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M: Good morning!

W: Good morning! How can I help you?

M: I understand that the school organizes umm trips to dierent

W: "es# We run i$e e$ery month three during wee%ends and two Wednesday aternoon trips#

M: What sort o places?

W: Well# &'$iously it $aries 'ut always places o historical interest and also which oers a

$ariety o shopping 'ecause our students always as% a'out that# (nd then we go or ones

where we %now there are guided tours 'ecause this gi$es a good ocus or the $isit#

M: )o you tra$el ar?

W: Well we are luc%y here o'$iously 'ecause we are a'le to say that all our $isits are less than

three hours dri$e#

M: How much do they cost?

W: (gain it $aries 'etween * and 1* pounds a head depending on distance#

M: (h ha

W: &h and we do oer to arrange special trips i you %now there are more than 1+ people# M:&h right# I,ll %eep that in mind# (nd what are the times normally?

W: We try to %eep it pretty i-ed so that the students get to %now the pattern# We lea$e at .#/0

a#m# and return at p#m# We igure it,s 'est to %eep the day airly short#

M: &h yes and then how do we reser$e a place?

W: "ou sign your name on the notice 'oard# )o you %now where it is?

M: (h ha# I saw it this morning#

W: (nd we do as% that you sign up three days in ad$ance so we %now we,$e got enough people

interested to run it and we can cancel i necessary with ull reund o course#

M: 2hat,s ine# 2han%s#

M: (nd what $isit su' plan or this term?


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W: 3ight# Well# I,m araid the schedule hasn,t 'een printed out yet# 4ut we ha$e conirmed the

dates and planed the optional e-tra $isits which you can also 'oo% in ad$ance i you want to#

M: &h that,s all right# (nd i you can 5ust gi$e some ideas o the wee%end ones so I can you

%now wor% out then to see riends and such I

W: &h sure# Well err the irst one is 6t# I$es# 2hat,s on the 1/th o 7e'ruary and we will ha$e

only 1 places a$aila'le 'ecause we,re going 'y mini 'us# (nd that,s the day in town with the

optional e-tra o $isiting the Hepworth Museum#

M: (ll right# "es ah# 2hat sounds good#

W: (nd then there,s a 8ondon trip on the 1th o 7e'ruary# (nd we will 'e ta%ing a medium size

coach so there will 'e 9* places on that# (nd let,s see the optional e-tra is the 2ower o 8ondon#

M: &h I,$e already 'een there#

W: "am# (ter that is 4ristol on the /rd o March#

M: Where?

W: 4ristol# 43I62&8#

M: &%ay#

W: 2hat,s in a dierent mini 'us with 1. places a$aila'le# &h and the optional e-tra is $isit to

the 6#6# Great 4ritain#

1 ; +0

http:;;www#chinadmd#com;ile;arocpacriurscoctez/rroct_+#html

M: &%ay#

W: We,re going to 6alis'ury on the 1.th o March# (nd that,s always the popular one 'ecause

the optional e-tra is 6tonehenge# 6o we,re ta%ing the large coach with *0 seats#


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M: &h good#

W: (nd then the last one is to 4ath on the +/rd o March#

M: &h yes is 4ath the 3oman city?

W: "es that,s right# (nd that,s in the 1 seats mini 'us#

M: (nd where,s the optional $isit?

W: It,s to the (merican Museum well worth $isit#

M: &%ay that,s great# (nd than%s all that#

W: My pleasure# &h 'y the way i you want more inormation a'out any o the trips ha$e a

loo% in the student newspaper#

M: &%#

W: &r ha$e a word with my assistant# Her name is 2&4#

M: (ll right# I,$e got that# 2han% you $ery much or all your help#

W: "ou,re welcome# I hope you,ll en5oy the trips#

test1_section+

Good aternoon e$ery'ody and welcome to 3i$erside Industrial illage# 2o start your $isit I@m

5ust going to gi$e you a 'rie account o the history o the museum 'eore letting you roam

a'out on your own# I won@t %eep you long# &A?

>ow rom where we@re standing you@$e got a good $iew o the ri$er o$er there# (nd it was

'ecause o this ast lowing water that this site was a natural place or manuacturing wor%s#

2he water and the a$aila'ility o raw materials in the area li%e minerals and iron ore and also

the a'undance o local uels li%e coal and irewood all made this site suita'le or industry rom

a $ery early time#

Water was the main source o power or the early industries and some o the water wells wereirst esta'lished in the twelth century would you 'elie$e? (t that time local cratsmen irst

'uilt an iron orge 5ust 'ehind the $illage here on the 'an% near the ri$er# 4y the se$enteenth

and eighteenth centuries the region@s ri$ers supported more than 10 water mills and many o

these continued to operate well into the nineteenth century# 4ut then the steam engine was

in$ented and then the railways came and the centres o industry were a'le to mo$e away rom


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the ri$ers and the countryside and into the towns# 6o industrial $illages li%e this one 'ecame

$ery rare#

6o that@s the history or you# I you@d li%e any more inormation you can as% me some

Buestions or you can read urther in our e-cellent guide'oo%#

>ow I,m going to gi$e you a plan o the site and I,d 5ust li%e to point out where e$erything is and

then you can ta%e a loo% at e$erything or yoursel# I,$e already pointed out the ri$er which is

on the let# (nd o course running along the 'ottom is Woodside 3oad# Got it? &% now we are

standing at the entrance# 6ee at the 'ottom and immediately to our right is the tic%et oice#

"ou won,t need that 'ecause you,$e got your group 'oo%ing 'ut 5ust pass it are the toilets

always could to %now where they are# In ront o us is the car par% as you can see# (nd to the

let 'y the entry gate is the git shop that is where you can get copies o the guide li%e this one

here# >ow 'eyond the car par% all the 'uildings are arranged in a hal circle with a yard in the

middle# 2he 'ig stone 'uilding at the top is the main wor%shop# 2hat,s where the irm is and

where all the metal was melted and tools were cut as you will 'e a'le to see# >ow in the top

right hand corner that 'uilding with 'igger windows is the show room where samples o all the

tools that were made through the ages were on display# In the top let corner is the grinding

shop where the tools were sharpened and inished# (nd on one side o that you can see the

engine room and on the other is the caC which isn,t too antiBue you would 'e pleased to

%now though they do ser$e $ery nice old ashion teas# 2he lower 'uildings you can see on the

let are the cottages# 2hese were 'uilt or the wor%s towards the end o the eighteenth century

and they are still urnished rom that period so you can get a good idea o ordinary people li$ing

conditions# (cross the yard rom them you can see the 6ta'les where the horses were %ept or

transporting the products# (nd the separate 'uilding in ront o them is the Wor%s &ice and

that still has some o the old accounts on display# 3ight# I anyone wants a guided tour then I

am starting at the engine room# I you,d li%e to come along this way please ladies andgentlemen#

test1_section/

W: =-cuse me )r#


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W: Well that,s part o the pro'lem# I,m also ha$ing 'een ha$ing trou'le getting hold o the

'oo%s# I,$e 'een to the li'rary se$eral times and all the 'oo%s were out#

M: It sounds li%e you should start 'orrowing the 'oo%s a 'it earlier#

W: Well I ha$e really a 'ig assignment due or another course and I ha$e 'een spending all mytime on that and I thought

M: (nd you might get an e-tension o time to inish your assignment or me?

