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Campaign to End Impunity in Burma Advocacy Toolkit Burma Lawyers’ Council May 2010

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Page 1: Campaign to End Impunity in Burma · to the International Criminal Court (ICC), which would in turn restore the rule of law to Burma. Most importantly, reforming state institutions

      

Campaign to End Impunity in Burma 

 Advocacy Toolkit 

 

 

 

Burma Lawyers’ Council 

May 2010 

Page 2: Campaign to End Impunity in Burma · to the International Criminal Court (ICC), which would in turn restore the rule of law to Burma. Most importantly, reforming state institutions

Toolkit Components  

• Overview: Campaign to End Impunity in Burma                     

• Q & A: The International Criminal Court (ICC)                     

• Definitions of International Crimes Under the Rome Statute and Examples of Violations 

• Advantages of an ICC Referral for the People of Burma 

• The Commission of Inquiry and Referral to the International Criminal Court 

• ICC Chief Prosecutor's Initiation of Investigations Proprio Motu to Facilitate Ending Impunity in Burma 

• Reformation of Judiciary to End Impunity in Burma 

• Q & A: The 2010 Elections and the Campaign to End Impunity in Burma 

• Intersections Between the Campaign to End Impunity in Burma and Other Campaigns 

• Messages and Opportunities for Faith‐Based Groups 

• Recent Notable Successes in the Campaign 

• How to Get Involved in the Campaign to End Impunity in Burma 

• Appendix 

The purpose of this toolkit is to introduce individuals and organizations already familiar with Burma’s human rights situation to the work of the campaign to end impunity in Burma.  The following materials are introductory in nature.  For more detailed information, please contact:  Burma Lawyers’ Council P.O. Box 144 Mae Sot, Tak Thailand 63110  U Aung Htoo, General Secretary, [email protected] Nant Shan Hpound, ICC Team Leader, [email protected] Andrea Gittleman, Arthur Helton Human Rights Fellow, [email protected]   This toolkit is intended to be a living document.  Please send ideas for additions and other suggestions to the above individuals.  

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Campaign to End Impunity in Burma  

Burma’s ruling junta, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) is committing war crimes and crimes against humanity under a system of  total  impunity. Local groups have documented these crimes and have demonstrated the widespread and systematic nature of the  abuses.  The  SPDC  enshrined  a  blanket  amnesty  for  perpetrators  of  these  heinous crimes in its 2008 Constitution, erasing hope that victims would be able to seek justice in Burma. The United Nations Security Council  (UNSC) can establish criminal accountability for Burmese leaders by creating a commission of inquiry (COI) to investigate international crimes in Burma. This commission may request that the UNSC refer the situation of Burma to  the  International Criminal Court  (ICC), which would  in  turn  restore  the  rule of  law  to Burma.  

Most  importantly,  reforming  state  institutions  from  those  controlled  by  the  military  to those which protect the rights of people on the basis of the rule of law is the overarching goal of the campaign and is a way to end impunity in Burma in the long term. 

 

Objectives 

• Urge the UNSC to establish a commission of inquiry to investigate international crimes and impunity in Burma and encourage the UNSC to refer the situation of Burma to the ICC. 

• Provide evidence to the Chief Prosecutor of the ICC in order that he may initiate investigations into conspirators with the regime who may fall under the Court’s jurisdiction.  

• Facilitate efforts for institutional reform in Burma, centering on the judiciary.  

 

Messages 

• The war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated by the SPDC are not just human rights abuses – they are international crimes that must be prosecuted. 

• Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 mandate accountability for perpetrators of sexual violence against civilians in conflict situations.  There can be no amnesty for such serious crimes. 

• The international community has a responsibility to protect civilians of Burma from further attacks and ensure government authorities obey their international obligations. One way to protect the people of Burma from future violence and provide a measure of justice for victims is to urge the UNSC to establish a commission of inquiry to investigate international crimes. 

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Q & A: The International Criminal Court (ICC) 

What is the ICC? 

The ICC is a permanent court established by the Rome Statute (a treaty agreement between countries) to prosecute persons for the most serious international crimes.  Why was there a need for the ICC? 

Various  post‐conflict  situations  required  ad  hoc  and  hybrid  tribunals  which  required difficult political negotiations, funding, and limited jurisdiction. There was a need to have a permanent court to deal with international crimes when and where they occurred without these limitations. Is the ICC part of the United Nations (UN)? 

No, the ICC is not a UN body, but it has a special relationship with the UN. The ICC reports to  the UN Security Council every year about what  is has been doing, and the UN Security Council has the power to make referrals to the court. 

Which crimes may be prosecuted under the ICC? Genocide,  crimes  against  humanity,  and war  crimes may  be  prosecuted  under  the  ICC  if they occur after 1 July 2002. 

Who may be prosecuted? 

Individuals (not organizations, groups, or any other entities) who commit a crime; order, solicit, or induce a crime; aid, abet, or otherwise assist a crime; contribute to a crime by a group of persons acting with a common purpose; attempt to commit such a crime; or incite others to commit genocide. 

Commanders  in  a  “superior‐subordinate  relationship”  with  the  perpetrator  of  the  crime may be prosecuted when: 

• the commander knew or should have known that the crimes were about to be or had been committed or 

• the commander failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures within his  or  her  power  to  prevent  or  repress  their  commission  or  to  refer  to  the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution  

How do cases come before the ICC? 

There are three ways in which a case can come before the ICC.   First, a country can refer itself to the Court if it is a state party to the Rome Statute.  Second, the prosecutor at the ICC can initiate an investigation on his or her own initiative if the country under investigation is a state party to the Rome Statute.  Third, if the country is not a state party to the Rome Statute,  the United Nations Security Council can refer  the situation to the ICC.   Under the principle  of  complementarity,  the  ICC will  only  have  jurisdiction over  crimes  if  domestic courts of the country are unwilling or unable to try the cases themselves.  

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Definitions of International Crimes Under the Rome Statute and Examples of Violations 

 Article 6: Genocide 

“Genocide” means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, as such: 

• Killing members of the group; • Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group (including rape 

and sexual assault); • Deliberately  inflicting  conditions  of  life  calculated  to  bring  about  its  physical 

destruction in whole or in part; • Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; • Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. 

Necessary condition: The conduct of the perpetrator must present a concrete threat to the existence of  the targeted group as opposed to being a  latent or hypothetical  threat.  If an intent  to  destroy  the  target  group  is  not  established  but  victims  are  chosen  due  to discriminatory premises, the act may qualify as persecution under the definition of crimes against humanity. Examples: There may not be conclusive evidence of genocide until an official commission of inquiry investigates international crimes in Burma, but repeated attacks against particular ethnic  groups may  indicate  the  State  Peace  and Development  Council  (SPDC)’s  intent  to destroy  these  groups.    Note  that  finding  this  intent  is  necessary  in  order  to  meet  the elements of the crime of genocide.  

Article 7: Crimes Against Humanity “Crimes against humanity” refers to any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread  or  systematic  attack  directed  against  any  civilian  population,  with knowledge of the attack: 

• Murder,  extermination,  enslavement,  deportation  or  forcible  transfer  of population,  imprisonment  in  violation  of  international  law  principles,  torture, sexual  violence,  persecution  of  any  identifiable  group  or  collectivity,  enforced disappearance,  apartheid,  other  inhumane  acts  intentionally  causing  great suffering or serious injury to body, mental, or physical health. 

Necessary  condition:  Acts must  be  committed  as  part  of  a widespread  (large  scale)  or systematic (organized) attack against people NOT taking part in active hostilities. 

Examples: The SPDC has committed numerous crimes against humanity against the people of Burma.  The widespread and systematic forced relocation of people is but one example, as is the widespread sexual violence and persecution of ethnic groups.  These crimes are not  insular  but  rather  indicators  of  state  policies  to  use  criminal  acts  as  a  tool  of oppression.   

