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A Correlation of

Campbell Biology in Focus

2nd Edition, ©2017

To the

AP® Biology Curriculum Framework

Page COM-1 of 41

Campbell Biology in Focus Correlation for AP® Biology Curriculum FrameworkChapters/Sections

Page Numbers Big Idea

Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives

Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one

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Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

Big Idea 2: Biologi-cal systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.

Big Idea 3: Living systems store, re-trieve, transmit, and respond to informa-tion essential to life processes.

Big Idea 4: Biologi-cal systems interact, and these systems and their interac-tions possess com-plex properties.

1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.

1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.

1.C: Life con-tinues to evolve within a changing environment.

2.A: Growth, re-production and maintenance of the organization of liv-ing systems require free energy and matter.

2.B: Growth, re-production and dynamic homeo-stasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments.

3.A: Heritable infor-mation provides for continuity of life.

4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.

4.C: Naturally oc-curring diversity among and be-tween components within biological systems affects in-teractions with the environment.

1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.

1.A.2: Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations.

1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.

1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.

1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.

1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.

1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.

2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy.

2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.

2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.

2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.

3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.

3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.

3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.

4.A.2: The structure and function of sub-cellular components, and their interac-tions, provide essential cellular processes.

4.A.3: Interactions between external stim-uli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues and organs.

4.C.3: The level of variation in a popula-tion affects population dynamics.

4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.

LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2] LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3] LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2] LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1] LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1, 4.1] LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2] LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2] LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1] LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3] LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2] LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.41 [See SP 5.3, 7.1] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2] LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1] LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1] LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5] LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1] LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2] LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4] LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2] LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1] LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 3.15 [See SP 6.2, 6.5] LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3] LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]

• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 425, 427

• Flowering time in relation to global climate change 925

• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 428, 429, 517• Natural selection of beetles by coloration 12 • DDT resistance in insects 883, 921• Artificial selection 385, 633• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop spe-

cies 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915 • Overuse of antibiotics 388• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a

population 425, 427• Analysis of sequence data sets 294• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 12, 353, 372,

384, 391, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 463, 486, 502, 503, 505, 506, 512, 513, 520, 521, 522, 548, 551, 561, 562, 748

• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 13, 398, 399, 404

• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural pro-teins that facilitate cell movement, morpho-logical integrity and organelle transport) 5, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104

• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 138, 153, 480, 481, 500

• Linear chromosomes 6, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191

• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 64, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98

• Number of heart chambers in animals 707, 709, 710, 711, 712

• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 389, 391, 561

• Chemical resistance (mutations for resis-tance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides or chemotherapy drugs occur in the ab-sence of the chemical) 22

• Emergent diseases 352, 353 • Observed directional phenotypic change in a

population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 11, 13, 413

• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart cham-bers, limbs, the brain and the immune system 389, 391, 560, 561, 562, 709, 794, 795

• Krebs cycle 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Glycolysis 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Calvin cycle 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177

• Fermentation 156

Illustrative examples continued on next page

URRY8919_02_COMP_PR1.indd 1 08/02/16 10:43 AM

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LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4] LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2] LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1] LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]

• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 673, 674, 675, 677

• Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 673, 674, 675

• Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 753

• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, repro-ductive diapause) 861

• Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels 515, 888, 889, 892, 894, 898

• Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels 888, 889, 890

• NADP+ in photosynthesis 165, 170, 173, 174, 177

• Oxygen in cellular respiration 131, 141, 144, 150, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 173, 174, 177

• Cohesion 33• Adhesion 33 • High specific heat capacity 34, 62 • Universal solvent supports reactions 36 • Heat of vaporization 35 • Water’s thermal conductivity 34 • Root hairs 577, 584, 585, 586, 602, 605,

606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,

293, 335• Excision of introns 288, 740 • Enzymatic reactions 56, 122, 131, 132,

133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 290 • Transport by proteins 95, 100, 101, 102,

103, 108, 130 • Synthesis 264, 345 • Degradation 690 • Electrophoresis 272 • Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271,

273, 350, 481, 484, 485 • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 271 • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 273 • Genetically modified foods 633, 635 • Transgenic animals 283, 284• Cloned animals 270, 271, 273, 317, 318,

330, 331, 332 • Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 298, 428,

429, 517• Tay-Sachs disease 224 • Huntington’s disease 231• X-linked color blindness 241• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250



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2–20

• Klinefelter’s syndrome 249• Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863 • Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromo-

somes (X in humans) 202, 203, 240, 241• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is

very small and carries few genes 240, 242• In mammals and flies, females are XX and

males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males 240

• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males 228, 229, 240, 241, 242, 243, 338, 669, 670, 768

• Prairie chickens 423, 913• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 541

UNIT 1 Chemistry and Cells, pg. 21

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1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.

2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion and maintenance of the organization of liv-ing systems require free energy and matter.




4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]

• Chemical resistance (mutations for resis-tance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 22



• A eukaryotic example that describes evolu-tion of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain and the immune system 389, 391, 560, 561, 562, 709, 794, 795

• Cohesion 33• Adhesion 33 • High specific heat capacity 34, 62 • Universal solvent supports reactions 36• Heat of vaporization 35• Water’s thermal conductivity 34• Root hairs 577, 584, 585, 586, 602, 605,

606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697

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3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.





4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.


LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.41 [See SP 5.3, 7.1] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]



• Cohesion 33• Adhesion 33• High specific heat capacity 34, 62• Universal solvent supports reactions 36 • Heat of vaporization 35• Water’s thermal conductivity 34• Root hairs 577, 584, 585, 586, 602, 605,

606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725• Cells of the villi 696, 697• Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697



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4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.

4.B.1: Interactions between molecules af-fect their structure and function.

4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within or-ganisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.

LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]LO 4.18 [See SP 1.4]

• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 298, 428, 429, 517

• Tay-Sachs disease 224• Huntington’s disease 231• X-linked color blindness 241• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250• Klinefelter’s syndrome 249 • Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863• Exchange of gases 706, 722, 723, 724,

725, 726, 727, 728, 729• Circulation of fluids 709, 710, 711, 712,

713, 714, 715, 716• Digestion of food 691, 692, 693, 694, 695,

696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 703• Excretion of wastes 526, 678, 679, 680,

681, 683, 684, 685, 707 • Bacterial community in the rumen of

animals 700 • Bacterial community in and around deep

sea vents 490

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1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.


2.B: Growth, repro-duction and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal envi-ronments that are differ-ent from their external environments.

2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.


3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting and receiving chemical signals.

4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.






2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into spe-cialized regions.

2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mecha-nisms to maintain their internal en-vironments and respond to external environmental changes.


3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.

4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions.

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.41 [See SP 5.3, 7.1] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 2.13 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.14 [See SP 1.2, 1.4]LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]LO 4.22 [See SP 6.2]

• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity and organelle transport) 5, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104




• Krebs cycle 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Glycolysis 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Calvin cycle 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177

• Fermentation 156 • Endothermy (the use of thermal energy

generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 673, 674, 675, 677








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• Cohesion 33 • Adhesion 34• High specific heat capacity 34, 62• Universal solvent supports reactions 36 • Heat of vaporization 35 • Water’s thermal conductivity 34 • Root hairs 577, 584, 585, 586, 602, 605,

606, 607• Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697• Endoplasmic reticulum 64, 73, 78, 79, 81,

82, 83, 98, 178 • Mitochondria 73, 78, 79, 88, 89, 90,

98, 178 • Chloroplasts 73, 78, 86, 88, 89, 90, 98,

178, 526 • Golgi 73, 78, 79, 84, 87, 98, 104, 179 • Nuclear envelope 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85,

87, 98 • Operons in gene regulation 305, 306 • Temperature regulation in animals 668,

669, 670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677 • Plant responses to water limitations 598,

613, 614, 647, 656, 657• Lactation in mammals 669, 670• Onset of labor in childbirth 768 • Ripening of fruit 642, 647 • Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased

insulin 703 • Dehydration in response to decreased anti-

diuretic hormone (ADH) 685 • Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 671 • Blood clotting 719 • Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,

293, 335 • Excision of introns 288, 740 • Enzymatic reactions 56, 122, 131, 132,




330, 331, 332



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• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] 739, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745

• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 79, 94, 580

• Neurotransmitters 72, 91, 668, 669, 670, 671, 773, 774, 775, 776, 778, 779, 780, 781, 783, 786

• Plant immune response 659 • Morphogens in embryonic development

764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769 • Insulin 703 • Human growth hormone 668, 669, 670,

671, 672, 673 • Thyroid hormones 669, 671, 673 • Testosterone 117, 761 • Estrogen 338, 669 • Different types of phospholipids in cell

membranes 100, 101, 102 • Different types of hemoglobin 225, 665,

717, 718 • MHC proteins 739, 742, 743, 744, 746 • Chlorophylls 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172,

177, 526 • Molecular diversity of antibodies in

response to an antigen 737, 738, 739, 740 • The antifreeze gene in fish 676

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2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.

2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes.

3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.


LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]


• Membrane-bound organelles ( mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 138, 153, 480, 481, 500

• Linear chromosomes 6, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191• Endomembrane systems, including the

nuclear envelope 5, 64, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98

• Glucose transport 173 • Na+/K+ transport 142• DNA repair mechanisms 266• Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction

and developmental pathways 827 • Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen break-

down in mammals 115, 672• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,

antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] 739, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745




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• Plant immune response 659• Morphogens in embryonic development


671, 672, 673• Thyroid hormones 669, 671, 673• Testosterone 117, 761• Estrogen 338, 669

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4.B.1: Interactions between molecules af-fect their structure and function.

LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]

• Krebs cycle 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Glycolysis 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Calvin cycle 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177

• Fermentation 156• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy







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LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.14 [See SP 5.3, 7.1]



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LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.14 [See SP 5.3, 7.1]




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3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity of life.

3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable informa-tion is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization.

LO 3.7 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.8 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]

• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 193• Action of platelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF) 194• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle

control 194, 195, 196, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339

UNIT 2 Genetics, pg. 199

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3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.



3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.

3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.

LO 3.7 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.8 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3] LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2] LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]

• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 193• Action of platelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF) 194 • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle

control 194, 195, 196, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339


• Tay-Sachs disease 224 • Huntington’s disease 231• X-linked color blindness 241• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250• Klinefelter’s syndrome 249 • Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863 • Antibiotic resistance mutations 485 • Pesticide resistance mutations 421 • Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 230, 429

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LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 3.15 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740• Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,

293, 335• Excision of introns 288, 740 • Enzymatic reactions 56, 122, 131, 132,


103, 108, 130 • Synthesis 264, 345 • Degradation 690• Electrophoresis 272 • Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271,


330, 331, 332 • Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 298, 428,

429, 517• Tay-Sachs disease 224 • Huntington’s disease 231 • X-linked color blindness 241 • Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250 • Klinefelter’s syndrome 249 Illustrative examples continued on next page


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• Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863 • Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromo-

somes (X in humans) 202, 203, 240, 241 • In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is

very small and carries few genes 240, 242 • In mammals and flies, females are XX and



• Antibiotic resistance mutations 485 • Pesticide resistance mutations 421• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 230, 429

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3.B: Expression of genetic information in-volves cellular and mo-lecular mechanisms.





3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intracel-lular signal transmissions mediate gene expression.


LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 3.15 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4]LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]


293, 335• Excision of introns 288, 740• Enzymatic reactions 56, 122, 131, 132,

133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 290• Transport by proteins 95, 100, 101, 102,

103, 108, 130• Synthesis 264, 345• Degradation 690• Electrophoresis 272• Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271,

273, 350, 481, 484, 485• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 271• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 273• Genetically modified foods 633, 635• Transgenic animals 283, 284• Cloned animals 270, 271, 273, 317, 318,

330, 331, 332• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 298, 428,

429, 517• Tay-Sachs disease 224• Huntington’s disease 231 • X-linked color blindness 241• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250• Klinefelter’s syndrome 249• Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromo-

somes (X in humans) 202, 203, 240, 241• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is

very small and carries few genes 240, 242• In mammals and flies, females are XX and





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12

The

Ch

rom

oso

mal

Bas

is

of

Inh

erit

ance

(co

nti

nue

d)

236–252

• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 206, 207, 209

• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating gene expression 191

• Levels of cAMP regulate metabolic gene expressionin bacteria 304, 324

• Expression of the SRY gene triggers the male sexual development pathway in animals 239, 240, 761

• Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen 642, 647

• Seed germination and gibberellin 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 645, 646

• Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769

• Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer 337

• HOX genes and their role in development 375

• Antibiotic resistance mutations 485 • Pesticide resistance mutations 421 • Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 230, 429

13

Th

e M

ole

cula

r B

asis

of

Inh

erit

ance

253–277







3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differen-tial gene expression, leading to cell spe-cialization.



3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4] LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]

• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,





330, 331, 332• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 298, 428,

429, 517 • Tay-Sachs disease 224 • Huntington’s disease 231• X-linked color blindness 241• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250• Klinefelter’s syndrome 249 • Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863



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253–277

• Promoters 285, 306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 313

• Terminators 285, 310• Enhancers 310, 311, 312, 313• Antibiotic resistance mutations 485• Pesticide resistance mutations 421 • Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 230, 429 • Transduction in bacteria 484 • Transposons present in incoming DNA

364, 365

14

Gen

e Ex

pre

ssio

n: F

rom

Gen

e to

Pro

tein

278–302



2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduc-tion and dynamic homeostasis include temporal regulation and coordination.



2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.


3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Men-delian genetics.


LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.15 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]

• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 326, 389, 560, 561

• Immune function 733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746

• C. elegans development 326 • Flower development 620, 621, 623, 625• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,

293, 335• Excision of introns 288, 740• Enzymatic reactions 56, 122, 131, 132,

133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 290• Transport by proteins 95, 100, 101, 102,

103, 108, 130 • Synthesis 264, 345• Degradation 690 • Electrophoresis 272 • Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271,


330, 331, 332 • Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromo-

somes (X in humans) 202, 203, 240, 241 • In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome

is very small and carries few genes 240, 242

• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males 240



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15

Reg

ulat

ion

of

Gen

e Ex

pre

ssio

n

303–320










2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.




3.B.1: Gene regulation results in dif-ferential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.


4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.

4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism.

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.7 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.8 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3] LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4] LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]

• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants 641, 648, 649, 650, 652, 653, 654, 655

• Hibernation and migration in animals 829, 864, 914

• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi 204, 483, 522, 525

• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian rhythms 651, 793, 796, 797, 814

• Shivering and sweating in humans 676 • Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 326, 389,

560, 561• Immune function 733, 734, 735, 736, 738,

739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746• C. elegans development 326 • Flower development 620, 621, 623, 625• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,

293, 335 • Excision of introns 288, 740 • Enzymatic reactions 56, 122, 131, 132, 133,

135, 136, 137, 138, 290 • Transport by proteins 95, 100, 101, 102,

103, 108, 130 • Synthesis 264, 345 • Degradation 690 • Electrophoresis 272 • Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271, 273,

350, 481, 484, 485 • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 271 • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 273 • Genetically modified foods 633, 635 • Transgenic animals 283, 284• Cloned animals 270, 271, 273, 317, 318,

330, 331, 332 • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 193 • Action of platelet-derived growth factor


control 194, 195, 196, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339

• Promoters 285, 306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 313

• Terminators 285, 310 • Enhancers 310, 311, 312, 313• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow

for cell replication and division 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 206, 207, 209




• Ethylene levels cause changes in the produc-tion of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen 642, 647



Page COM-13 of 41

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303–320





• Height and weight in humans 226 • Sex determination in reptiles 753• Effect of increased UV on melanin production

on animals 226

16

Dev

elo

pm

ent,

Ste

m C

ells

, an

d C

ance

r

321–341













3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.



LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4] LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]

• Cohesion 33• Adhesion 34 • High specific heat capacity 34, 62 • Universal solvent supports reactions 36 • Heat of vaporization 35 • Water’s thermal conductivity 34 • Root hairs 577, 584, 585, 586, 602, 605,

606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697 • Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 326,

389, 560, 561 • Immune function 733, 734, 735, 736, 738,

739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746 • C. elegans development 326 • Flower development 620, 621, 623, 625• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,



103, 108, 130 • Synthesis 264, 345 • Degradation 690 • Electrophoresis 272• Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271,


330, 331, 332 • Promoters 285, 306, 307, 310, 311,

312, 313 • Terminators 285, 310 • Enhancers 310, 311, 312, 313• Antibiotic resistance mutations 485 • Pesticide resistance mutations 421 • Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 230, 429


Page COM-14 of 41

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17

Vir

uses

342–356







3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.15 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]






330, 331, 332 • Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromo-

somes (X in humans) 202, 203, 240, 241 • In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is

very small and carries few genes 240, 242 • In mammals and flies, females are XX and




advantage 230, 429 • Transduction in bacteria 484

18

Gen

om

es a

nd

Th

eir

Evo

luti

on

357–377







LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]


• Immune function 733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746

• C. elegans development 326• Flower development 620, 621, 623, 625


Page COM-15 of 41

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UNIT 3 Evolution, pg. 378

19

Des

cen

t w

ith

Mo

difi

cati

on

379–394





1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.