W: I that,s possi'le# 4ut I don,t %now

M: Well# "es it,s possi'le# 4ut e-tensions are normally gi$en only or medical or compassionate

reasons# &therwise that,s really a Buestion o organizing your study and we don,t li%e gi$ing an

e-tension to a student who simply didn,t plan the wor% properly# What did you get or your irst

assignment?

W: I got .E percent#

M: Fmm# "es you did $ery well indeed# 6o o'$iously you can produce good wor%#

W: I don,t thin% I need too much e-tra time as long as I can get hold o some important

reerences# M: Well since you did so well in your irst assignment I,m prepared to gi$e you an

e-tra two wee%s or this one# 6o that will mean you need to su'mit it a'out a month rom now#

W: &h than% you#

M: >ow what a'out the reading materials? 6o you chec% out the 5ournal articles in the list?

W: &h no not yet# 2here were a'out twenty o them I wasn,t sure which ones should 'e most

useul or all important#

M: Well they,re all useul 'ut I don,t e-pect anyone to read them all 'ecause a num'er o them

deal with the same issues# (nd let me gi$e you some suggestions# 2he article 'y (nderson and

Haw%er is really worth reading#

W: 3ight# I,ll read that one#

M: "ou should also read the article 'y


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M: (nd i you ha$e time the one 'y 3o'erts says $ery a lot o things although it,s not essential#

W: &%# I it,s useul I,ll try with that one#

M: >ow the one 'y Morris# I wouldn,t 'orrow with that at this stage i I were you#

W: &% I won,t 'orrow with Morris# &h now someone told me that the article 'y Dooper isimportant# M: &h yes 'ut 5ust loo% at the last part where it discusses the research result#

W: (nd last there,s 7orster# I can,t thin% why I included that one# 2hat,s not 'ad and could 'e

some help 'ut not that much#

M: >ow let,s deal with the assignment Buestion# What,s the pro'lem there?

W: It,s graph rom page +#

M: It seems to 'e the pro'lem is 5ust a'out the 'ar graph showing reasons why peoples change

where they li$e#

W: Well I,$e got a photocopy 'ut the reasons at the 'ottom are missing#

M: &%# 8oo% at the irst 'ar on the graph# >ow that indicates the num'er o people who mo$e

'ecause they want more space#

W: &h I see# 4ar one# &% now what,s a'out the ne-t 'ar?

M: 4ar two is to do with the people who li$e near'y distur'ing them so they chose to mo$e

away to somewhere Buieter# >ow let,s loo% at 'ar >o#/# (nother reason people change theirplaces o li$ing is 'ecause they want to 'e closer to the city#

W: &%# ro-imity to the city is the issue#

M: >ow 'ar >o#9 reers to pro'lems when the owner o the property won,t help i- things go

wrong# In other words the owner is not helpul and so the tenants mo$e out#

W: &% now what a'out 4ar *#

M: 4ar * is a'out those people who mo$e 'ecause they need a 'us or train to get among the

city or to go to wor%#

W: &% and 4ar ?

M: 4ar >o# is midresting# 2hat reason was gi$en Buite a lot# eople mo$e in 'ecause they

wanted to 'e in a more attracti$e neigh'ourhood#


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W: &h yes# 2han% you $ery much#

test1_section9

Good day ladies and gentlemen# I@$e 'een as%ed today to tal% to you a'out the ur'an

landscape# 2here@re two ma5or areas that I@ll ocus on in my tal%: how $egetation can ha$e asigniicant eect on ur'an climate and how we can 'etter plan our cities using trees to pro$ide

a more comorta'le en$ironment or us to li$ing#

2rees can ha$e a signiicant impact on our cities# 2hey can ma%e our cities as a whole a 'it less

windy or a 'it more windy as that what you want# 2hey can ma%e it a 'it cooler i it@s a hot

summer day in an (ustralian city or they can ma%e it a 'it more humid i it@s a dry inland city#

&n the local scale that is a particular area within the city trees can ma%e the local area more

shady cooler more humid and much less windy# In act trees and plantings o $arious o %inds

can 'e used to ma%e city streets actually less dangerous in particular areas#

How do trees do that you@ll as%? Well the main dierence 'etween a tree and a 'uilding is a

tree has got an internal mechanism to %eep the temperature regulated# It e$aporates water

through its lea$es# (nd that means the temperature o the lea$es is ne$er $ery ar rom our

own 'ody temperature# 2he temperature o a 'uilding surace on a hot sunny day can easily 'e

+0 degrees more than our temperature# 2rees on the other hand remain cooler than 'uildings

'ecause they sweat# 2his means they can humidiy the air and cool it a property which can 'e

e-ploited to impro$e the local climate#

2rees can also help 'rea% the orce o the winds# 2he reason that high 'uildings may %eep

windier at ground le$el is that as the wind goes higher and higher it goes aster and aster#

When the wind hits the 'uilding it has to go somewhere# 6ome o it goes o$er the top andsome goes around the sides o the 'uilding orcing those high le$el winds down to ground

le$el# 2hat doesn@t happen when you ha$e trees# 2rees ilter the wind and considera'ly reduce

it pre$enting those $ery large strong gusts that you so oten ind around tall 'uildings#

(nother pro'lem in 'uiltup areas is the traic noise is intensiied 'y tall 'uildings# 4y planting a

'elt o trees at the side o the road you can ma%e things a little Buieter 'ut much o the $ehicle

noise still goes through the trees# 2rees can also help reduce the amount o noise in the

surroundings although the eect is not as large as people would li%e to thin%# 8ow reBuency

noise in particular 5ust goes through the trees as that they aren@t there#

(lthough trees can signiicantly impro$e the local climate they do howe$er ta%e up a lot o

space# 2here@re route system to consider and 'ranches 'loc%ing the windows and so on# It may

thereore 'e diicult to it trees into the local landscape# 2here@s not a great deal you can do i

you ha$e what we call a street canyon a whole set o highrises enclosed in the narrow street#

2rees need water to grow# 2hey also need some sunlight to grow and you need room to put

them# I you ha$e the chance o %noc%ing 'uildings down and replacing them then suddenly

you can start loo%ing at dierent ways to design the streets and to introduce###=nd


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test+_section1

W: &h eter there you@re# It@s 'een ages# What catches so long?