 

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Article 8: War Crimes 

“War  Crimes”  include  any  of  the  following  acts  committed  against  persons  taking  no active  part  in  the  hostilities,  including members  of  armed  forces who  have  laid  down their  arms  and  those  placed  out  of  combat  by  sickness, wounds,  detention  or  any  other cause (redacted list): 

• Violence  to  life  and person,  in  particular murder  of  all  kinds, mutilation,  cruel treatment and torture;  

• Committing  outrages  upon  personal  dignity,  in  particular  humiliating  and degrading treatment; 

• The  passing  of  sentences  and  the  carrying  out  of  executions without  previous judgment  pronounced  by  a  regularly  constituted  court,  affording  all  judicial guarantees which are generally recognized as indispensable; 

• Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities; 

• Intentionally  directing  attacks  against  buildings  dedicated  to  religious, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives; 

• Committing  rape,  sexual  slavery,  enforced  prostitution,  forced  pregnancy, enforced sterilization, and other forms of sexual violence; 

• Conscripting  or  enlisting  children  under  the  age  of  fifteen  years  into  armed forces or groups or using them to participate actively in hostilities; 

• Ordering  the displacement of  the civilian population  for  reasons  related  to  the conflict,  unless  the  security  of  the  civilians  involved  or  imperative  military reasons so demand; 

• Destroying  or  seizing  the  property  of  an  adversary  unless  such  destruction  or seizure be imperatively demanded by the necessities of the conflict.  

 Necessary condition: Existence of an armed conflict between two or more groups. Similar acts not conducted in an armed conflict may however qualify as crimes against humanity. 

Examples: The use of child soldiers by any party involved in armed conflict would be a war crime.   So too would be the use of rape as a weapon of war, indiscriminate attacks on civilians, and the forced relocation of civilians.   

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Advantages of an ICC Referral for the People of Burma 

Bringing  perpetrators  to  the  International  Criminal  Court  (ICC)  is  one  of  the  only ways  in which victims can receive some measure of justice.   

Victims  of  heinous  crimes  have  no  recourse  to  justice  in  Burma.    The  judicial  system  is under  the  thumb  of  the  State  Peace  and  Development  Council  (SPDC),  Burma’s military regime.  Such control over the judiciary render courts unable to effectively try perpetrators in  the  military.    A  provision  in  the  2008  Constitution  aims  to  solidify  impunity  for government  criminals.    Article  445  states  that  no  court will  have  the  power  to  hear  any proceeding against a member of the government, thereby granting a blanket amnesty to all military  perpetrators.    Because  there  is  no  opportunity  for  victims  to  seek  justice  in Burma’s domestic courts, they most look elsewhere.  The ICC was designed for these exact situations where domestic courts are unwilling or unable to try cases themselves.   

Indictments against SPDC officials will further isolate the regime politically.  

Other  countries  that  are parties  to  the Rome Statute would have  the obligation  to  arrest individuals in their territory who have ICC arrest warrants and turn them over to the Court. Traditional  allies  of  Burma would  have  difficulty  continuing  their  support  of  the  regime under these circumstances. 

An ICC referral would deter future crimes and increase international attention on Burma. 

An ICC referral will widen the international spotlight on Burma.  Action at the ICC level will show the SPDC that they will be held accountable for their actions. Additionally, pressure to bring perpetrators to trial can deter future commission of crimes. 

Local  non­governmental  organizations  will  conduct  significant  fact­finding  and documentation throughout the course of the campaign. 

In preparation for an ICC referral, local organizations are conducting significant fact‐finding efforts.    Various  organizations  are  documenting  cases  of  crimes  against  humanity,  war crimes, and other crimes to galvanize momentum for an ICC referral.  This information also can be used in international advocacy efforts for a number of other campaigns and as part of other transitional justice mechanisms after a shift to new leadership. 

While beneficial, an ICC referral is not enough. 

Action at the ICC needs to be mirrored by other reforms and justice initiatives within Burma.  Prosecutions at the ICC are one method of achieving justice, but these cases will focus only on selected individuals who are found to be the most responsible for the most serious crimes.  Transitional justice, on the other hand, is a holistic process that can punish perpetrators, legitimize the experiences of victims, and rebuild society.  Truth commissions, for example are venues through which victims can share their experiences and legitimize their suffering.  Institutional reform that allows the establishment of accountable and transparent government bodies is another important aspect of transitional justice.  The search for justice must be multi‐faceted and does not end with prosecutions.

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The Commission of Inquiry and Referral to the International Criminal Court 

Authority and Background 

Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) the authority to determine the existence of threats to peace in the international community, to make  recommendations,  and  to  take  certain measures  in order  to maintain or  restore international  peace  and  security.    One  of  the  ways  in  which  the  UNSC  can  determine  if threats  to peace exist  is by establishing a Commission of  Inquiry  (COI)  to  investigate  the conflict zone or by referring a particular situation to the International Criminal Court (ICC).  

Commission of Inquiry 

The COI is a fact‐finding mission consisting of a team of legal experts and investigators sent to  the  conflict  location  to  establish  whether  violations  of  international  law  and  human rights law have been committed, identify those responsible, and suggest further actions to ensure  that  those  responsible  are  held  accountable.    During  its  mission,  the  COI  may interview  witnesses,  visit  places  of  violent  conflict,  and  gather  physical  evidence  while working with the local authorities under United Nations protection.   

Establishing a COI 

The  UNSC  adopts  a  resolution  (which  requires  9  yes  votes  and  no  vetoes  from  the  5 permanent  members)  requesting  the  Secretary  General  to  set  up  the  COI  with  certain investigative  objectives  and deadlines  for  reporting.    The  Secretary General  appoints  the most  senior  members  of  the  investigative  mission,  including  the  Commission’s Chairperson.   

Report and Recommendation 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  its  mission,  the  COI  writes  a  comprehensive  report,  with recommendations,  and  submits  it  to  the  Secretary  General,  who  sends  the  report  to  the UNSC and its President.  The commission may suggest that the UNSC refer the matter to the International Criminal Court, as in the case of Sudan.       

From a COI to the ICC 

The UNSC has the power to make case referrals to the court according to Article 13 of the ICC Statute.  This is the only way for the ICC to have jurisdiction over alleged perpetrators from  states  that  have  not  signed  on  to  the  ICC  Statute,  such  as  Burma  and  Sudan.    If  a matter  is  referred  by  the  UNSC,  the  Prosecutor  can  investigate  conflict  and  indict  and prosecute  individuals  in  a  country  irrespective  of  the  nationality  of  the  accused  or  the location of the crime. 

The UNSC Referral Process 

Based on the COI report and recommendation, as in the case of Sudan, and other evidence, the UNSC may vote to refer the specific matter to the ICC.  The UNSC referral requires 9 yes votes  out  of  15.    UNSC members  can  decide  to  vote  for  or  against  a  referral,  or  abstain 

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(decide not to vote at all).  The permanent members of the UNSC – USA, France, China, UK and Russia – have the veto power over a successful referral.  Should a permanent member of the UNSC vote against a referral, the referral will be stopped.  If, however, a permanent member abstains from voting on a referral, the referral will be allowed to proceed should there be enough yes votes to pass it.   

The Importance of a COI as a First Step 

While a COI is not a legal requirement for the UNSC to refer a situation to the ICC, it builds the necessary political momentum to ensure sufficient yes votes and to deter vetoes from the  permanent members.   While  there may  be  ample  evidence  from  civil  society  groups regarding  the  commission  of  international  crimes,  the UNSC  is  often  reluctant  to  refer  a situation to the ICC without a thorough investigation by a UN body.   The  importance of a COI is evidenced by the successful referral of the case of Sudan to the ICC. 

 Differences Between the Situations of Sudan and Burma 

 The ICC issued arrest warrants for Omar Al‐Bashir, President of Sudan, on March 4, 2009. To  this  date,  Al‐Bashir  has  not  been  apprehended,  spurring  criticism  from  those  who believe  the  ICC  is  ineffective. Note, however,  that Al‐Bashir has avoided arrest due  to  the protection  of  the  African  Union  and  the  Arab  League.  In  Asia  there  is  no  regional organization that will protect Senior General Than Shwe or other  leaders. Also,  In Burma there is the charismatic national leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi who is well‐known around the  world;  there  is  the  National  League  for  Democracy  (NLD),  the  party  that  influences many  people  in  Burma;  there  are  the  1990  May  election  results  which  showed overwhelming  support  for  the  NLD;  and  almost  all  major  ethnic  armed  resistance organizations  are  struggling  against  the  rule  of  the  military  dictatorship  and  asking  for their  right  to  self‐determination. These  conditions do not  exist  in  Sudan.  If  the  ICC  takes action regarding Burma, it may impact political changes. Impunity can come to an end and the rule of law and long‐term peace can be restored.  

