of a single variety in one year)
År* Antal linjer** Generation Certificering Areal Høstet vare Andre formål
3 10.000 1. år i mark 1 m2 10 aks
4 300 1. år udbytte fsg 2*1 m2 1 kg
5 60 2. år udbytte fsg 30 m2 50 kg VCU forsøg
6 6 NL 1 400 m2 500 kg VCU + Supl. Forsøg
7 2 NL 2 Forædl. Mat. 0,5 ha 4 tons
8 1 Sortsliste-LF Præ-Basis 20 ha 130 tons Industri test
9 1/2 Sortsliste-LF Basis 500 ha 3.250 tons evt nedgrad. til C2
10 …. Sortsliste-LF C1 800 ha 5.200 tons C2 + eksport
11 … Sortsliste-LF C2 3000 ha 20.000 tons Solgt til landmand
*year from crossing** lines to be tested in a given generation
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Registration & IP protection – UPOV og Tystofte- paying the breeding program.The basis for royalty collection and access to other breeders genetics is regulated via CPVO (PVR) and Variety Listing.
SES(DUS);Distinctness – to be separated phenotypically from other varieties.Uniformity – purity level 0,1%.Stability – the same over generations.
Value-Cultivation & Ude (VCU);A new variety has to add value to the market!
Certification of seed is ensure the genetics is true – in Denmark carriedout by
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• Starting point…Frames for commerciel breeding.
• Tools…Which methods are available?
• The future…What will it take (in my view) for breeding to deliver?
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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Scald coverage in % in official disease nurseries
Matros Zirene Padura
• Matros in off. trials since 2008• Padura og Zirene in off. trials from
2011• Multiplication Padura i ‘14 og ‘15 ca.
380 ha (each!).• Padura og Zirene crosses made in
2006!
Brakedown of resistance can go fast- An example from winter barley
www.sortinfo.dk
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To eksempler;
PPP-I; 2012-14PPP-II; 2015-17PPP-III; 2018-20
Udvikling af mlo resistens in hvede mod meldug.
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University
GUDP; 2014-17
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PPP - Public Private Partnership in Pre-Breeding
Screening of;- lines from partners, representing the
Scandinavian region.- Genbank material.
Field
50K Illumina Barley chip.Data-set with app. 44000 markers for each line.
Agronomic parameters:
Early growth rateEarlinessStraw strength
Genome Wide Association MappingMildew resistance Nematode resistance
Disease resistance:ScaldFusariumRamulariaLeaf spotsRustNematode
Laboratory
PPP I – High diversity
Large variation in floweringtime
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High diversity in growth types
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31 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
100 bp
mlo-5mlo-8
mlo 9
mlo-13mlo-17
mlo-1mlo-4 D
mlo-10 D mlo-7 mlo-26 mlo-3 D
The barley genemlo
Elliot et al Biochem. J. 385, 243-254, 2005
mlo resistance in wheat
P. Schulze-Lefert, Max-Planck, Germany
Recessive trait – it takes both alleles in same stage to give phenotype (on both chromosomes).In species with more genomes, like wheat, allgenomes must have mutation.
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mlo resistance in wheat
• Hereford (6x) EMS mutant population (M4)
• TILLING populations (EMS mutated)
Cristobal Uauy, John Innes Centre, Norwich> 1,200 linjer af hexaploid Cadenza (breadwheat)
> 1,500 linjer af tetraploid Kronos (durumwheat)(Krasileva et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1619268114)
Mutations populationer:
Hereford HRM screenLines Unique Exon Nonsense Missense Splice variant Used
MloA 1637 49 31 0 15 1 6
MloB 1637 25 21 0 16 1 8
MloD 1637 30 25 1 14 0 6
Ingvardsen et al.
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mlo resistance in wheatMutated populations:
AABB
AmBm
mmBB
AAmm
Ammm
mmBm
mmmm#49
WT
#66
Mlo B
4966
Segregating F2 Kronos (4x) population:Resultat of EMS mutagenesis:
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mlo resistance in wheat- using TALEN and a GMO approach!
They had to create a GM plant to get TALEN enzyme into the cell!
Yin et al.,2017
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Wang et al., 2014
mlo resistance in wheat- using TALEN and a GMO approach!
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GMO’er
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• Starting point…Frames for commerciel breeding.
• Tools…Which methods are available?
• The future…What will it take (in my view) for breeding to deliver?
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NBT – New Breeding TechniquesOptimized mutation breeding v 2.0
Præcisionsforædling – af NBT core group 2015
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IP protection that works!
UPOV/CPVO Patenter/EPOXTransparentCheap (relatively)Maximise competitionPrevent monopolisationWell defined protectionOpen source system via Breeders ExemptionRoyalty collection on FSS to be improved!
ExpensiveIncrease monopolisationDecrease competitionUnclear protection (”matter of skillfull writing”)
Blocks research and development
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Can breeding safeseedproduction – ifpesticides disappear?
Perhaps – it’s definately a part of the solution!
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Thanks for your attention!
And thanks to Lene Krusell and Finn Borum (Sejet) and Christina Ingvardsen(AaU) for illustrations to the PPP og GUPD/mlo projects.