M: 6orry I@m so late 6ally# Ha$e you 'een waiting long?

W: Hal an hour# 4ut it doesn@t matter# I had a coee and I had 'een reading this guide'oo% or

tourists# 6it down#

M: Fmm#

W: "ou loo% $ery hot and tired# What would you li%e to drin%?

M: I@d lo$e really chill mineral water or something# Would you ha$e another coee?

W: "es I@ll# 2he waitress will 'e 'ac% in a moment# Why are you so late# )id something happen?

M: "es# "ou %now I went to the 'an% to cash something tra$eller@s cheBues# Well the e-change

rate was loo%ing $ery healthy 'ut I went to the teller they told me that the computer system

was temporarily down# 6o they couldn@t do any transactions# 2hey said the pro'lem would 'e

i-ed in a ew minutes so I waited# (nd then I started tal%ing to another guy in the 'an% and I

orgot the time#

W: &h really? 6omeone you met in the 'an%# )oes he wor% there?

M: >o he was a tourist rom >"# His name is Henry# (nd he@s 'een here or a wee% 'ut he@s

mo$ing on to Germany tomorrow# He@s an architect and he@s spending our wee%s tra$ellingalong =urope# W: o hang on# 2hat@s the Dathedral Museum# &h! 2he Dathedral itsel is open


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morning and aternoon# 2he Dastle is 5ust open rom 1 to * so we can@t go there until ater

lunch# I really want to spend some time on the (rt Gallery 'ecause they@$e got this wonderul

painting 'y 3em'randtthat I always want to see#

M: What else should we see?

W: Well the guide'oo% says the 4otanical Gardens worth spending some time in# (nd there@re

open all day rom . to so we go there anytime# =n### I@d li%e to go to the mar%ets near the

ri$er too# 4ut ### &h no way that@s only in the mornings too#

M: (s well as today and tomorrow we can see some other places on Monday you %now# 4ut I

don@t thin% the mar%ets will 'e open then# 2hey only open on 2hursdays# 6o we miss them or

this wee%# May'e we can go to the Dathedral today 'ecause it@s 6unday tomorrow# (nd e$en

though it@s open e$ery day it might 'e diicult to get in tomorrow 'ecause the chair ser$ices#

W: 2hat is true# 4ut the (rt Gallery isn@t open on 6undays at all# 6o we@ll ha$e to go there today#

=n 2he Dastle is open e$ery day e-cept Monday# 6o it@ll o%ay there# (nd the Gardens o course

is only closed at night#

M: (re all these places ree? &r do we ha$e to pay to go in? What does the guide'oo% say?

W: I thin% there@s a charge or all o them e-cept the 4otanical Gardens# &h and the mar%ets# &

course you don@t pay to go in#

M: &%ay well let@s ha$e a loo% at our plan at this# We@ll go to see the painting you li%e irst

that the 3em'randt then ha$e lunch then we go on to the Dastle ater that and then the

Dathedral#

W: &%ay# It says here that the roo o the Dathedral is really 'eautiul#

M: Is that right? 4ut I really want to do with the Dathedral is clim' the tower# 2he $iew is

supposed to 'e spectaculous!

W: &%ay well that@ll 'e more than enough today# (nd tomorrow let@s go to the 4otanical

Gardens and ha$e a picnic# =n! I want to sit 'y the ri$er and watch the swans# 2he city@s

amous or them# test+_section+

6o the Dounselling 6er$ices we are or dealing with any pro'lems arising rom your studies or in

your lie outside the uni$ersity#

8et@s ta%e academic counselling# I you conuse a'out su'5ects or how to com'ine them o your

degree we can ad$ise you and discuss the career you are aiming or so that you can see it all in

conte-t# We can also chase up your tutor i you@re not getting proper eed'ac% on how you will

'e getting on your su'5ects#


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4esides help with academic pro'lems you may also need personal counselling# I you thin%

you@re already under stress well 5ust wait to classes 'egin ne-t wee% you@ll ha$e to start

ad5usting to teaching and learning methods that may 'e unamiliar to you as well as the

mounting pressures the deadline or that irst assignment creates upon you#

(nd o course you@ll ha$e to cope with all these without your usual social networ% you %nowthe social contacts amily and riends you can normally rely on or help# (ll o this causes

an-iety# 6tudying o$erseas can trigger a personal crisis# "ou may ha$e let a lot o or you might

call uninished 'usiness 'ac% in your own country# &r you may ha$e interrupted personal

relationships or e$en sometimes 'ro%en them o to come o$erseas# (nd so students oten eel

so lonely unhappy unmoti$ated and una'le to concentrate on study# &r there may 'e other

things 'othering you# &ur resident chapel can oer you spiritual guidance i that what you want

or we can put you in touch with community groups that can pro$ide you with social contacts

and riendship#

What a'out e-am stress? It eects nearly e$ery one to some e-tent 'ut especially o$ersea

students li%e yoursel$es# 2here may 'e a huge amount o amily pressure on you to succeed#

(nd i you ail a su'5ect or drop o a course 'ecause it@s too diicult then your selesteem can

suer 'ut it@s not the end o the world i you don@t pass an e-am# I had a reset irst year

anthropology so I can certainly oer you a sympathetic hear# (nyway e-am ailure can lead

$arying changes in the way you normally 'eha$e#

"ou may also 'e o your ood or you may ha$e dietary pro'lems 'ecause the local ood is not

to your li%ing and upset you and this can aect your health and studies# Glenda 3o'erts is our

dietician in the health ser$ice and we can put you onto her#

(nd we all ha$e money pro'lems don@t we? 4ut remem'er ulltime students can get a lowinterest loan o up to 00 dollars to 'uy 'oo%s and or similar study related e-penses# 2hat@s

right# (nd you can get a dou'le that amount i you can@t aord an item or eBuipment you need

or your course so musical instrument or e-ample# 2hat doesn@t stop there# When you mo$e

into a lat startingup e-penses including urniture aord can 'e co$ered 'y a loan through the

welare ser$ice# 6ee


11/28

W: Dan you 5ust remind me what the tas% is e-actly?

M+: Well there@re two err no three parts to it# 2he irst we ha$e got to write an essay a'out

ways o collecting data then###

W: What@s the title o the essay e-actly?