 

 

 

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The ICC Chief Prosecutor’s Initiation of Investigations Proprio Motu to Facilitate Ending Impunity in Burma 

Meeting with the ICC Chief Prosecutor 

Under the guidance of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC)’s initiation, representatives of  civil  society organizations  from  the  states  that  founded  the  ICC held a meeting with ICC Chief Prosecutor Mr. Luis Moreno‐Ocampo on 23 November 2009 during the Eighth session of the Assembly of States Parties. 

ICC Chief Prosecutor's Response to the Questions Regarding Burma 

The Chief Prosecutor, after collectively receiving questions  from a total of  fifteen nations, responded to questions regarding Burma. He responded with full interest and stated in his first  response  that  he  cannot  initiate  investigations proprio motu  (on  his  own  initiative) because Burma has not ratified the Rome Statute and because the UN Security Council has not  yet  referred  the  situation  of  Burma  to  the  ICC.  He  then  explained  in  detail  the conditions that might allow initiation of investigations proprio motu. He could do so only if he obtained evidence brought forward against a citizen belonging to one of the 110 states that have signed and ratified the Rome Statute which proves that the citizen has conspired with and abetted the SPDC in the commission of international crimes. 

The ICC Chief Prosecutor's Reference to the Case of David Benjamin from Israel 

The Chief Prosecutor explained the  issue by referring a specific  incident  in which the ICC currently  has  the  ability  to  prosecute  a  citizen.  Lieutenant‐Colonel David Benjamin  is  an Israel Defense Forces reserve officer who was on duty as a member of the Israeli Military Advocates  General's  international  law  department.  There  have  been  allegations  that Lieutenant‐Colonel Benjamin was involved in the war crimes committed during the three weeks of war  in Gaza. Mr. Benjamin  is  a  citizen of both  Israel  and South Africa. There  is currently no ability to prosecute him at the ICC since Israel has not signed nor ratified the Rome Statute. However, since South Africa has signed and has ratified the Rome Statute, if a South African  citizen  committed  a  crime  that  falls  into  one  of  three  international  crimes under the Rome Statute, then the ICC may exercise its jurisdiction to prosecute him. 

This would mean that there may be people who have conspired with and abetted the SPDC military  leaders  in committing a crime listed under the Rome Statute.  If  these individuals are citizens of one of the states that signed and ratified the Rome Statute, then they may fall under the ICC’s jurisdiction. Note that there are currently 111 states which have ratified the Rome Statute after Bangladesh did so in March 2010. 

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Reformation of the Judiciary to End Impunity in Burma  In  the  realm  of  human development,  one  of  the  core  principles  and  drivers  of  economic growth, political modernization and  the protection of human  rights  is  the  rule of  law  ‐  a legal‐political regime under which the law restrains the government by promoting certain liberties  and  creating  order  and  predictability  regarding  how  a  country  functions.  In  the most  basic  sense,  it  is  a  system  that  protects  the  rights  of  citizens  from  arbitrary  and abusive use of government power and has the effect of furthering democracy.   A politically independent and impartial judiciary is crucial to the establishment of the rule of law. It is necessary for resolving disputes among citizens as well as between citizens and the government in an unbiased, transparent, predictable and interpretive manner. Political independence is achieved through the separation of powers, which ensures that the courts are respected by all parties  to  the dispute, especially by the government  itself. Only after the establishment of the rule of law will ending impunity in Burma become a reality for the long term.   Burma’s  judiciary  has  been  unable  and  unwilling  to  confront  rampant,  systematic  and heinous  human  rights  violations  taking  place  on  Burma’s  soil  under  the  auspices  of  the regime.    Judicial  independence  and  impartiality  remain  nonexistent.  The  courts,  through SPDC directives, serve mainly to oppress political opponents and ethnic minorities.  Judges and  lawyers  are  unable  to  perform  their  professional  functions  impartially  for  fear  of reprisals should  they be  identified as opponents of  the regime. Due process and  fair  trial guarantees are ignored in practice and procedures for arrest and detention are frequently violated, particularly where persons are arrested on political grounds.  Mr.  Tomas  Ojea  Quintana,  UN  Special  Rapporteur  on  the  situation  of  human  rights  in Myanmar,  provided  the  following  recommendations  for  Burma’s  judiciary  in  September 2008:  

(a) Exercise full independence and impartiality, particularly in cases involving        prisoners of conscience; (b) Guarantee due process of law, including public hearings, in trials against       prisoners of conscience; (c) Refrain from charging individuals for alleged infringement of national laws       which are under review according to recommendation No. 1; (d) Establish effective judicial mechanisms to investigate human rights       abuses in order to fight impunity; (e) Seek international technical assistance with a view to establishing an   independent and impartial judiciary that is consistent with international   standards and principles.  

Institutional  reform  is  essential  and  must  accompany  any  international  prosecution. Centering  on  the  judiciary,  reforming  state  institutions  from  those  controlled  by  the military to those which protect the rights of people on the basis of the rule of law is the way to  end  impunity  in  Burma  for  the  long  term.  Reform  may  become  a  reality  through cooperation between the people of Burma and the international community.   

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Q & A: The 2010 Elections and the Campaign to End Impunity in Burma  

Why are the 2010 Elections important? 

The 2010 Elections will be  the  first  elections held  in Burma since 1990. The  ruling State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) announced these elections as a crucial part of their seven‐step  “Roadmap  to Democracy.” The SPDC alleges  that  completely new government officials  will  be  elected  in  an  attempt  to  transition  Burma  from military  to  civilian  rule. However,  the  imprisonment  of  key  opposition  leaders  and  strict  regulations  regarding political party formation and political candidacy will allow the SPDC to effectively eliminate real opposition. The elections are designed to promote civilian proxy parties that will act as a puppet government for the military. 

What is the relationship between the 2008 Constitution and the 2010 Elections? 

The  2008  Constitution  was  illegitimately  “approved”  under  a  referendum  marred  with electoral fraud during the Cyclone Nargis crisis, and would be implemented with the results of  the  2010  Elections.  The  Constitution  includes  aspects  contrary  to  international  legal principles,  and  fails  to  address  underlying  ethnic  and  social  issues  in  the  country. Additionally,  an  analysis  of  the  2008  Constitution  shows  that  certain  provisions  would perpetuate military control, eliminating the hope for transition to civilian governance.  

The 2008 Constitution  creates  and  exacerbates many problems  in  the  country.  Since  the 2008  Constitution  was  written  without  the  consultation  of  political  parties  and  ethnic groups, many of their concerns are not included. If a new government takes power without addressing  the  current  problems,  it  is  likely  that  the  internal  conflict  and  human  rights violations will continue. 

What is a specific problem of the 2008 Constitution? 

The  UN,  Amnesty  International,  Human  Rights  Watch,  and  many  other  human  rights organizations have documented  thousands of human rights violations perpetrated by  the SPDC. Article 445 of the constitution declares that no proceeding may be taken against any member of the SPDC or the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)—the SPDC’s predecessor—for  any  act  committed while  they were  in power. This  creates  a  culture of impunity where anyone  is  free  to  commit  crimes without punishment, which means  that the  legal  system  will  remain  dysfunctional  with  no  access  to  justice  for  victims.  The impunity  provision  violates  well‐established  customary  international  law.    There  is precedent  for nullifying such  illegal constitutions:  the UN Security Council nullified South Africa’s  1983  Constitution  because  it  served  to  perpetuate  apartheid.  Because  the  2008 Constitution  threatens  to  solidify  military  dictatorship,  similar  action  would  be  justified here.  

Is there any way that the elections and constitution could result in democratization? 

The  current  constitution does not  set up  the necessary  foundation  for democracy, which requires checks and balances between the different branches of government. Additionally, 

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because  of  specific  restrictions  in  the  new  constitution,  many  stakeholders  (different political and ethnic groups) will not be represented in parliament. 

Isn’t any civilian government, even flawed, better than a military dictatorship? 

The military  claims  a  dominant  role  that  allows  it  to  retain  de  facto  power  despite  the transition to a civilian government. For example, the military is guaranteed 25 percent of seats in parliament, and over 75 percent approval is needed to amend the constitution. As a result,  no  amendments  can  be made without military  agreement.  The  2008  Constitution also calls  for  the  introduction of  the National Defense and Security Council  (NDSC),  to be made up of individuals from a military background, which will exercise executive power in the  place  of  the  SPDC.  Most  importantly,  the  military  will  not  answer  to  a  civilian government. Without a civilian check, military rule will continue unabated. 