1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution.





1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.

1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.

LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2] LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1, 4.1]LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4] LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]


• Analysis of sequence data sets 294• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 12, 353, 372,

384, 391, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 463, 486, 502, 503, 505, 506, 512, 513, 520, 521, 522, 548, 551, 561, 562, 748




• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides or chemo-therapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 22




20

Phyl

og

eny

395–412









LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]


• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 428, 429, 517• Natural selection of beetles by coloration 12 • DDT resistance in insects 883, 921 • Artificial selection 385, 633 • Loss of genetic diversity within a crop

species 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915

• Overuse of antibiotics 388 • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural pro-

teins that facilitate cell movement, morpho-logical integrity and organelle transport) 5, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104







Page COM-16 of 41

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20

Phyl

og

eny

(co

nti

nue

d)

395–412



• Emergent diseases 352, 353 • Observed directional phenotypic change

in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 11, 13, 413

• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain and the immune system 389, 391, 560, 561, 562, 709, 794, 795

21

The

Evo

luti

on

of

Pop

ulat

ion

s

413–433






3.A: Heritable infor-mation provides for continuity of life.










LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2] LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1, 4.1]LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4] LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]



• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 428, 429, 517• Natural selection of beetles by coloration 12 • DDT resistance in insects 883, 921 • Artificial selection 385, 633 • Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species

907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915 • Overuse of antibiotics 388• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a

population 425, 427 • Analysis of sequence data sets 294 • Analysis of phylogenetic trees 12, 353, 372,

384, 391, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 463, 486, 502, 503, 505, 506, 512, 513, 520, 521, 522, 548, 551, 561, 562, 748







• Emergent diseases 352, 353



Page COM-17 of 41

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21 T

he

Evo

luti

on

o

f Po

pul

atio

ns

(c

on

tin

ued

)

413–433

• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 11, 13, 413


• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 298, 428, 429, 517• Tay-Sachs disease 224• Huntington’s disease 231• X-linked color blindness 241• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250 • Klinefelter’s syndrome 249 • Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863

22

The

Ori

gin

of

Spec

ies

434–451







1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have oc-curred throughout the Earth’s history.

1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively iso-lated from each other.


LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1, 4.1]LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4] LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]LO 1.22 [See SP 6.4]LO 1.23 [See SP 4.1]LO 1.24 [See SP 7.2]LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]



• Five major extinctions 463 • Human impact on ecosystems and species

extinction rates 571, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 899, 900, 901, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 917, 919, 920, 921, 922, 928, 929


• Emergent diseases 352, 353• Observed directional phenotypic change in a


• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain and the immune system 389, 391, 560, 561, 562, 709, 794, 795

23

Bro

ad P

atte

rns

of

Evo

luti

on

452–472









1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.

1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history.



1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the origin of life.


LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2] LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]










Page COM-18 of 41

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452–472LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]






advantage 230, 429

UNIT 4 The Evolutionary History of Life, pg. 473

24

Earl

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fe a

nd

th

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iver

sifi

cati

on

of

Pro

kary

ote

s

474–496








2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.








2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.

2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.


3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.

3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4] LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]


• Analysis of sequence data sets 294 • Analysis of phylogenetic trees 12, 353, 372,

384, 391, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 463, 486, 502, 503, 505, 506, 512, 513, 520, 521, 522, 548, 551, 561, 562, 748




• Cohesion 33 • Adhesion 34 • High specific heat capacity 34, 62 • Universal solvent supports reactions 36 • Heat of vaporization 35 • Water’s thermal conductivity 34 • Root hairs 577, 584, 585, 586, 602, 605,

606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697 • Cell density 186 • Biofilms 482 • Temperature 126, 673, 674, 675, 677, 895 • Water availability 842, 843, 844, 845, 846,

847, 848, 849, 850, 851 • Sunlight 8, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,

173, 174, 177, 847, 848, 903 • Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism,

parasitism) 9, 491, 603, 608, 619, 691, 867, 868, 872, 873, 902, 903

• Predator–prey relationships 545, 772, 774, 777, 863, 871, 875, 876, 902



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24

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cati

on

of

Pro

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ote

s (c

on

tin

ued

)

474–496


LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]

• Water and nutrient availability, tempera-ture, salinity, pH 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39

• Water and nutrient availability 842, 843, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851

• Food chains and food webs 603, 875, 876, 877, 888, 893, 898, 903

• Species diversity 571, 873, 874, 875, 879, 880, 881, 882, 907

• Population density 855, 856, 858, 859, 860, 861, 882, 863, 864

• Algal blooms 919 • Phototropism, or the response to the pres-

ence of light 640, 641, 642, 649• Photoperiodism, or the response to change

in length of the day that results in flowering in long-day and short-day plants 651, 652, 653

• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 651, 653, 666, 795, 796, 797, 826

• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 796, 797, 827

• Jet lag in humans 651 • Seasonal responses, such as hibernation,

estivation, and migration 826 • Release and reaction to pheromones

827, 828 • Visual displays in the reproductive cycle

203, 204, 347, 348, 350, 514, 517, 522, 523, 525, 623, 761, 762, 764

• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds and certain types of bacteria 488, 514

• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,



103, 108, 130 • Synthesis 264, 345 • Degradation 690 • Electrophoresis 272• Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271,

273, 350, 481, 484, 485• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 271• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 273• Genetically modified foods 633, 635• Transgenic animals 283, 284• Cloned animals 270, 271, 273, 317, 318,

330, 331, 332• G-protein linked receptors 116 • Ligand-gated ion channels 116



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474–496

• Receptor tyrosine kinases 118, 119 • Ligand-gated ion channels 116 • Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,

cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP_3) 118, 119

• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 703

• Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihis-tamines and Birth Control Drugs) 796

25

The

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an

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iver

sifi

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on

of

Euka

ryo

tes

497–519






2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.