M1: I@$e got a here# (ssess the two main methods o collecting data in social science research#

W: (nd how much do we need to write?

M1: 1*00 words# 2hat@s the essay# 2hen or the second part o this assignment we ha$e to

choose one method o data collection and carry out a smallscale study ma%ing appropriate use

o the method chosen to get data rom at least * su'5ects#

W: (nd then we ha$e to write a report on the study?

M+: 2hat@s right# It@s three to our thousands words#

W: )id you get as ar as discussing which orm o data collection we should go or?

Kuestionnaire or inter$iew isn@t it?

M1: "es I thin% we should do a Buestionnaire# 2hat would 'e so much less time consuming than

organizing inter$iews I recommend# &nce we@$e agreed on the wording we only ha$e to send it

out and wait or the responses#

W: "es###I thin% it pro'a'ly would 'e Buic%er# 4ut what that are the article ga$e us last wee% say

a'out the Buality o data rom Buestionnaires

M1:I@m pretty sure recommended Buestionnaires are source o highly relia'le data as long as

you design the Buestionnaire properly in the irst place the data will 'e ine#

W: >o# I@m sure it tal%s a'out draw'ac%s as well doesn@t it something a'out the response rate

and the pro'lems you get i it is too low#

M1: "es 'ut we only need data rom * su'5ects anyway#

W: &h I suppose so# (nother draw'ac% I remem'er it mentions was that Buestionnaire data

tends not to re$eal anything une-pected 'ecause it is limited to the Buestions i-ed in ad$ance'y the researcher# M1: Dome on 3ose# 2his is only a practice# It seems not a real research is it?

W: Well I@m sure a'out that#

W: May'e I@ll 'e 'ac% through the article again#


12/28

W: M=H2(?

M: "ep# (nd he also recommended a more reasona'le called 6ur$ey research 'y 4elle I thin%#

It@s an art series pu'lished 'y 8ondon Fni$ersity#

M+: (nd i we try to use inter$iews instead I saw a 'oo% in the departmental li'rary that will 'ehelpul or this it is called Inter$iews that wor% 'y Wilson pu'lished in &-ord in 1J..#

W: 3ight# &h I ha$e got a tutorial now# Dan we meet up again later this wee%# What a'out

7riday morning?

M: 6uits me# 11 o@cloc%?

W: 7ine#

M: 4eore 7riday I thin% we should all loo% though the reading list#

test+_section9

6o ar in these lectures we@$e 'een loo%ing at crimes li%e ro''ery and murder 'oth rom

historical

$iew o point and also in contemporary society# (nd we@$e seen the preoccupation o western

societies with crime and with lawlessness is a pile o long and continuous tradition rather than

something which is null and uniBue to modern society#

4ut o$er the past E0 years or so there@s 'een a massi$e increase in one type o crime whichwas what@s %nown as corporate crime# Dorporate crime is crime which as the name suggests is

connected with companies with 'usiness organizations# It includes illegal acts leader

indi$iduals or a group within a company# 4ut what is important is that these actors normally in

accordance with the goals o the company# 2hey@re or the good o the company rather than

the indi$idual# It@s 'een deined as Buote crime which is committed or the corporate

organization the company not against it unBuote# 6o crimes li%e thet 'y employees things

li%e### err### em'ezzlement or raud against one@s actual employer are e-cluded according to

this deinition# 2he employees may'e in$ol$e 'ut they@re acting in the irst place or the

company# 2hey may not e$en realize that they commit a crime or they may realize 'ut they eel

it@s e-cusa'le 'ecause it@s policy or 'ecause otherwise they may lose their 5o's# 6o here we@re

really tal%ing a'out the lin%s 'etween power and crime#

>ow this is one area that much less generally %nown a'out the con$entional or traditional

crime# It@s 'een relati$ely ignored 'y the mass media# 7or e-ample it tends to 'e

underreported in comparison with con$entional crime in news 'roadcasts and in crime series o

ilms and so on# 2hey $ery rarely deal with corporate crime# (nd it also tends to 'e ignored in


13/28

academic circles as 'eing ar more research on con$entional crime and ar more data is

a$aila'le#

2here@re se$eral reasons or this lac% o interest in corporate crime compared with other types

o crime# It@s oten $ery comple- whereas con$entional crime it@s usually possi'le to ollow

what@s going on without specialist %nowledge# (s well as this whereas con$entional crime has alot o human interest corporate crime oten has much less# 2he third reason and possi'ly the

most signiicant one is that $ery oten that $ictims are unaware# 2hey thin% their misortune is

an accident or that is the ault o no one in particular# 2hey@re unaware that they@$e 'een

$ictims o a crime#

6o when we loo% at the eects o corporate crime we may ind it@s $ery diicult to assess the

costs 'ut these costs can 'e $ery considera'le in 'oth their economic and social aspects#

8et@s loo% at the economic costs irst# 7or e-ample i a company is producing ruit 5uice and it

dilutes its product so that@s 5ust a little 'elow the concentration it should 'e many millions o

people may 'e paying a small amount o e-tra or their carrot orange 5uice# >ow some amounts

li%e this may seem insigniicant or indi$idual customers too small to worry a'out# 4ut or the

company this deception might result in massi$e illegal proit# Howe$er all our studies o

corporate crime agree that the indi$iduals are in act depri$ed o ar more money 'y such crime

than they@re 'y con$entional crime li%e ro''ery and thet#

In addition to this we ha$e to consider the social costs o corporate crime# (nd these are again

$ery diicult to assess 'ut they@re considera'le# 2hey@re important 'ecause they can undermine

the aith o the pu'lic in the 'usiness world# (nd also more importantly 'ecause the main

group o people they@re in act eected not the richer section o the society 'ut the poorer# 6o

here companies are ro''ing the poorer then 'eneit the rich#

2here@re two more points to do with corporate crime# 2hen I@d li%e to illustrate with the

reerence to a paciic e$ent which occurred se$eral years ago# 2his was an e-plosion o a large

oil tan%er which cost the loss o more than ity li$es o the crew# It was an e-plosion which

ne$er should ha$e happened and the su'seBuent inBuiry laid the 'lame not on anyone who@s

actually 'een on the tan%er at the time 'ut on the owners o the tan%er# 2hey had deli'erately

decided not to carry out necessary repair wor% on the tan%er as it was due to 'e sold# (nd it

was this lac% o repair wor% which was directly responsi'le or the e-plosion#

>ow this illustrates two points to do with corporate crime# 7irst o all that it@s not had to 'e

intentional# 2he owners o the tan%er certainly did not intend it to e-plode 'ut $ery serious

conseBuence can result rom people or organizations not considering the possi'le results are

their actions seriously enough# 2he main crime here was indierence to the human results

rather than actual intention to harm anyone# 4ut that didn@t ma%e the results any less tragic#

(nd this leads to my second point# 2hat corporate crime can ha$e $ery se$ere conseBuences#

It@s not 5ust a matter o companies ma%ing 'ig proits they should do 'ut o oense which may

aect the li$es o innocent people# (nd here@re $ery oten companies 'ecause they say they


14/28

didn@t intend to harm anyone can a$oid ta%ing responsi'ility or the results o their actions and

that has 'een a $ery dangerous slop hole in the law#

>ow urther e-ample o corporate crime was the###

test/_section1

W: 6arah I@$e heard that you want to mo$e into a homestay amily is that correct?