Why did the National League for Democracy decide to boycott the elections? 

The  SPDC  recently  announced  election  laws  that  deviate  from  international  democratic standards.    The  law  forbids  political  prisoners,  monks,  nuns,  and  other  people  from participating  in  the elections and requires political parties  to expel  imprisoned members before registering.   This particularly targets the National League for Democracy (NLD), of which nearly 500 of its members in prison and whose leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, is currently under house arrest.  The law also calls for the formation of an Election Commission, hand‐picked by the military, to oversee the electoral process.  The Commission can choose not to hold elections in areas of “security” risks, which may likely include areas where the junta is fighting ethnic minority groups.  The Commission would therefore have the power to deny large  swaths  of  voters  the  right  to  participate  in  the  elections.    The  election  laws  are designed to keep opposition groups out of power and promote allies of the junta.  The NLD recognized the election laws as wholly unjust and chose not to participate in elections that do not uphold basic democratic principles.   The leadership of the NLD likely chose not to participate  in  the  elections  because  they  did  not  want  to  lend  the  flawed  elections  any legitimacy.  Opposition groups are supporting the decision of the NLD as long as the 2008 Constitution and the election laws remain unchanged.  Such groups also urge local people to report observations of election fraud in order to document the illegality of the election. 

             

 

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Intersections Between the Campaign to End Impunity in Burma and Other Campaigns 

The 2010 Elections Campaign 

The  elections  do  not  represent  a  transition  to  democracy  but  rather  a  continuation  of military rule. The junta is taking steps to make sure that only members of the military and sympathetic  groups  emerge  successful  from  the  elections.  Approximately  2100  political prisoners remain behind bars, and the regime has shown no sign thus far of releasing them before the elections.   

The  2010  elections  will  perpetuate  rampant  criminality  and  will  maintain  a  culture  of impunity  in Burma.  The 2008 Constitution  threatens  to  enshrine  impunity  for  all  crimes committed by  the State Peace and Development Council  (SPDC),  including crimes against humanity and war crimes. The 2010 elections will institute the Constitution and threatens to erase any hope of criminal accountability in Burma. Because the SPDC and its allies will continue  to hold power after  the elections,  crimes against humanity  and war  crimes will continue unabated. The 2010 Elections Campaign highlights  the criminality of  the regime when urging  the  international  community not  to  support  the  elections. The Campaign  to End  Impunity  in  Burma  draws  urgency  from  the  upcoming  elections  to  call  the international community to action. 

There have been  increased attacks on ethnic groups and other civilians  leading up to  the elections.  Violence  surrounding  the  elections may  prove  to  be  examples  of  the  regime’s widespread  and  systematic  attacks  on  its  civilian  opponents.  In  a  part  of  the  regime’s recently released election law, the SPDC’s hand‐picked Election Commission can choose not to hold elections in areas of conflict for “security reasons.” In a twist of logic, the attacks on ethnic groups in conflict areas, some of which may constitute war crimes or crimes against humanity, will be a justification for cancelling elections in those areas.   

For  more  information  on  the  2010  Elections  campaign,  see  Burma  Partnership (www.burmapartnership.org). 

The Global Arms Embargo Campaign 

The  SPDC  spends  nearly  half  of  its  budget  on  the  military,  granting  a  sharply  skewed amount of resources  toward weaponry and away from people’s basic needs. The military uses its weaponry for its violent attacks on civilians, especially ethnic groups. A global arms embargo  would  prevent  the  regime  from  acquiring  new  weapons  and  would  stem  the regime’s attacks on  its people. Although a global  arms embargo may not definitively end the commission of international crimes in Burma, it would certainly lessen violent attacks and  would  send  a  unified  international  message  to  the  regime  that  such  crimes  are unacceptable. 

For  more  information  on  the  global  arms  embargo  campaign,  see  Burma  Campaign  UK (www.burmacampaign.org.uk).  

 

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Environmental Justice Campaigns 

Abuses against people and the environment often go hand in hand. In Burma, projects such as  dams,  gas  pipelines,  mining,  and  logging  deplete  essential  resources,  destroy biodiversity, and change the natural balance in surrounding ecosystems. Such projects are excuses  for committing heinous crimes  including widespread forced displacement,  forced labor, killings, beatings, and other human rights violations. The profits from these projects go  directly  to  the  regime,  which  uses  these  funds  to  continue  its  criminal  rule.  The devastation continues long after an environmentally unsustainable project is implemented; when an area  is  cleared of natural  resources,  local populations are  left unable  to  sustain themselves  in  their  former  homes.  In  order  for  development  projects  to  become environmentally sustainable and respectful of the rights of  local people, there must be an end to the regime’s criminality. Ending impunity would keep the regime from committing crimes against its people in the name of development. 

For more  information on environmental  justice  campaigns,  see EarthRights  International (www.earthrights.org),  Burma  Rivers  Network  (www.burmariversnetwork.org),  Salween Watch (www.salweenwatch.org), Shwe Gas Movement (www.shwe.org).  

ASEAN Campaign 

The  Association  of  Southeast  Asian  Nations  (ASEAN)  has  traditionally  focused  on  non‐intervention  in  the  internal  affairs  of  member  states.  Thus  far,  ASEAN  has  not  taken  a strong  stance  against  the  junta’s  significant  breaches  of  the  ASEAN  charter  including  its human  rights  abuses.  Southeast Asian nations  continue  to  support  the  SPDC,  some more actively than others. The campaign to end impunity is related to ASEAN in two main ways.  First,  action  at  the  international  level  to  investigate  crimes  against  humanity  and  war crimes  in  Burma  –  and  an  eventual  referral  to  the  International  Criminal  Court  –  will dissuade  regional  actors  from  partnering  with  the  regime.  Supportive  ties  with  a government  the  world  has  acknowledged  as  criminal  become  more  costly  politically.  International action such as a COI will  in turn encourage ASEAN member states to take a harsher  line  regarding  international  crimes  in  Burma.  Secondly,  the  ASEAN Intergovernmental Human Rights Commission (AICHR)  is a newly minted  institution that has the ability to receive complaints from victims in member states. Organizations such as the  Task  Force  on  ASEAN  and  Burma  are  calling  for  the  AICHR  to  take  concrete  action regarding crimes against humanity  in Burma. While the AICHR’s enforcement powers are limited, a claim by Burmese crime victims at the AICHR could supplement the work of the international campaign  to end  impunity by strengthening  the chorus of  those demanding justice. 

For more information on ASEAN, see Burma Partnership (www.burmapartnership.org) and Altsean‐Burma (www.altsean.org).

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Messages and Opportunities for Faith­Based Groups 

Faith‐based  groups  have  unique  messages  and  opportunities  to  get  involved  in  the campaign to end impunity in Burma.  The following is a list of suggested talking points and ideas for action that can be adapted to a group’s particular views.    

Messages  

• Systematic human rights violations strike at the core of all humanity, including people of all faiths. Crimes against humanity and war crimes in Burma affect all of us, and we all have the obligation to stand up for victims. 

• Holding criminals accountable  for their actions allows victims the necessary space for spiritual healing. 

• A fundamental element of many faiths  is  the creation of a culture based on peace and justice. When heinous  crimes  go unchecked,  a  culture  of  impunity  and  lawlessness  is allowed to flourish instead of one that embodies norms of peace and justice. 

• There is a moral obligation on the part of all people to call for an end to crimes against humanity and war crimes and to seek justice for victims. The establishment of a United Nations  Commission  of  Inquiry  is  an  important  step  to  end  international  crimes  and replace impunity with the rule of law. 

• The personal and communal healing that accompanies any transitional justice initiative must be supported by communities of faith. 

 Opportunities to Get Involved 

 • Lead educational workshops on international justice, the International Criminal Court, 

and the commission of crimes in Burma for members of faith‐based organizations. • Dedicate a service, prayer, or day of worship  to  the victims of  international crimes  in 

Burma. • Organize  a  peaceful  protest,  march,  or  demonstration  on  a  day  of  importance  for 

Burma.  Options  could  include  dates  around  the  anniversary  of  Depayin Massacre  on May 30, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s birthday on June 19, or the upcoming election day.  