2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into spe-cialized regions.



4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.41 [See SP 5.3, 7.1] LO 2.13 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.14 [See SP 1.2, 1.4]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]







• Krebs cycle 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Glycolysis 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Calvin cycle 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177










• Endoplasmic reticulum 64, 73, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 98, 178



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497–519

• Mitochondria 73, 78, 79, 88, 89, 90, 98, 178

• Chloroplasts 73, 78, 86, 88, 89, 90, 98, 178, 526

• Golgi 73, 78, 79, 84, 87, 98, 104, 179 • Nuclear envelope 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85,

87, 98• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants

641, 648, 649, 650, 652, 653, 654, 655 • Hibernation and migration in animals 829,

864, 914 • Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduc-

tion in fungi 204, 483, 522, 525 • Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian

rhythms 651, 793, 796, 797, 814 • Shivering and sweating in humans 676

26

The

Co

lon

izat

ion

of

Lan

d b

y Pl

ants

an

d F

ung

i

520–544



















LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4]LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]











• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduc-tion in fungi 204, 483, 522, 525


• Shivering and sweating in humans 676 • Phototropism, or the response to the

presence of light 640, 641, 642, 649 • Photoperiodism, or the response to change

in length of the day that results in flowering in long-day and short-day plants 651, 652, 653




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26

The

Co

lon

izat

ion

of

Lan

d b

y Pl

ants

an

d F

ung

i (co

nti

nue

d)

520–544





203, 204, 347, 348, 350, 514, 517, 522, 523, 525, 623, 761, 762, 764


• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 206, 207, 209




• Ethylene levels cause changes in the pro-duction of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen 642, 647





• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] 739, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745





671, 672, 673 • Thyroid hormones 669, 671, 673• Testosterone 117, 761 • Estrogen 338, 669


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27

The

Ris

e o

f A

nim

al D

iver

sity

545–573












LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]


• Analysis of sequence data sets 294• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 12, 353, 372,

384, 391, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 463, 486, 502, 503, 505, 506, 512, 513, 520, 521, 522, 548, 551, 561, 562, 748









• Emergent diseases 352, 353• Observed directional phenotypic change

in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 11, 13, 413






• Shivering and sweating in humans 676


Page COM-24 of 41

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UNIT 5 Plant Form and Function, pg. 574

28

Plan

t St

ruct

ure

and

Gro

wth

575–592










LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4] LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]


• Immune function 733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746

• C. elegans development 326 • Flower development 620, 621, 623, 625• Promoters 285, 306, 307, 310, 311,

312, 313 • Terminators 285, 310 • Enhancers 310, 311, 312, 313

29

Res

our

ce A

cqui

siti

on

, Nut

riti

on

, an

d T

ran

spo

rt in

Vas

cula

r Pl

ants

593–618



2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.






2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure.


2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.



LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.43 [See SP 7.2]LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]


606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697• Operons in gene regulation 305, 306 • Temperature regulation in animals 668,


613, 614, 647, 656, 657 • Lactation in mammals 669, 670 • Onset of labor in childbirth 768 • Ripening of fruit 642, 647 • Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased

insulin 703 • Dehydration in response to decreased anti-

diuretic hormone (ADH) 685 • Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 671 • Blood clotting 719 • Invertebrate immune systems have nonspe-

cific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses 735

• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with sys-temic responses 735

• infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects 736, 744, 745

• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspe-cific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens 734, 736, 738, 739, 740, 741


Page COM-25 of 41

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30

Rep

rod

ucti

on

an

d D

om

esti

cati

on

of

Flo

wer

ing

Pla

nts

619–638


Big Idea 3: Living systems store, re-trieve, transmit, and respond to informa-tion essential to life processes









LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.7 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.8 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3] LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]


• Immune function 733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746

• C. elegans development 326 • Flower development 620, 621, 623, 625• Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,



103, 108, 130• Synthesis 264, 345 • Degradation 690 • Electrophoresis 272 • Plasmid-based transformation 270, 271,


330, 331, 332 • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 193 • Action of platelet-derived growth factor


control 194, 195, 196, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339


advantage 230, 429

31

Plan

t R

esp

on

ses

to In

tern

al

and

Ext

ern

al S

ign

als

639–661








LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.41 [See SP 5.3, 7.1]LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]





606, 607• Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697• Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697



Page COM-26 of 41

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31Pl

ant

Res

po

nse

s to

Inte

rnal

an

d E

xter

nal

Sig

nal

s (c

on

tin

ued

)

639–661








LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.43 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

• Operons in gene regulation 305, 306 • Temperature regulation in animals 668,

669, 670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677• Plant responses to water limitations 598,

613, 614, 647, 656, 657• Lactation in mammals 669, 670• Onset of labor in childbirth 768• Ripening of fruit 642, 647• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased

insulin 703• Dehydration in response to decreased anti-

diuretic hormone (ADH) 685• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 671• Blood clotting 719 • Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants

641, 648, 649, 650, 652, 653, 654, 655• Hibernation and migration in animals 829,



rhythms 651, 793, 796, 797, 814 • Shivering and sweating in humans 676 • Invertebrate immune systems have nonspe-

cific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses 735


• Infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects 736, 744, 745


• Phototropism, or the response to the pres-ence of light 640, 641, 642, 649

• Photoperiodism, or the response to change in length of the day that results in flowering in long-day and short-day plants 651, 652, 653






203, 204, 347, 348, 350, 514, 517, 522, 523, 525, 623, 761, 762, 764



Page COM-27 of 41

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UNIT 6 Animal Form and Function, pg. 662

32

The

Inte

rnal

En

viro

nm

ent

of

An

imal

s: O

rgan

izat

ion

an

d R

egul

atio

n

663–687





1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.