6: "es that@s right# I@$e 'een staying with my aunt and now my cousin is arri$ing rom 6ingapore

and my aunt need ser$e room or him#

W: &h that@s 'ad luc%# Well I@ll need to get some particulars irst# =rr 6arah what@s your ull

name? 6: 6arah 8him and that@s 6arah with 8him

W: =n how old are you 6arah?

6: +/ only 5ust# It was my 'irthday on the +1st o (ugust#

W: (h happy 'irthday or yesterday# How long ha$e you 'een in (ustralia?

6: ( year in (delaide and months in 6ydney# I preer 6ydney# I@$e got more riends here#

W: What@s your address your aunt@s house?

6: 7lat 1 */J 7orest 3d# Danter'ury and the post code is +0/#

W: &%ay# What@re you studying now?

6: I was studying general =nglish in (delaide# (nd now I@m doing academic =nglish 'ecause I@m

trying to get into medicine ne-t year#

W: 2hat sounds good 'ut it@ll ta%e you a long time# When would you li%e to mo$e out rom your

aunt@s?

6: My cousin arri$es on 7riday morning# 6o I@d 'etter to 'e out on 2hursday#

W: What### the Eth o 6eptem'er#

6: "es that@s right#

W: 2hat doesn@t lea$e us much time# 3ight o%ay# I need to %now what %ind o accommodation

you@d li%e so I can get you something suita'le#

10 ; +0


15/28

6: Dan I share room with someone else# I@$e 'een alone in my room o my aunt@s and I@$e always

shared with my sister and I li%e that#

W: "es# 7ine# 2hat@ll sa$e you money too# Would you li%e to li$e with the amily or do you thin%that a single person will 'e 'etter or you# I@$e lots o $ery nice single people on my 'oo%s#

6: )o you ha$e any women li$ing alone retired women?

W: "es I@$e Buite a ew whose children ha$e grown up and let home# In act I ha$e some really

lo$ely retired ladies li$ing 'y themsel$es who 5ust lo$e the accompany o students# Most o

them li$ing in lats 'ut that@s not a pro'lem or you isn@t it?

6: >ot at all# I@m used to that# My aunt li$es in a lat too remem'er? I@m not used to a 'ig house

with a golden swimming pool pets song on that#

W: &%ay ine# I %now Buite a 'it a'out what you want now# I should let you %now that your rent

will 'e 10 dollars a wee%# I@ll ha$e to pay me /+0 dollars as a deposit 'eore you mo$e in# 2he

deposit is as insurance in case you 'rea% something# "ou need to pay monthly to me 'y cash or

cheBue I don@t mind# "ou don@t need to pay or gas li%e electricity or water# 4ut you@ll need to

pay your proportion o the phone 'ill# Most amilies do that on their own system 'ut you ha$e

to wait and see# Ha$e you got any more Buestions or me?

6: When will you %now where I can go?

W: I@ll wor% on it now# 6o come and see me tomorrow and I should ha$e some news or youthen# 6: 2han%s a lot#

W: Good'ye see you tomorrow# (ter lunch will 'e 'etter or me#

6: &%ay see you then# 4ye#

test/_section+

G=&773=": Good e$ening and in this wee%@s edition o @7ocus on the (rts@


16/28

2he programme has sensational theatre dance and also a large num'er o art e-hi'itions 'ut

the thing the 7esti$al is most amous or is its great street music# 7or today@s report though

Georey I@m loo%ing at some o the theatrical e$ents that you might li%e to seeL in particular at

this year@s theme circuses#

I@m going to tell you a'out two circus perormances 'ut there@re plenty o others in theprogramme# I@$e chosen these 'ecause they represent distinct mo$ements within circus

perormance# 2he irst is the Dircus 3omano rom Italy# (s this is a tra$elling circus it ollows a

long tradition 'y perorming in a marBuee which is really li%e a can$as porta'le 'uilding

usually put up in a green space or car par% rather than in a theatre or stadium#

In spite o this Dircus 3omano isn@t at all li%e the traditional circuses I grew up with# 2here are

no animals 5ust $ery talented clowning and acro'atic routines# 2he show has a lot o $ery unny

moments especially at the 'eginning 'ut the 'est part is the music and lighting# 2hey@re

magical# (t ortyi$e dollars it@s $ery e-pensi$e anyway# It@s really or adult tastes# In act much

o it would 'e wasted on children so I suggest you lea$e them at home#

2he second circus perormance is Dircus =lectrica at the 6tudio 2heatre# 2he purists are

suggesting that this isn@t a circus at all# It@s a showcase or s%ills in dance and magic rather than

the usual one you e-pect in a circus# With only si- perormers it@s a small production which

suits the $enue well the 6tudio only seats a'out two hundred people# 7or my money it@s the

aerial displays which are outstanding as well as the magical tric%s eatures which are missing

rom Dircus 3omano# (n interesting eature o the show is the perormers are so young the

youngest is only ourteen# 4ut it@s still well worth seeing a good one or the whole amily#

(nd inally as it@s summer you may wish to see some o the 7esti$al perormances that are

'eing presented outdoors# 8i%e the amous Me%ong Water uppet 2roupe perorming in theDity Garden this wee%# >ow water puppetry is amazing# It@s large puppets on long stic%s

controlled 'y puppeteers standing waist deep in the la%e# 2he puppets do comedy routines and

there is some terriic ormation dancing# 2his is a antastic show and the 'est one comes at the

end seeing the puppeteers# When the troupe wal%s up out o water you get this amazing

eeling# It@s really hard to 'elie$e it what you@$e 'een watching is lieless wood and cloth# (s an

adult I had a great time 'ut I did note that other older people in the audience weren@t Buite as

ta%en with as I was# It@s a must or young children though and that@s the audience it@s really

aimed at#

Well that@s all I@$e time or today 'ut I@ll 'e 'ac% ne-t wee% with more news o what@s worth

seeing and what it@s 'est to miss#

test/_section/

&icer: Hello# =r I@m )awn Matthews#


17/28

6tudent: "es hello# I@$e 'een reerred to you 'ecause I@m enBuiring a'out the reresher courses

that you run# I@d li%e to ind out a 'it more a'out them#

&icer: &A# Well we run Buite a ew dierent short courses or students who are either

returning to study or studying parttime# Fm tell me a'out your situation#

6tudent: Well I thin% I really need some help in preparing or the coming semester especially

to 'uild up my conidence a 'it and help me study eecti$ely 'ecause you see I@$e 'een out in

the wor%orce or nearly twenty years now so it really is a long time since I was last a student#

&icer: "es it can seem li%e a long time can@t it? Fm well let me start 'y telling you what

courses we ha$e that might suit you# (re you an undergraduate or postgraduate? (rts or

6ciences?