• Reach out to the larger public. Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper to let others know how your faith relates to the call for justice in Burma. Let your government representatives  know  about  how  you  or  your  group  feels  about  ending  impunity  in Burma.  They  will  be  encouraged  to  know  that  faith‐based  groups  support  action  to establish a commission of inquiry. 

 Helpful Resources 

 • Christian Solidarity Worldwide, www.csw.org.uk • International Burmese Monks Organization, http://burmesemonks.org  • United States Faith and Ethics Network for the ICC, www.amicc.org/faith.html 

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Recent Notable Successes in the Campaign 

Individuals, organizations, and governments all over the world are joining the campaign to end  impunity  in Burma. The  list  below  represents  just  a  few  significant highlights  of  the campaign to end impunity in Burma. The growing grassroots effort to call for accountability for international crimes is sign of more successes in the future. 

Secretary General’s Report on Security Council Resolution 1820 

On  July  15,  2009,  United  Nations  Secretary  General  Ban  Ki‐Moon  released  a  report regarding  the  implementation  of  Security  Council  Resolution  1820,  which  confirms  the Council’s  commitment  to  ending  sexual  violence  in  conflict  zones.  The  Secretary General lists notable violators of the resolution, and names Burma at four places in the report. This report  is  groundbreaking  in  that  it  shows  that  Burma  is  indeed  in  violation  of  Security Council Resolution 1820 and that systematic impunity is preventing victims from achieving justice. Civil society groups have used this report as a rallying cry for international action to end impunity in Burma.  

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 

The October 29, 2009 United Nations General Assembly Resolution on Burma is notable for its condemnation of systematic impunity in Burma. The resolution condemned systematic human rights violations in Burma including arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, sexual  violence,  and  torture  and  cruel,  inhuman  and  degrading  treatment.  Most importantly,  the  resolution  called  for  the  Burmese  government  to,  “allow  a  full, transparent,  effective,  impartial  and  independent  investigation  into  all  reports  of  human rights violations, and to bring to justice those responsible in order to end impunity for such crimes.” 

Letter from 442 Members of Parliament 

442 Members of Parliament from 29 countries sent a letter to Ban Ki‐Moon, United Nations Secretary  General  on  December  10,  2009,  urging  the  United  Nations  Security  Council  to launch  an  investigation  into  crimes  against  humanity  in Burma  and  to  establish  a  global arms embargo against the regime. See a copy of the letter in the appendix.  

International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women of Burma 

The  Nobel Women’s  Initiative  and  the Women’s  League  of  Burma  held  an  international tribunal  on  crimes  against  women  of  Burma.  Women  victims  of  heinous  human  rights violations testified about their experiences and the impact of the regime’s crimes on their families  and  communities. The  judges,  including Nobel Peace Laureates  Shirin Ebadi  and Jody Williams, and human rights experts Dr. Heisoo Shin and Professor Vitit Muntarbhorn published their findings on March 3, 2010. The judges’ recommendations included a United Nations  Security  Council  referral  of  Burma  to  the  International  Criminal  Court  and concerted  action  from  the  international  community  to  effectively  implement  Security Council  Resolutions  1325,  1820,  1888,  and  1889.  See  the  press  release  discussing  the judges’ findings in the appendix. 

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Report of the Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Burma 

Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Burma, Tomas Ojea Quintana, issued a report that acknowledged  that  human  rights  violations  in Burma  are  likely  crimes  against  humanity and/or war  crimes.  Because Burma’s  government  is  not  taking  action  to  investigate  and prosecute  these  offenses,  Quintana  urges  United  Nations  (UN)  institutions  to  conduct  a thorough  investigation  of  international  crimes  in  Burma.  Quintana’s  report  is groundbreaking.  This  is  one  of  the  few  times  a  UN  representative  has  made  an  official recommendation that the UN form a commission of inquiry (COI). The report demonstrates the growing momentum toward the eventual establishment of a COI. See the statement of the Burma Lawyers’ Council regarding the report in the appendix.   

United  Nations  Human  Rights  Council  Meeting  on  Special  Rapporteur’s  Report: Support from Australia and the United States for a Commission of Inquiry 

During  a  March  15,  2010 meeting  of  the  United  Nations  Human  Rights  Council,  several countries  discussed  Quintana’s  report,  described  above.  During  a  dialogue  on  Burma,  a representative of the Australian government expressed its support for the establishment of a  United  Nations  Commission  of  Inquiry.  A  representative  from  the  United  States government  indicated  that  the  Special  Rapporteur’s  recommendation  for  such  an investigation  was  significant.  This  meeting  demonstrates  the  growing  concern  in  the international  community  about  impunity  in  Burma  and  forecasts  increased  action  from governments at the United Nations level. 

Support from the United Kingdom on an International Criminal Court Referral 

In  late March  2010,  Great  Britain’s  ambassador  to  the United Nations  indicated  that  the United Kingdom would support a referral of Burma’s leaders to the International Criminal Court  (ICC)  if  such a proposal were made. Government  spokespeople  indicated  that  they hoped pressure for an ICC referral would force the regime to change their biased election policies  and  implement  new  rules  that  would  provide  for  free  and  fair  elections. While other permanent members of the United Nations Security Council may remain hesitant to back an ICC referral, the stance of the UK may encourage other countries to make similar showings of support. 

Support from the Czech Republic for a Commission of Inquiry 

The  Czech  Republic  publicly  announced  its  support  for  Quintana’s  call  for  the establishment  of  a  Commission  of  Inquiry  to  investigate  war  crimes  and  crimes  against humanity.  The Czech  foreign ministry  acknowledged  that  the  crimes occurring  in Burma may  entail  international  crimes  as  defined  under  the  Rome  Statute  and  stated  that  the establishment of a Commission of Inquiry should be “seriously examined.” 

Report from Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic 

In May 2009, the International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School issued a report entitled  Crimes  in  Burma.  With  a  preface  from  world‐renowned  international  jurists including  Justice  Richard  Goldstone  from  South  Africa,  the  report  uses  information  on 

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international  crimes  in  Burma  from  primarily  United  Nations  sources  in  order  to demonstrate that the crimes in Burma fall under the Rome Statute framework. Its authors call  for  the  establishment  of  a UNSC COI.  The  report  has become an  important  advocacy tool  to  demonstrate  that  documented  abuses  do  in  fact  constitute  international  crimes under the Rome Statute and that the United Nations has a responsibility to take action. 

Amnesty International Briefing on the 2010 Elections 

Amnesty International conducted a briefing on the 2010 elections at the Royal Institute for International  Affairs  on  May  11,  2010.  The  briefing  included  a  detailed  analysis  of  the election  laws  and  an  overview  of  how  the  elections will  breach  significant  international norms.    The  briefing  concluded  with  a  call  for  a  COI,  noting  the  growing  international strength  of  the  campaign  to  end  impunity,  the  recent  report  from  Special  Rapporteur Quintana, and the public support from Australia, the UK, and the Czech Republic. 

 

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How to Get Involved in the Campaign to End Impunity in Burma 

If you are a concerned citizen: 

• If  you  live  in a democratic  country which has not yet  expressed official  support  for  a United Nations Commission of Inquiry (COI), contact your elected representatives and express your support for its establishment in order to investigate international crimes in Burma. 

• If you are based outside of Burma, write  letters  to the editor of your  local newspaper about  international  crimes  in  Burma  and  the  regime’s  system  of  impunity.  Letters submitted  following  the  publication  of  news  stories  about  the  election  may  receive more attention. You can also submit letters and articles to democracy and human rights blogs  such  as  Open  Democracy  (www.opendemocracy.net)  or  Alternet (www.alternet.org). 

• Share information about crimes in Burma on social networking sites.  

If you work at a human rights organization: 

• Mainstream the language of international criminal law into human rights work. Include information  about  crimes  against  humanity,  war  crimes,  and  genocide,  when warranted,  in  reports  that  document  human  rights  abuses.  Remember  to  include international  avenues  to  justice  in  recommendations  about  how  best  to  respond  to human rights abuses. 

• If your work centers on Burma, advocate for a United Nations COI as a necessary step to end  impunity  in Burma.  Issue an official statement or press release about  the need to establish a COI. 

• If your organization  focuses on human rights documentation, encourage documenters and researchers to become involved with advocacy campaigns. 