1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.

2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free en-ergy and matter.

2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion and dynamic homeo-stasis require that cells create and maintain inter-nal environments that are different from their exter-nal environments.



2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis in-clude temporal regulation and coordination.

3.E: Transmission of infor-mation results in changes within and between bio-logical systems.

1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution.





2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes.

2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes.



2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and diver-gence due to adaptation in different environments.

2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis.


3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.

LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2] LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1] LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1] LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2] LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]LO 2.28 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]




• Linear chromosomes 6, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191 • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear

envelope 5, 64, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98






606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697• Glucose transport 173• Na+/K+ transport 142• Operons in gene regulation 305, 306• Temperature regulation in animals 668, 669,

670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677• Plant responses to water limitations 598, 613,

614, 647, 656, 657• Lactation in mammals 669, 670 • Onset of labor in childbirth 768• Ripening of fruit 642, 647• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased

insulin 703 • Dehydration in response to decreased antidiu-

retic hormone (ADH) 685• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 671• Blood clotting 719 • Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants

641, 648, 649, 650, 652, 653, 654, 655• Hibernation and migration in animals 829,

864, 914



Page COM-28 of 41

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32

The

Inte

rnal

En

viro

nm

ent

of

An

imal

s: O

rgan

izat

ion

an

d R

egul

atio

n (

con

tin

ued

)

663–687



• Shivering and sweating in humans 676• Cell density 186• Biofilms 482• Temperature 126, 673, 674, 675, 677, 895• Water availability 842, 843, 844, 845, 846,

847, 848, 849, 850, 851• Sunlight 8, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,

173, 174, 177, 847, 848, 903• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism,

parasitism) 9, 491, 603, 608, 619, 691, 867, 868, 872, 873, 902, 903


• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39





• Algal blooms 919 • Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants

589, 594, 613, 614 • Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food

vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 692, 693, 694, 696, 697

• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 728, 729

• Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals 678, 679, 680, 681, 683, 684, 685

• Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms and vertebrates 526, 678, 679, 680, 681, 683, 684, 685, 707

• Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists 678

• Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants 598

• Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians and mammals 225, 707, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 718, 720

• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mecha-nisms) 673, 674, 675, 676, 677

• Dehydration 678, 685 • Immunological responses to pathogens,

toxins, and allergens 745, 746 • Invasive and/or eruptive species 910 • Human impact 880, 881 • Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes,

fires 878, 879 • Water limitation 878, 879



Page COM-29 of 41

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663–687


• Immune function 733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746

• C. elegans development 326• Flower development 620, 621, 623, 625• Acetylcholine 786, 787• Epinephrine 786, 787• Norepinephrine 786, 787• Dopamine 786, 787• Serotonin 786, 787• GABA 786, 787• Vision 795, 799, 807• Hearing 799, 805, 806, 807• Muscle movement 795, 815, 816, 817, 818,

819, 820, 821, 822• Abstract thought and emotions 795, 796, 799 • Neuro-hormone production 669, 670, 671• Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem) and

hindbrain (cerebellum) 794, 795, 796, 797• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in

humans 795

33

An

imal

Nut

riti

on

688–705

Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life

Big Idea 2: Biologi-cal systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis

Big Idea 4: Biologi-cal systems interact, and these systems and their interac-tions possess com-plex properties



4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems.


2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes.

4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.

4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]LO 4.18 [See SP 1.4]



• Linear chromosomes 6, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191• Endomembrane systems, including the

nuclear envelope 5, 64, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98

• Operons in gene regulation 305, 306 • Temperature regulation in animals 668,



insulin 703 • Dehydration in response to decreased

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 685 • Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 671 • Blood clotting 719 • Exchange of gases 706, 722, 723, 724,

725, 726, 727, 728, 729 • Circulation of fluids 709, 710, 711, 712,

713, 714, 715, 716 • Digestion of food 691, 692, 693, 694, 695,

696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 703 • Excretion of wastes 526, 678, 679, 680,



sea vents 490


Page COM-30 of 41

Chapters/Sections




34

Cir

cula

tio

n a

nd

Gas

Exc

han

ge

706–732

Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecu-lar building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dy-namic homeostasis.


Big Idea 4: Biologi-cal systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.





3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evo-lutionary history.

4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within or-ganisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.18 [See SP 1.4]

• Phototropism, or the response to the presence of light 640, 641, 642, 649







203, 204, 347, 348, 350, 514, 517, 522, 523, 525, 623, 761, 762, 764


• DNA repair mechanisms 266 • Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction


down in mammals 115, 672 • Exchange of gases 706, 722, 723, 724,

725, 726, 727, 728, 729 • Circulation of fluids 709, 710, 711, 712,

713, 714, 715, 716 • Digestion of food 691, 692, 693, 694, 695,

696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 703 • Excretion of wastes 526, 678, 679, 680,



sea vents 490

35

The

Imm

une

Syst

em

733–750







LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.43 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]

• Invertebrate immune systems have nonspe-cific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses 735






down in mammals 115, 672


Page COM-31 of 41

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36

Rep

rod

ucti

on

an

d D

evel

op

men

t

751–771






3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.



2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behavior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection.




LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.7 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.8 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3] LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]

• Operons in gene regulation 305, 306• Temperature regulation in animals

668, 669, 670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677

• Plant responses to water limitations 598, 613, 614, 647, 656, 657

• Lactation in mammals 669, 670 • Onset of labor in childbirth 768 • Ripening of fruit 642, 647 • Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased


antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 685 • Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 671 • Blood clotting 719 • Photoperiodism and phototropism in

plants 641, 648, 649, 650, 652, 653, 654, 655




• Shivering and sweating in humans 676 • Hibernation 829, 864, 914 • Migration 829, 864, 914 • Courtship 822, 833, 914 • Availability of resources leading to fruiting

body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria 488, 514

• Niche and resource partitioning 608, 868

• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 491, 603, 606, 607

• Biology of pollination 571 • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 193 • Action of platelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF) 194 • Cancer results from disruptions in cell

cycle control 194, 195, 196, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339


• Tay-Sachs disease 224 • Huntington’s disease 231 • X-linked color blindness 241 • Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 250 • Klinefelter’s syndrome 249 • Reproduction issues 758, 769, 863 • Promoters 285, 306, 307, 310, 311,

312, 313 • Terminators 285, 310 • Enhancers 310, 311, 312, 313


Page COM-32 of 41

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37

Neu

ron

s, S

ynap

ses,

an

d S

ign

alin

g

772–789







3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.





3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, trans-mit and integrate information, and pro-duce responses.

LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]


• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 428, 429, 517 • Natural selection of beetles by

coloration 12 • DDT resistance in insects 883, 921 • Artificial selection 385, 633 • Loss of genetic diversity within a crop

species 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915

• Overuse of antibiotics 388 • Phototropism, or the response to the pres-

ence of light 640, 641, 642, 649 • Photoperiodism, or the response to

change in length of the day that results in flowering in long-day and short-day plants 651, 652, 653






203, 204, 347, 348, 350, 514, 517, 522, 523, 525, 623, 761, 762, 764




down in mammals 115, 672 • Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,

antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. [See also 2.D.4] 739, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745





671, 672, 673



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• Thyroid hormones 669, 671, 673 • Testosterone 117, 761 • Estrogen 338, 669 • Acetylcholine 786, 787 • Epinephrine 786, 787 • Norepinephrine 786, 787 • Dopamine 786, 787 • Serotonin 786, 787 • GABA 786, 787 • Vision 795, 799, 807 • Hearing 799, 805, 806, 807 • Muscle movement 795, 815, 816, 817,

818, 819, 820, 821, 822 • Abstract thought and emotions 795,

796, 799 • Neuro-hormone production 669, 670, 671 • Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem)

and hindbrain (cerebellum) 794, 795, 796, 797

• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans 795

38

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an

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enso

ry S

yste

ms

790–813










2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments.




3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, trans-mit and integrate information, and pro-duce responses.

LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]LO 2.43 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]

• Operons in gene regulation 305, 306• Temperature regulation in animals 668,

669, 670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677• Plant responses to water limitations 598,



antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 685 • Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 671 • Blood clotting 719• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants

641, 648, 649, 650, 652, 653, 654, 655 • Hibernation and migration in animals 829,



rhythms 651, 793, 796, 797, 814 • Shivering and sweating in humans 676 • Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial

plants 589, 594, 613, 614 • Digestive mechanisms in animals such as

food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 692, 693, 694, 696, 697

• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terres-trial animals 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 728, 729

• Nitrogenous waste production and elimina-tion in aquatic and terrestrial animals 678, 679, 680, 681, 683, 684, 685




Chapters/Sections




38

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790–813




• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terres-trial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 673, 674, 675, 676, 677

• Invertebrate immune systems have nonspe-cific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses 735











203, 204, 347, 348, 350, 514, 517, 522, 523, 525, 623, 761, 762, 764




down in mammals 115, 672 • Acetylcholine 786, 787• Epinephrine 786, 787• Norepinephrine 786, 787 • Dopamine 786, 787 • Serotonin 786, 787 • GABA 786, 787 • Vision 795, 799, 807 • Hearing 799, 805, 806, 807


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• Muscle movement 795, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822

• Abstract thought and emotions 795, 796, 799

• Neuro-hormone production 669, 670, 671 • Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem)



39

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814–838







3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity of life.




2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physiological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.

2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behavior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection.


3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.

LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]LO 3.1 [See SP 6.2, 6.5]LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]


• Sickle cell anemia 62, 230, 428, 429, 517 • Natural selection of beetles by

coloration 12 • DDT resistance in insects 883, 921 • Artificial selection 385, 633 • Loss of genetic diversity within a crop

species 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915

• Overuse of antibiotics 388 • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural pro-

teins that facilitate cell movement, morpho-logical integrity and organelle transport) 5, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104











203, 204, 347, 348, 350, 514, 517, 522, 523, 525, 623, 761, 762, 764




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39

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814–838

• Hibernation 829, 864, 914 • Migration 829, 864, 914 • Courtship 822, 833, 914• Availability of resources leading to fruiting

body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria 488, 514

• Niche and resource partitioning 608, 868

• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 491, 603, 606, 607

• Biology of pollination 571 • Addition of a poly-A tail 287, 740 • Addition of a GTP cap 116, 119, 292,




273, 350, 481, 484, 485 • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 271 • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 273 • Genetically modified foods 633, 635 • Cloned animals 270, 271, 273, 317, 318,

330, 331, 332 • Acetylcholine 786, 787 • Epinephrine 786, 787 • Norepinephrine 786, 787 • Dopamine 786, 787 • Serotonin 786, 787 • GABA 786, 787 • Vision 795, 799, 807 • Hearing 799, 805, 806, 807 • Muscle movement 795, 815, 816, 817,

818, 819, 820, 821, 822 • Abstract thought and emotions 795,

796, 799 • Neuro-hormone production 669,

670, 671 • Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem)




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UNIT 7 Ecology, pg. 839

40

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840–866





2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.




1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other.



4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways.

4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance.

4.B.4: Distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time.