6tudent: Fndergraduate and I@m in the 4usiness aculty#

&icer: 3ight then# 7irst o all there@s our intensi$e 6tudy or 6uccess seminar on the irst and

second o 7e'ruary# It@s aimed at students li%e you who are uncertain a'out what to e-pect at

college and loo%s at a airly wide range o approaches to uni$ersity learning to moti$ate you to

'egin your study and 'uild on your own learning strategies#

6tudent: Mm that sounds good# What@re some o the strategies that are presented#

&icer: Well we try to co$er all aspects o study# 6ome o the strategies in writing or e-ample

would 'e impro$ing your planning or writing organising your thin%ing and 'uilding some

techniBues to help you write more clearly# With reading there will 'e sessions aimed at getting

into the ha'it o analysing material as you need it and tips help you record and remem'erwhat you ha$e read# It really is $ery important to 'egin reading conidently right rom the

'eginning#

6tudent: Mm#

&icer: 2here@s also ad$ice on how to get the most rom your lectures and practice in gi$ing

conident presentations as well as how to prepare or e-ams#

6tudent: What a'out the moti$ational side o things?

&icer: (r well there@s a range o moti$ational e-ercises that we do to help student eelpositi$e and enthusiastic a'out their study# 2he process o learning and e-ploring a su'5ect can

lead to a whole new way o loo%ing at the world and the study s%ills and techniBues you 'uild

up can 'e applied in all sorts o dierent ways#


18/28

6tudent: (ctually I### I@m $ery e-cited a'out the whole thing o ta%ing up study again 'ut you

%now I@m a little ner$ous a'out whether I@ll manage to get e$erything done# I suppose it@s the

same or all mature students?

&icer: & course it is# 2wo o the %ey components o the course are time management and

o$ercoming procrastination# eople disco$er that once they learn to plan their days all thewor% can 'e accomplished and there@ll still time 'e or leisure#

6tudent:Is there an enrolment ee?

&icer:Well er oh 5ust a minute let@s see### (h the cost is /0 pounds which includes all cost

materials and morning tea# "ou ha$e to arrange your own lunch#

6tudent: 2hat won@t 'e a pro'lem# =r I already ma%e sandwiches or my three %ids and my wie

and mysel e$ery day# I won@t ha$e to change my routine#

&icer: >o# >ow I need to tell you that this is a $ery popular course and it@s essential that you

'oo% well ahead o time# In act the Dourse Don$enor tells me that there@re only i$e places let#

6tudent: What other course might 'e good or me?

&icer: 2here@s one other that you can 'eneit rom# It@s simply called @8earning 6%ills or

Fni$ersity 6tudy@ and is on three consecuti$e mornings starting on a Monday rom J to 1+ and

costs +* pounds# 2his is aimed at upgrading the study s%ills most schoollea$ers ha$e and help

them cope with the increased demands o uni$ersity study# It ocuses mainly on ma%ing student

more responsi'le or their own success#

6tudent: What sort o things are co$ered in this course?

&icer: Well 'asically it@s more ad$anced thin%ing note ta%ing reading and writing strategies

'ut also some input a'out stress management#

6tudent:I thin% I@d 'etter o starting rom the 'asics and loo%ing at all the strategies don@t you?

&icer: "es rom what you@$e told me I thin% that@s more in line with your situation#

6tudent: (lright then um can I 'oo% a place on the @6tudy or success@ seminar course now?

&icer:"es let me 5ust get out a registration orm and ta%e down your details#

test/_section9

We@re $ery grateul that the Dommittee has agreed that a representati$e or the 6tudents@

Fnion can present students@ suggestions a'out the design or the proposed new Fnion 'uilding#

We appreciate that some o our ideas may not 'e easi'le in the circumstances# 4ut we do eel


19/28

that it is important that the ultimate 'eneiciaries o the acilities should ha$e some say in its

design#

I I could start 'y 'riely e-plaining what steps were ta%en to ind out student opinion and how

we ha$e arri$ed at conclusions# 7irstly a meeting was held in the current Fnion or our 6F

committee to e-plain the options# 2hen we in$ited all students to su'mit written suggestionsor the design placing cards in a suggestion 'o-# 2heses suggestions then pro$ided the 'asis or

the design o a Buestionnaire which was completed 'y appro-imately two thousands o the

Dollege students o$er a period o three wee%s# 7inally the 6F Dommittee collected the results

and drew up a report# I I can 5ust hand around a copy o that report# 2his presentation is

essentially a summary and discussion o the %ey points o this report#

6o in 'road terms the consensus was as ollows# 7irstly regarding the crucial matter o the

site we presented the three options that you ha$e proposed# &ne: in the city centre near the

7aculty o =ducationL two: on the outs%irts o the city near the par% and three: out o town

near the halls o residence# We as%ed students to cite reasons or and against these sites and

#### and there was remar%a'le agreement on all three# 6ite &ne was unpopular 'ecause o traic

and par%ing pro'lems# 6ite 2wo had a num'er o supporters mainly 'ecause it was close to

most lecture rooms# (nd 6ite 2hree out o town near the halls o residence was clearly the

most popular 'ecause o access rom li$ing Buarters# It was clear that the Fnion was mainly to

'e used ater lectures# It was also elt the larger site would allow more room or a choice o

acilities#

&ur second area o interest was o'$iously the acilities# 2here was minimal interest in ha$ing a

li'rary on the premises# 4ut one option seemed to 'e a reading room instead more useul# We

would li%e the current ta'le games room to 'e replaced with a small gym and i possi'le small

swimming pool not o course &lympic size# 2here was a large num'er o respondents ina$our o a tra$el agent@s and insurance centre# We also reBuest that there 'e the oices o the

6tudent Dounselling Dentre mo$ing this rom the 3eectory# 2here was howe$er much

disagreement a'out whether to 'uild a drama theatre#


20/28

W: Hi 2ony# 2han%s e$er so much or coming# "ou %now we@$e 'een as%ed to organise

something or


21/28

W:=nough time 'ut not too early# What a'out the iteenth o )ecem'er?