• If your group focuses on Burma and/or has an international reach, cooperate with the International Federation of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch, Global Justice Center, Asian Human Rights Commission, Alternative Asean, Forum Asia, Human Rights Now in Japan, Christian Solidarity Worldwide,  and other human rights organizations  listed  in the appendix which have been promoting human rights in Burma. 

 If you are a lawyer: 

• Urge  your  bar  association  to  take  public  action  to  end  impunity  in  Burma.  Bar associations  can  facilitate  public  education  events  on  international  justice  and  its relation to the situation in Burma. 

• If  you  are  a member  of  the  International  Bar  Association  (IBA),  encourage  the  IBA’s Human Rights Institute to publicly support the establishment of a COI.  

• If  you  are  a  member  of  the  Law  Association  for  Asia  and  the  Pacific  (LAWASIA), encourage LAWASIA to take a stronger position regarding impunity in Burma. Request that LAWASIA join international calls for a COI to investigate crimes in Burma.            

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If you are a member of a faith­based group: 

• Lead educational workshops on international justice, the International Criminal Court, and the commission of crimes in Burma for members of faith‐based organizations. 

• Dedicate a service, prayer, or day of worship to the victims of crimes in Burma. • Organize  a  peaceful  protest,  march,  or  demonstration  on  a  day  of  importance  for 

Burma. Options could include dates around the upcoming election or Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s birthday on June 19.  

If you are a journalist: 

• Seek  updated  information  on  crimes  against  humanity  and  war  crimes  in  Burma  to include in media work. Use the organizations listed in appendix for current information.  

• Include  news  these  international  crimes  in  articles  and  submissions  relating  to  the human rights or political situation in the country. Any news story about the upcoming elections  should  highlight  the  fact  that  they  are  taking  place  amidst  severe  and continuous criminality. 

 If you are a student studying outside of Burma: 

• Arrange an event on campus to highlight  the  international crimes  in Burma. An event could coincide with the upcoming elections or Human Rights Day on December 10. Skim the organizations listed in appendix for ideas for possible speakers to invite.  

• Coordinate  letter‐writing  campaigns  to  the  United  Nations  Secretary  General,  your country’s  representative  to  the  United  Nations,  or  your  elected  Congressional  or Parliamentary  leaders (if applicable) urging  them to support  the Special Rapporteur’s recent  call  for  the establishment of  a United Nations COI.  If  your  country has already made a public showing of support for a COI, encourage national media outlets to keep Burma in the spotlight. 

• Encourage  professors  of  international  criminal  law  at  your  school  to  include  a discussion of Burma in their courses. 

• Bring  together  young  people  to  form  groups  of  young  human  rights  advocates.  Seek support from other organizations currently working on human rights issues in Burma. Educate  others  in  your  community  about  the  international  crimes  in  Burma  and  use your combined voices to advocate internationally for a United Nations COI. 

If you are a government official: 

• Express your public support for a United Nations COI. • Show solidarity with the people of Burma by making an official statement demanding 

an end to impunity. • Regularly  meet  with  civil  society  groups  including  members  of  youth  or  faith‐based 

groups to discuss campaigns to end human rights abuses in Burma. • Draft  resolutions  for  other  officials  to  join  that  call  on  your  country’s  leadership  to 

support a United Nations COI. 

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Appendix 

o List of organizations involved in the campaign to end impunity 

o Letter from the Global Justice Center and Burma Lawyers’ Council to the International Crisis Group regarding their report on the 2008 Constitution 

o Nobel Women’s Initiative and Women’s League of Burma, International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women of Burma, Press Release on Findings 

o Burma Lawyers’ Statement on Report of Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar Tomas Ojea Quintana 

o Letter from 442 Parliamentarians to the United Nations Secretary General demanding a Commission of Inquiry and a global arms embargo 

o Letter from the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) to the United Nations Security Council 

 

 

 

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List of Organizations and Helpful Websites 

Actions Birmanie, www.birmanie.net 

Aegis Trust, www.aegistrust.org 

ALTSEAN‐Burma, www.altsean.org 

Amnesty International, www.amnesty.org 

ASEAN Inter‐Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus, www.aseanmp.org  

Asian Human Rights Commission, www.ahrchk.net 

Burma Campaign Australia, www.aucampaignforburma.org 

Burma Campaign UK, www.burmacampaign.org.uk 

BurmaInfo, www.burmainfo.org 

Burma Lawyers’ Council, www.blc‐burma.org 

Burma Partnership, www.burmapartnership.org 

Canadian Friends of Burma, www.cfob.org 

Christian Solidarity Worldwide, www.csw.org.uk 

FIDH, www.fidh.org 

Forum Asia, www.forum‐asia.org  

Forum for Burmese in Europe, www.forumburma.eu 

Global Justice Center, www.globaljusticecenter.net 

HREIB, www.hreib.com 

Human Rights Now, hrn.or.jp/eng 

Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org 

Info Birmanie, www.info‐birmanie.org 

International Center for Transitional Justice, www.ictj.org 

ND‐Burma, www.nd‐burma.org 

Nobel Women’s Initiative, www.nobelwomensinitiative.org 

US Campaign for Burma, uscampaignforburma.org 

Women’s League of Burma, www.womenofburma.org 

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Human Rights Through The Rule Of Law

25 East 21st Street 10th Floor • New York, NY 10010 • P 212.725.6530 • F 212.725.6536 • www.globaljusticecenter.net

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N/8/)#P!&,<(E8/(&7#!/&!/8[)!8<<!>&##(,<)!F)8#'+)#!W/&!>+)A)7/X!E)7&.(6)!8+)!/+(EE)+)6!)A)7!>+(&+!/&!87R!&HH(.(8<!.&'+/!&+!IY!H(76(7E$](((!KL)#)!&,<(E8/(&7#!)](#/!O(/L!+)E8+6!/&!B'+F8!E(A)7!8'/L&+(/8/(A)!E<&,8<!(76(.)#!<(#/(7E!B'+F8!8#!&7)!&H!)(EL/!W+)6!8<)+/X!N/8/)#!8/!+(#[!&H!E)7&.(6)2](A!/L)!(7.<'#(&7!&H!B'+F8!8#!8!N/8/)!F&7(/&+)6!,R!/L)!IY!N>).(8<!*6A(#&+!&7!/L)!5+)A)7/(&7!&H!=)7&.(6)2]A!876!/L)!H8./!/L8/!/L)!N>).(8<!*6A(#&+!L8#!(7(/(8/)6!8/!<)8#/!&7)!.&7H(6)7/(8<!,+()H(7E!&7!B'+F8!/&!/L)!N).'+(/R!9&'7.(<$!;7!/L)!,+()H(7E!&7!Q).)F,)+!?c2!033D2!/L)!9&'7.(<!O8#!(7H&+F)6!/L8/!/L)!8<<)E8/(&7#!&H!.&+)!.+(F)#!(7!B'+F8!8>>)8+)6!/&!Wd8HH)./e!>8+/(.'<8+!)/L7(.!876!78/(&78<!E+&'>#f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b'+/L)+2!/L)!I7(/)6!Y8/(&7#!(#!.<)8+<R!>+&L(,(/)6!H+&F!+).&E7(g(7E!/L)!<)E(/(F8.R!&H!/L)!.&7#/(/'/(&7!(7!87R!O8R!E(A)7!(/#!8F7)#/R!>+&A(#(&7#$]](!!!;7!8!.<)8+!6)>8+/'+)!H+&F!)8+<()+!.&7#/(/'/(&7#2!/L)!0331!B'+F8!.&7#/(/'/(&7!