LO 1.22 [See SP 6.4]LO 1.23 [See SP 4.1]LO 1.24 [See SP 7.2] LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.19 [See SP 2.2, 5.2]LO 4.20 [See SP 6.2, 6.3]LO 4.21 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]





• Cell density 186• Biofilms 482• Temperature 126, 673, 674, 675, 677, 895 • Water availability 842, 843, 844, 845, 846,

847, 848, 849, 850, 851• Sunlight 8, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,

173, 174, 177, 847, 848, 903• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism,

parasitism) 9, 491, 603, 608, 619, 691, 867, 868, 872, 873, 902, 903







• Algal blooms 919 • Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet

model 870, 876• Symbiotic relationship 491, 867, 868, 872, 873• Graphical representation of field data 870• Introduction of species 910 • Global climate change models 516, 922,

923, 924, 925 • Loss of keystone species 876 • Kudzu 910• Logging, slash and burn agriculture, urbaniza-

tion, monocropping, infrastructure develop-ment (dams, transmission lines, roads), and global climate change threaten ecosystems and life on Earth 909, 910, 911, 914, 916

• An introduced species can exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors, thus exploiting new resources 870, 900, 910

• Introduction of new diseases can devastate native species (Dutch elm disease, Potato blight, Small pox [historic example for Native Americans]) 351, 352, 660, 917, 918, 920, 927

• Continental drift 458, 460• Prairie chickens 423, 913• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 541


Page COM-38 of 41

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41

Spec

ies

Inte

ract

ion

s

867–885













3.E.1: Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others.

4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex proper-ties due to interactions between their con-stituent parts.




4.B.4: Distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time.

4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism.



LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.41 [See SP 5.3, 7.1] LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]LO 3.40 [See SP 5.1]LO 3.41 [See SP 1.1]LO 3.42 [See SP 7.1]LO 4.8 [See SP 3.3]LO 4.9 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.10 [See SP 1.3]LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.19 [See SP 2.2, 5.2]LO 4.20 [See SP 6.2, 6.3]LO 4.21 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]

• Krebs cycle 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Glycolysis 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Calvin cycle 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177

• Fermentation 156• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy









• Cell density 186 • Biofilms 482 • Temperature 126, 673, 674, 675, 677, 895 • Water availability 842, 843, 844, 845, 846,

847, 848, 849, 850, 851 • Sunlight 8, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,

173, 174, 177, 847, 848, 903 • Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism,

parasitism) 9, 491, 603, 608, 619, 691, 867, 868, 872, 873, 902, 903







• Algal blooms 919 • Fight or flight response 793, 795 • Predator warnings 545, 871 • Protection of young 405, 406, 755, 833 • Plant-plant interactions due to

herbivory 658• Avoidance responses 815• Herbivory responses 658



Page COM-39 of 41

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41

Spec

ies

Inte

ract

ion

s (c

on

tin

ued

)

867–885

• Territorial marking in mammals 863 • Coloration in flowers 624 • Bee dances 827 • Birds songs 800 • Territorial marking in mammals 826, 863 • Pack behavior in animals 828, 829 • Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in

animals 829, 830, 831 • Colony and swarming behavior in

insects 835 • Coloration 826, 830, 833 • Parent and offspring interactions 833, 835 • Migration patterns 826, 864 • Courtship and mating behaviors 832, 833 • Foraging in bees and other animals 827 • Avoidance behavior to electric fences,

poisons, or traps 830, 831 • Stomach and small intestines 671, 672,

673, 674, 675, 677, 678 • Kidney and bladder 657, 659, 660, 661 • Root, stem and leaf 554, 555, 556, 557,

558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569

• Respiratory and circulatory 685, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 700, 701, 702, 703, 705, 706

• Nervous and muscular 818, 819 • Plant vascular and leaf 571, 572, 573, 574,

575, 577, 578, 581, 586, 587, 589, 591, 592, 593, 594

• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet model 870, 876

• Symbiotic relationship 491, 867, 868, 872, 873

• Graphical representation of field data 870 • Introduction of species 910 • Global climate change models 516, 922,

923, 924, 925 • Loss of keystone species 876 • Kudzu 910• Logging, slash and burn agriculture, ur-

banization, monocropping, infrastructure development (dams, transmission lines, roads), and global climate change threaten ecosystems and life on Earth 909, 910, 911, 914, 916

• An introduced species can exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors, thus exploiting new resources 870, 900, 910

• Introduction of new diseases can devastate native species (Dutch elm disease, Potato blight, Small pox [historic example for Native Americans]) 351, 352, 660, 917, 918, 920, 927

• Continental drift 458, 460 • Height and weight in humans 226 • Sex determination in reptiles 753 • Effect of increased UV on melanin produc-

tion on animals 226 • Prairie chickens 423, 913 • Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 541


Page COM-40 of 41

Chapters/Sections




42

Eco

syst

ems

and

En

erg

y

886–905









2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and diver-gence due to adaptation in different environments.


LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.41 [See SP 5.3, 7.1] LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]

• Krebs cycle 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Glycolysis 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158

• Calvin cycle 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177





• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) 861






606, 607 • Cells of the alveoli 725 • Cells of the villi 696, 697 • Microvilli 78, 79, 93, 526, 696, 697 • Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial

plants 589, 594, 613, 614 • Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food

vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 692, 693, 694, 696, 697

• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 728, 729

• Nitrogenous waste production and elimina-tion in aquatic and terrestrial animals 678, 679, 680, 681, 683, 684, 685





• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terres-trial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 673, 674, 675, 676, 677


Page COM-41 of 41

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43

Glo

bal

Eco

log

y an

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on

serv

atio

n B

iolo

gy

906–931
















LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]LO 2.42 [See SP 3.1]LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.19 [See SP 2.2, 5.2]LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]







• Shivering and sweating in humans 676• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet

model 870, 876 • Symbiotic relationship 491, 867, 868,

872, 873 • Graphical representation of field data 870 • Introduction of species 910 • Global climate change models 516, 922,

923, 924, 925 • Loss of keystone species 876 • Kudzu 910• Prairie chickens 423, 913 • Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 541


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