M:Well there@re e-ams on the si-teenth 'etter a$oid them#

W:2enth?

M:"eah that should do it#

W:6o what does that lea$e? &h yes a present#

M:Would you mind doing that?

W:>o not at all# We usually get around with en$elope during coee 'rea% don@t we?

M:Doee 'rea%@s always the 'est time 'ecause people ha$e got their money handy#

W:"es e-actly# )o we suggest an amount? &r does it seem a 'it unair?

M:>o I thin% people welcome it# We suggested si- dollars last time# Is that &%?

W:"es plenty I would ha$e thought which should lea$e us with a'out ninety dollars?

M:Ha$e you any ideas or presents?

W: Well I@$e 'een ha$ing a little thin%# I thought you %now he lo$es music#

M: "eah and 'oo%s#

W:6o I thought I@d chec% on prices or well perhaps D) players?

M:"es# 2hat@s a good idea and also I thought may'e you %now a set o dictionaries# I heard him

say he needed a good one#

W:2he other thing he was saying last wee% was that his computer printer had 'ro%en#

M:>o I@d 'e really rightened a'out getting the wrong type# 2he other thing is something or

the home# o we need to thin% a little more a'out the money# I %now we@$e got a set amount rom the

6ocial 7und#


22/28

M: 3ight# What does that co$er?

W:It@s meant to co$er the cost o the room#

M:"eah#

W:(nd a certain amount or ood#

M:(nd also drin%s?

W:&h yeah certainly#

M:4ut will it 'e enough?

W:What we@$e done in the past is to as% guests to 'ring some snac%s#

M:3ight#

W:We don@t as% them to 'ring more drin%s# 4ecause we igure that@s that should come rom

the 6ocial 7und#

M:&%# (nything else or the guests to 'ring?

W:Well oh some music# 4ecause there@ll 'e a tape dec% there in the room# (nd we can ha$e

some dancing later on#

M:(nything else?

W:Well# It@s 5ust a thought# 4ut a couple o years ago that we had a really good party where we

set up you %now some simple games#

M:"eah great# Wasn@t it 'ased on photos rom the students and teachers?

W:2hat@s right#

M:6o we should as% the guests to 'ring photos# &% I@ll put it on the in$itations#

W:>ow the last thing is who shall we as% to do the speech?

M:)on@t you thin% it might 'e nice to ha$e one o the students?

W:Well then the 6tudent 8eader?

M:"es much 'etter than the )irector gi$ing speeches again#


23/28

W:&% then I@ll as% her# 8o$ely so is that all?

M:8oo%s li%e it#

W:Great# 2han%s e$er so much#ade out

test9_section+

spea%er 12han% you or calling the ree 2ra$elite 2ra$el (gency Inormation 8ine#"ou will not

'e charged or this call#

In order to deal with all calls eecti$ely we oer you a num'er o options#lease listen

careully and press your reBuired num'er at the appropriate timeor dial a new num'er#I you

want to hera a'out special oersplease press one#I you want to hear our latest price

listsplease press two#I you want to ma%e a complaintplease press three#I you want

inormation a'out our new wal%ing holidaysplease press our now#

spea%er +2han% you or calling our 2ra$elite Wal%ing Holidays 8ine#We ha$e 'een oering a

wide $ariety o wal%ing holidays to suit all tastes or 5ust three years'ut already we ha$e won

two awards or e-cellence in this ield#We oer guided wal%ing tours to suit the discerning

tra$eller in twel$e dierent centres throughout the whole o Western =urope#We are planning

to open our irst centre outside this area in the coming yearso watch out or de$elopments#

4ut the pride o 2ra$elite is the le$el o guidance and support we oer on our wal%s#(ll are

plannedin detail 'y our highly trained guideswho all wor% in a $ariety o dierent 2ra$elite

locationsso we can guarantee standards#=ach day we oer three separate wal%s catering or all

s%ills and itness le$els#

We also pride oursel$es on our riendly ser$iceparticularly important or the increasing

num'ers o people who choose to holiday alone#Fnli%e almost all tra$el operators who happily

charge large supplements or single roomswe guarantee that no single client will pay

moree$en when only dou'le rooms are a$aila'le or them#(nd the day doesn@t end with the

return to 'ase###ater our dinner at communal ta'les designed to ma%e all our guests eel part

o a amily atmosphere###entertainment is laid on nearly e$ery night with tour leaders on hand

to organise lecturesgamesBuizzes and respond to any special reBuests rom guests#

2he ollowing is a summary o costs and special inclusi$e oers on holidays or the coming

summer#We ha$e three lengths o holiday:threedayse$enday and ourteenday#2he threeday

holiday costs one hundred and eighty dollars or all accommodationood and wal%ingand or

the irst time this year we are including in that price###the cost o pic%ing you up rome the

nearest station#2he se$enday holiday costs three hundred and ity dollars per person andas

well as including the oers o the threeday holidayalso includes a magniicent 'oo% gi$ing the

local history#&n top o thatwe are a'le to include ree maps###or you to 'etter en5oy the

wal%ing and e$en plan in ad$ancei you wish# 7or the ourteenday holidayour special price is


24/28

si- hundred and ninety dollars per person and that includes all the oers or the three and

se$enday holiday plus###mem'ership o a local wal%ing clu'###so you can 'etter en5oy the ull

la$our o the local lie#

7or urther in ormationplease contact your local tra$el agent#2han% or you calling the

2ra$elite 2ra$el (gency Inormation 8ine###ade out

test9_section/

MIA=: Hi 6ue#

6F=: Hi Mi%eso what happened to you last wee%?

MIA=: &hI was sic% with the lu#What@s this I hear a'our a 'ig assignment we@$e got to do?

6F=: Well'asicallywe@$e got to ind two science e-periments to do with a group o eightyear

old children at the local primary schooland we@$e got to complete it 'y the end o the wee%#

MIA=: &hthat sounds li%e hard wor%#Where are we supposed to get the ideas or these

e-periments rom?

6F=: WellI managed to get hold o two 'oo%s rom the li'rary#

MIA=: &hwell done!