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d8HH&+6e!8<<!/L)!Z'6(.(8<!E'8+87/))#!OL(.L!8+)!+).&E7(g)6!8#!(76(#>)7#8,<)!,R!.(A(<(g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b'+/L)+2!;9=!'+E)#!/L)!IY2!(7!>8+/(.'<8+!/L)!I7(/)6!Y8/(&7#!Q)A)<&>F)7/!5+&E+8FF)2!/&!'76)+/8[)!8./(A(/()#!/&!#/+)7E/L)7!W/L)!.8>8.(/R!&H!.(A(<(87!(7#/(/'/(&7#!&H!E&A)+787.)f$X]]A(((!!*N:*Y!N/8/)#!8+)!'+E)6!/&!Wd.e&7#(6)+!&HH)+(7E2!8#!876!OL)7!8>>+&>+(8/)2!>8+<(8F)7/8+R!)].L87E)#!O(/L!/L)!7)O<R!)<)./)6!E&A)+7F)7/2!8##(#/87.)!(7!#)//(7E!'>!>8+<(8F)7/8+R!.&FF(//))#!876!&/L)+!#/)>#f$X]](]!!T)#/)+7!=&A)+7F)7/#!#L&'<6!W#)76!.<)8+!F)##8E)#!,)H&+)!/L)!>&#/C)<)./(&7!E&A)+7F)7/!(#!(7!><8.)!/L8/!8!>+&.)##!&H!7&+F8<(#(7E!+)<8/(&7#!(#!>&##(,<)fX!876!/L8/!#'.L!E&A)+7F)7/#!#L&'<6!Wd#e'#>)76!+)#/+(./(&7#!&7!L(ELC<)A)<!,(<8/)+8<!.&7/8./#!O(/L!/L)!7)O!E&A)+7F)7/f$X]]]!!!KL)#)!;9=!+).&FF)768/(&7#!8+)!&>>&#(/(&78<!/&!/L)!I7(/)6!Y8/(&7#!;7/)+78/(&78<!%8O!9&FF(##(&7P#!WQ+8H/!*+/(.<)#!&7!/L)!M)#>&7#(,(<(/R!&H!N/8/)#!H&+!;7/)+78/(&78<<R!T+&7EH'<!*./#2X!OL(.L!.&6(HR!N/8/)#P!<)E8<!6'/()#!/&O8+6#!/L)!N/8/)!+)#>&7#(,<)!H&+!.&FF(//(7E!#)+(&'#!,+)8.L)#!&H!>)+)F>/&+R!7&+F#$]]](!!KL)!E<&,8<!.&FF'7(/R!.87!7)(/L)+!#'>>&+/!/L)!03?3!)<)./(&7#2!7&+!87R!7)O!E&A)+7F)7/!)<)./)6!&7!/L)!,8#(#!&H!/L)!0331!.&7#/(/'/(&7!O(/L&'/!

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! C!D!C!

8,+(6E(7E!/L)!F&#/!H'768F)7/8<!>+).)>/#!&H!(7/)+78/(&78<!<8O$]]]((!!KL)!;9=!+).&FF)768/(&7#2!(H!86&>/)6!,R!/L)!I7(/)6!Y8/(&7#2!.&'<6!#)+A)!/&!'76)+F(7)!/L)!(7/)E+(/R!&H!IY!<)86)+#!8#!W.L()H!#/8768+6!,)8+)+#X!H&+!/L)!>+(7.(><)#!&H!L'F87!+(EL/#!(7!/L)!IY!9L8+/)+$!!b'+/L)+2!E(A)7!/L8/!/L)!E&A)+7F)7/!&H!B'+F8!)7E8E)#!(7!8./(A)!A(./(F(g8/(&72!IY!8./(A(/()#!.&'<6!,)!#))7!8#!.&F><(.(/2!+)76)+(7E!/L)!IY!(/#)<H!<)E8<<R!+)#>&7#(,<)$!N))!"8.!Q8++&O!h!%&'(#)!*+,&'+2!KL)!5(<<8+!&H!=<8##J!i'F87!M(EL/#!(7!/L)!Q)A)<&>F)7/!->)+8/(&7#!&H!/L)!I7(/)6!Y8/(&7#2!?3^!*"$!\$!;YKP%!%$!@@c2!U0334V$!!UY&/(7E!/L)!L'F87!+(EL/#!(##')#!+8(#)6!OL)7!F)F,)+#!&H!/L)!IYQ5!O)+)!)R)O(/7)##)#!/&!E&A)+7F)7/C>)+>)/+8/)6![(<<(7E#!&H!F&7[#!(7!"R87F8+!(7!033a$!(6$!@@1V$!

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!T&F)7!!KL)!0331!.&7#/(/'/(&7!(#!#'(!E)7)+(#!(7!F&6)+7!L(#/&+R!H&+!(/#!H&+F8<!E'8+87/))#!)7H&+.(7E!O&F)7P#!(7)S'8<(/R2!8F&'7/(7E!/&!6)!Z'+)!876!6)!H8./&!E)76)+!8>8+/L)(6$]]](]!T&F)7!8+)!7&/!8<<&O)6!(7!/L)!F(<(/8+R!)].)>/!(7!L&7&+8+R!>&#(/(&7#2876!8+)!/L'#!>+).<'6)6!H+&F!L&<6(7E!/L)!/&>!&HH(.)#!+)#)+A)6!H&+!8./(A)!F(<(/8+R!(7.<'6(7E!9&FF876)+C(7C9L()H2!#)A)+8<!F(7(#/+()#2!876!0Dk!&H!8<<!>8+<(8F)7/8+R!#)8/#$!KL)!S'8<(H(.8/(&7!&H!WF(<(/8+R!)]>)+()7.)X!)HH)./(A)<R!+)76)+#!O&F)7!(7)<(E(,<)!H&+!/L)!5+)#(6)7.R!&+!G(.)!5+)#(6)7.R$]<!KL(#!#(7E'<8+!H&+F!&H!E)76)+!8>8+/L)(6!L8#!,))7!/L)!H&.'#!&H!>+&/)#/#!/&!/L)!N).+)/8+RC=)7)+8<2!(7.<'6(7E!,R!I$N$!9&7E+)##O&F)7!UWd/L)e!.&7#/(/'/(&7fA(&<8/)#!(7/)+78/(&78<!<8O!876!)7/+)7.L)#!E)76)+!6(#.+(F(78/(&7f$XV2!/L)!=<&,8<!\'#/(.)!9)7/)+2!/L)!N&.()/R!H&+!*F)+(.87!%8O!K)8.L)+#!UN*%KV2!876!/L)!T&F)7P#!%)8E')!&H!B'+F82!8<&7E!O(/L!&/L)+!.(A(<!#&.()/R!E+&'>#$]<(!!!KL)!L(#/&+(.!F)8#'+)#!/8[)7!,R!/L)!N).'+(/R!9&'7.(<!/&!866+)##!/L)!)76)F(.!#)]'8<!A(&<)7.)!8E8(7#/!O&F)7!(7!.&7H<(./2!(7.<'6(7E!N9M#!?^0D!876!?1032!8+)!>+)F(#)6!&7!E)76)+!)S'8<(/R!8#![)R!/&!F8(7/8(7(7E!(7/)+78/(&78<!>)8.)!876!#).'+(/R$!BR!H&+F8<(g(7E!(7)S'8<(/R!876!>+&A(6(7E!H&+!8F7)#/R!H&+!#)]'8<!.+(F)#2!/L)!0331!B'+F8!.&7#/(/'/(&7!H<&'/#!/L)!N).'+(/R!9&'7.(<!+)#&<'/(&7#!876!>+).<'6)#!B'+F8!H+&F!)A)+!.&F><R(7E!O(/L!(/#!&,<(E8/(&7#!'76)+!/L)!9&7A)7/(&7!&7!/L)!:<(F(78/(&7!&H!*<<!b&+F#!&H!Q(#.+(F(78/(&7!8E8(7#/!T&F)7!U9:Q*TV$]<((!!!!"&+)&A)+2!#'>>&+/(7E!/L)!03?3!)<)./(&7#!#)76#!8!F)##8E)!/&!O&F)7!E<&,8<<R!/L8/!/L)(+!+(EL/#!8+)!H+8E(<)l!)A)7!(7!/L)!H8.)!&H!H&+F8<!)A(#.)+8/(&7!&H!/L)!+(EL/#!&H!&A)+!/O)7/RCH(A)!F(<<(&7!O&F)7!(7!B'+F8!/L)!E<&,8<!.&FF'7(/R!H))<#!H+))!/&!.L&&#)!/&!<)E(/(F8/)!/L(#!F&+8<!O+&7E$!!!KL)!;9=!8.[7&O<)6E)#!/L8/!/L)!F(<(/8+R!.87!W(E7&+)!&+!&A)++(6)!.&7#/(/'/(&78<!>+&A(#(&7#f&+!)A)7!8,+&E8/)!/L)!.&7#/(/'/(&7fX]<(((!>+)F(#(7E!(/#!#'>>&+/!H&+!/L)!03?3!)<)./(&7#!#&<)<R!&7!/L)!#>).'<8/(&7!/L8/!(/!F(EL/!W(786A)+/)7/<RX!&>)7!'>!>&<(/(.8<!#>8.)$]<(A!KL(#!+8/(&78<)2!8,#)7/!87R!.&7#(6)+8/(&7#!&H!)(/L)+!>)8.)!&+!Z'#/(.)2!.87!7)A)+!>+&A(6)!/L)!,8#(#!H&+!8,876&7(7E!/L)!<)E8<!>+(7.(><)#!H&'768/(&78<!/&!&'+!O&+<6!&+6)+$!!!T)!.8<<!&7!R&'2!8#!5+)#(6)7/!&H!/L)!;9=2!/&!+)#.(76!/L)!&+E87(g8/(&7P#!+).&FF)768/(&7#!+)E8+6(7E!B'+F82!/&!O(/L6+8O!/L)!H<8O)6!.&7#/(/'/(&78<!878<R#(#2!876!/&!8+/(.'<8/)!N/8/)#P!<)E8<!&,<(E8/(&7#!O(/L!+)E8+6!/&!B'+F82!(7.<'6(7E!/8[(7E!8<<!>&##(,<)!#/)>#2!(76(A(6'8<<R!876!.&<<)./(A)<R2!/&!)76!(F>'7(/R!H&+!/L)!&7E&(7E!.+(F(78<!,+)8.L)#!&H!(7/)+78/(&78<!L'F87(/8+(87!<8O$!

