can measurement increase quality? or what if we implemented rbf without the f? kenneth l. leonard...
TRANSCRIPT
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Can Measurement Increase Quality?Or
What if we Implemented RBF without the F?
Kenneth L. LeonardUniversity of Maryland, College Park
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A project with repeated measurement of protocol adherence (based on patient exit interviews)
• Sample of 96 health workers providing outpatient care in urban and peri-Urban Arusha, Tanzania.• Assessed for protocol adherence for fever,
cough and diarrhea with a general assessment of other conditions. • Interviews with patients after they left the
consultation. • Enumerators were unannounced, although it
appears that, after some time at the facility, health workers figured out there was someone around. (more on this later).
• Brock, M, Lange, A and Leonard K.L. “Giving and Promising Gifts: Experimental Evidence on Reciprocity from the Field”, mimeo 2015
• Brock, M, Lange, A and Leonard K.L., “Generosity and Prosocial behavior in Health Care Provision: Evidence from the Laboratory and Field”, Journal of Human Resources, forthcoming.
• Leonard, K.L. and Masatu. M.C. “Changing Provider Performance Incentives without Payments: The Long Term Impacts of a Program to Encourage Quality in Outpatient Care”, mimeo 2015.
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Baseline Adherence
baseline72
74
76
78
80
82
84
overall adherence
overall adherence
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Now a peer sits in the room to watch
baseline scrutiny72
74
76
78
80
82
84
overall adherence
overall adherence
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Then the peer leaves
baseline scrutiny post scrutiny72
74
76
78
80
82
84
overall adherence
overall adherence
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A well known doctor visits each health worker with an “encouragement” script, priming key items of protocol (no data collected)
baseline scrutiny post scrutiny72
74
76
78
80
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overall adherence
overall adherence
Encouragement Visit
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Quality about 2 to 4 weeks later
baseline scrutiny post scrutiny post encouragement72
74
76
78
80
82
84
overall adherence primed not primed
Encouragement Visit
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Randomly Assigned Feedback Visit, discussing results, implied end of study (no data collected)
baseline scrutiny post scrutiny post encouragement72
74
76
78
80
82
84
overall adherence primed not primed
Encouragement Visit Feedback Visit
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Quality collected again, about 2 weeks later
baseline scrutiny post scrutiny post encouragement post study72
74
76
78
80
82
84
overall adherence primed not primed
Encouragement Visit Feedback Visit
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Quality collected about two years later
baseline scrutiny post scrutiny post encouragement post study long term follow-up72
74
76
78
80
82
84
overall adherence primed not primed
Encouragement Visit Feedback Visit
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What happened?
• Immediate scrutiny increases effort, but has no lasting impact• Encouragement, by itself has limited impact, but only on those items
specifically mentioned• The feedback visit looks like it improves effort, but half the health
workers received no feedback and their improvement is exactly the same, so feedback isn’t helping.• The gains are long-lasting.
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What does it mean?
• The project causes health workers to increase their effort and quality without any increase in resources or training• And without any financial incentives:• This is RBF without F.
• This is not a program to be implemented at scale but a indicator that the necessary elements of expectations and accountability are missing in many health systems. • However, these necessary elements are not sufficient by themselves:
we need measurement to complete the picture.
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Measurement doesn’t improve quality, but if health workers know that:
Then, we get increased effort
Effort is being measured
Measurable effort improves
Outcomes
Effort (quality) can be
Measured