6F=: How a'out i we ta%e a loo% at the e-periments in this 'oo% irst and see i anthing loo%s

suita'le? I can ma%e notes as we goa'out eBuipment and the purpose o the e-periments#

MIA=: &Alet@s seeumthe irst e-periment is called NMa%e your own ho$ercrat@which sounds

$ery am'itious!Mind youyou only need twenty 'alloons and a ta'leyou don@t need any special

engines or anything li%e that!

6F=: What do you do with it all?

MIA=: =ryou 'low up the 'alloons and you 'alance the ta'le on themupside down o

courseand the %ids get to ride around on it"ou %nowthe other %ids sort o push them around

the room#2he main purpose is to show how ho$ercrats wor%and how things ho$er around on

5ust a cushion o air# 6F=: &Athat doesn@t sound too 'ad#

MIA=: &Aready or num'er two?

6F=: Hmmhmm#


25/28


26/28

MIA=: Wellthey 'asically ma%e a record player#2he main idea is to teach them a'out recording

sound'ut hopeully they@d also see that you need motion and an ampliier to ma%e the sound

heard# 6F=: &Awell it does sound interesting#6hall we go through all o those again and decide

i any o them are going to 'e suita'le?

MIA=:3ightnum'er one#I thought this one sounded nice:there@d 'e lots o acti$ity and itdoesn@t need too much in the way o eBuipment#

6F=: "esthat@s true'ut don@t you thin% it@s a 'it ris%y to get a group o eightyearolds pushing

each other around a classroom li%e that?6omeone could get hurt> don@t li%e the sound o

that one at all! MIA=:May'e you@re right#

6F=: What a'out num'er twowith the paperclips?It sound tame enough#

MIA=:"esa 'it too tame i you as% me#I thin% it needs to 'e something a 'it more neti$e and

interesting than thatdon@t you?

6F=: "esI suppose you@re right#We won@t get a $ery good mar% i the children don@t actually

en5oy the e-perimentsand I suppose we could turn them o science or good!Wellwhat a'out

the ne-t onenum'er three?

MIA=:>ow#I Buite li%e the idea o this one#

6F=: "esso do I'ut I seem to remem'er when we did it at high school we had to wait up to a

ortnight 'eore we saw any halway decent results#

MIA=:&hyes wellthat won@t 'e any good then#We@ll only see the %ids or one or two hours atthe most#

6F=: "esand we ha$e to do the e-periments and write up our results within a wee%so that one

won@t do at all#

MIA=:&Awellwhat did you thin% o num'er our?

6F=: I li%e the idea o it'ut do you thin% it will 'e a 'it elementary or them?

MIA=:Hmmmay'e you@re right#

6F=: 2hey might ha$e un 'utI meancutting out a circle and colouring it in?

MIA=:&A#well#what a'out num'er i$e?

6F=: I thought this one sounded a 'it too good to 'e truegreat eBuipment!


27/28

MIA=:"eah#

6F=: 4ut don@t you thin% it@s a 'it am'itious or this age group?I meanI don@t want to start o

something and then ha$e to a'andon it i they 5ust can@t cope with it#I could see us ending up

doing 5ust a'out all o the wor% or them#

MIA=:I guess you@re right#&h wellmay'e we could store that idea away or later#

6F=: "eplet@s hope this second 'oo% has something 'etter!

test9_section9

2oday we are going to loo% at one o my a$ourit ish the shar%#as you %now shar%s ha$e a

reputation or 'eing $ery dangerous creatures capa'le o in5uring or %illing humans#and I@d li%e

to tal% a'out shar%s in (ustralia#

6har%s are rather large ishoten growing to o$er ten metres#and longest shar%s caught in

(ustralia ha$e reached si-teen metres#shar%s $ary in weight with size and 'reed o course'ut

the hea$est o shar%s caught in (ustralia was a White ointer#that weight se$en hundred

ninetyi$e %ilogramsBuite a size!shar%s ha$e a dierent structure to most ish :instead o

s%eleton made o 'one#they ha$e a tough elastic s%eleton o cartilage#unli%e 'onethis irm

plia'le material is rather li%e your noseand allows the shar%s to 'end easily as it swims#the

shar%@s s%in isn@t co$er with scales li%e other ish :instead the s%in@s co$ered with 'ar's gi$eing

it a rough te-ture li%e sandpaper#as you %nownshar%s are $ery Buic% swimmers#this is made

possi'le 'y their ins one set at the side and another set underneath the 'ody #and the tail also

help the shar% mo$e orward Buic%ly# unli%e other ish shar%s ha$e to %eep swimming i they

want to stay at a particular depth# and they rarely swim at the surace#mostlythey swim at the'ottom o ocean sca$enging and pic% up ood that@s lying on the ocean loor# while most other

animals including ish hunt their prey 'y means o their eyesight shar% hunt essentially 'y

smell#they ha$e $ery acute sense o smelland can sense the presence ood long 'eore they

can see it#

in (ustralia where people spend a lot o time at the 'each the go$ernment ha$e realised that it

is must pre$ent shar%s rom swimming near it 'eaches#as a result they ha$e introduced a

'eachnetting program 'eachnetting or meshing in$ol$es setting large nets parallel to the

shore this means that the nets on >ew 6outh Wale 'eaches are set on one day #and then lited

and ta%en out the sea on the ne-t day#when shar%netting irst 'egan in 1J/J only the sydney

metropolitan 'eaches were meshedthese 'eaches were chosen 'ecause 'eaches near the city

usually the most crowed with swimmers#ten years laterin 1J9J systematic meshing was

e-tended to include the 'eaches to the south o 6ydney#as a result o the general seccess o the

program in 6ydney#shar%meshings was introduced to the state o Kueensland around 1JE0#the

>ew Oealand authorities also loo%ed at it 'ut considered meshing unecomonicalasdid tahiti in

the aciic #at around the same time 6outh (rica introduced meshing to some o its most

popular swimming 'eaches#when meshing 'egan appro-imately ity hundred shar%s was


28/28

cought in the irst year#howe$er this declined the year that ollowed#and since that

timea$erage annual catch has 'een only a'out one hundred ity years#the ma5ority o shar%s

are caught during warmest months#rom >o$em'er to 7e'raury#when shar% are most acti$e

and when 'oth air and the ocean are at their ma-imum temperature#despite Buite large

catchessome people 'elie$e that the shar% meshing is not the 'est way to catch shar%s#it@s not

they thin% that the shar%s are araid o nets#or 'ecause they eat holds in them#'ecause neithero these is true# 4ut meshing does appear to 'e less eecti$e than some other mithods

especially when there are 'ig seas with high rolling wa$es and strong currents and anything lets

the sand mo$ethe sand that@s holing the nets down when this mo$es the nets will also 'ecome

less eecti$e#

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