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!B'+F8!>+)#)7/#!/L)!E<&,8<!.&FF'7(/R!O(/L!/L)!&>>&+/'7(/R!/&!6)F&7#/+8/)!/L8/!/L)!E<&,8<!+'<)!&H!<8O!(#!8!+)8<(/R!876!7&/!87!(<<'#(&7$!T)!.8<<!&7!/L)!;7/)+78/(&78<!9+(#(#!=+&'>!/&!<)86!/L)!)HH&+/!/&!F8[)!/L(#!L8>>)7$!!!N(7.)+)<R2!

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Page 35: Campaign to End Impunity in Burma · to the International Criminal Court (ICC), which would in turn restore the rule of law to Burma. Most importantly, reforming state institutions

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!

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Page 36: Campaign to End Impunity in Burma · to the International Criminal Court (ICC), which would in turn restore the rule of law to Burma. Most importantly, reforming state institutions

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Page 37: Campaign to End Impunity in Burma · to the International Criminal Court (ICC), which would in turn restore the rule of law to Burma. Most importantly, reforming state institutions

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Page 39: Campaign to End Impunity in Burma · to the International Criminal Court (ICC), which would in turn restore the rule of law to Burma. Most importantly, reforming state institutions

Statement on the Special Rapporteur’s Recommendation for a Commission of Inquiry The Burma Lawyers’ Council applauds the recent report from Tomas Ojea Quintana, Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar/Burma, which acknowledges the widespread and systematic nature of human rights abuses in Burma, indicates that the abuses may constitute crimes against humanity or war crimes as defined under the Rome Statute, and calls on the United Nations to establish a commission of inquiry to investigate international crimes in Burma. The report explained that a culture of impunity, weak rule of law, and a lack of independent judiciary allow the regime to implement its pattern of widespread and systematic human rights abuses. Quintana’s report to the Human Rights Council explained the following: Given the gross and systematic nature of human rights violations in Myanmar over a period of many years, and the lack of accountability, there is an indication that those human rights violations are the result of a State policy that involves authorities in the executive, military and judiciary at all levels. According to consistent reports, the possibility exists that some of these human rights violations may entail categories of crimes against humanity or war crimes under the terms of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The mere existence of this possibility obliges the Government of Myanmar to take prompt and effective measures to investigate these facts. There have clearly been cases where it has been necessary to establish responsibility, but this has not been done. Given this lack of accountability, United Nations institutions may consider the possibility to establish a commission of inquiry with a specific fact-finding mandate to address the question of international crimes.

Mr. Quintana’s report is groundbreaking. Human rights and democracy groups including the Burma Lawyers’ Council have been calling for an investigation into crimes against humanity and war crimes for years, but this report represents the first demand for such an investigation from a United Nations official. The Special Rapporteur’s unprecedented demand signifies the growing outrage over the commission of international crimes in Burma which until now have been met with impunity.

During a dialogue on Burma during a United Nations Human Rights Council meeting, several country representatives echoed Quintana’s call. A representative of the Australian government expressed its support for the establishment of a commission of inquiry and a representative from the United States government indicated that the Special Rapporteur’s recommendation for such an investigation was significant. This meeting demonstrates the growing concern in the international community about impunity in Burma and forecasts increased action from governments at the United Nations level.

The Burma Lawyers’ Council welcomes Mr. Quintana’s report and urges the international community to seize the current momentum and push for a commission of inquiry into international crimes in Burma. Because this year’s elections promise to perpetuate military rule, implement the illegal 2008 Constitution, and enshrine impunity for even the most serious crimes, the international community must act now to end impunity for perpetrators of crimes against humanity and war crimes.

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56$71#8!"1;&B!9#8F6;!]74%24;!`A36!54B81;!b1A'6#!I#'[A24;!XAB!G1';#==!C7'62!G4P#;!!

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Kingdom of Belgium (1)

`A86#==#!G4A8#=!!Federative Republic of Brazil (1)

0;=4;64!C1'842!<1;;A;L64!!Kingdom of Cambodia (30)

@1%!D16;2B!@4;!C771B!5A!@4$7A1!Q6%!@4F1;;!]64A84;[!@1A%A'1!514!5A;BF1;;!C7#1%!C71;;B!]71H!b1;B!96%24A'!<76'6=7!/;[!C7716!/1;[!Cd6F!C1=1!-4!c1;;!bB!@'#B!cB;1!Q4;=!]71'4!C71;!C7#;[!b76%!b1HB!<4=!<4F!?A=7!DA%3A48!5#;!@4=71F1'6;!97B!c1;3#=7!b4;[!DB!C7#1!<4$7!94;[!G4'1!-A4B!GA;'4#A;!]4H!c1;$71;!9#!@4F1;;1'4=7!9#%!@4H71!ZA!C71;'6=7!?7#%!<4;71'6=7!!Republic of Croatia (2)

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<#='!G'1=2HB!51'#H!G#;31!<1F#8!G471=#$!I'1;=6k#H!GA&81;!`1;!Gl'[#'%#62=#'!

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gCL#$7!D#EA&86$!$4;=6;A#3h!"1F63!r#6$7!5681;!r%m3!56$71#81!r4d3'4Fn!G4'62!r&12=;q!`1'4%m'!r=!=6;1!bA$6#!]18%1;4Fn!c812=6%68!]8A2=q!56'#H!]4E48n;#H!]4%nk!s8#781!`1;!c63m%!Z83$6$7!c4dm$!]4%!o1dm"#H!Z8[1!oA&4Fn!!Republic of Estonia (8)

@68F#'!5#6H1'!0;3'#2!-#'H#8!08#H2#6!b4=%1;!b1A'6!bA6H!9188#!<1886;[!06F1'!D66218A!51'#H!@='1;3&#'[!]44%12!]'1E634!!French Republic (24)

0A't86#!I686EE#==6!!b64;;#8!bA$1!I'1;u462!b4;$8#!56$7#8!c4626;!0R#8!<4;61=4P2H6!!/=6#;;#!<6;=#!?4v8!51%#'#!C71;=18!D4&6;WD43'6[4!`4v88#!X1''61A3!51B81%!`#1;!I'1;$462W<4;$#=!D4&#'=!G136;=#'!!?6$48#!G4'F4!C47#;W@#1=!!Z3#==#!]#''13#!!C7'62=61;!C46;=1=!@#'[#!b1[1A$7#!!56$7#8!G#$4=!G#';1'3!I4A';6#'!!I'1;u462#!-#;;#'4;!!b1A'#;=!G#=#688#!QF#2!<4LL4!"6!G4'[4!56$7#8!XA#''B!`#1;W<6#''#!@A#A'!

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ga;361!$4;=6;A#3h!c627P1!5471;!9A%1'!!Indonesia (37)

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Republic of Italy (3)

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