california’s most vulnerable parents: when maltreated children have children emily...
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CALIFORNIA’S MOST VULNERABLE PARENTS:
WHEN MALTREATED CHILDREN HAVE CHILDREN
Emily Putnam-Hornstein, PhD
Bryn King, MSWJulie Cederbaum, PhDBarbara Needell, PhD
Chi ldren’s Data NetworkUniversity of Southern Cal i fornia
Cal i fornia Chi ld Welfare Indicators ProjectUniversity of Cal i fornia, Berkeley
The Research and Tra in ing Network:
A Chi ld Wel fare Evidence- Informed
Webinar
January 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTHANKS, THANKS, THANKS
This research was funded through a grant from the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. We are deeply appreciative of the Foundation’s investment and support.
Thank you to our colleagues at the California Child Welfare Indicators Project (CCWIP) and the California Department of Social Services (CDSS) – and for CCWIP infrastructure support from CDSS and the Stuart Foundation
This study arises from the *new* Children’s Data Network – a data collaborative funded by First 5 LA
Student partners: Jaclyn Cleveland, Andrea Lane , and Kasey Gilbert
Nationwide, teen pregnancy rates have declined by more than 40% during the last two decades, rising briefly in 2006/2007 before dropping to a historical low in 2011
Yet, significant risk diff erences persist across groups, with variations by state, race, socioeconomic status, and other characteristics
Research suggests that female youth involved with the child protection system have heightened teen birth rates…
BACKGROUNDWHAT WE KNOW…AND WHAT WE DON’T
Limited epidemiological data available from which we can ascertain teen parenting rates/dynamics among youth involved with child protective services in California
These data are needed so that we can: Document the public health burden of teen births for this
population Monitor trends and evaluate the effi cacy of pregnancy prevention
efforts for this population Determine the nature of services that are needed for young
mothers and children Develop programs that are responsive to what may be unique
parenting needs for youth who have been maltreated or are in foster care
OBJECTIVESKNOWLEDGE GENERATION
THE LIMITATIONS OF ANY ONE SOURCE OF DATA…THE CONTINUING PROBLEM OF SILOS
Government Agencies
University and Foundation Partners
Ongoing Collaboration
Child Protective Services/Foster Care records from the California Department of Social Services (1998-2012)
Vital Birth records from the California Department of Public Health (2000-2010) concerning births to teen mothers
Statewide and Los Angeles County-specifi c analyses
Birth information concerning all teens who had a live birth
CPS information concerning teen mothers (retrospective) and the children they gave birth to (prospective)
DATARECORD LINKAGE
(Vol.1-1) Population-level examination of past CPS involvement among teen mothers
Teen birth rates among girls in foster care (Vol.1-4) Cross sectional (Vol. 1-2) Longitudinal
(Vol. 1-3) Intergenerational CPS-involvement
(Vol. 1-5) Infant health consequences
OVERVIEWTOPICS COVERED TODAY
BRIEF VOL. 1-1A POPULATION-BASED EXAMINATION OF MALTREATMENT HISTORY AMONG ADOLESCENT MOTHERS
Births 2009
1998
Maternal History of CPS involvement
conception
POPULATION PROFILE 35,098 teens (born in CA) gave birth in 2009 in California 12-15 yrs (5.3%); 16-17 yrs (28.6%); 18-19 yrs (66.1%) Latina (70.2%); Black (11.0%); White (15.7%) Prenatal Care initiated after 1 st Trimester (32.6%)
HISTORY OF ALLEGED MALTREATMENT
HISTORY OF SUBSTANTIATED VICTIMIZATION
HISTORY OF FOSTER CARE
KEY FINDINGHISTORY OF ALLEGED & SUBSTANTIATED MALTREATMENT IS COMMON AMONG TEEN MOTHERS
44.9%20.8% 9.7%
conservative estimates
DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATIONHISTORY OF CHILD PROTECTION INVOLVEMENT
KEY FINDINGEVER REPORTED / EVER SUBSTANTIATED
BRIEF VOL. 1-4A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF BIRTH RATE TRENDS AMONG GIRLS IN FOSTER CARE
2006 2007 2008 20102009
In Foster Care 15-17 Years of Age
Birth Rate Birth Rate Birth Rate Birth Rate Birth Rate
Over t ime, birth rates for the general population are decreasing, but there is no analogous decl ine for the foster care population
Across al l fi ve years, average birth rates for the general population are 2.0 per 100 vs. 3.2 per 100 for the foster care population
On a relat ive basis, birth rates among youth in foster care are higher than in the general population (~60% on average)
Yet, on an absolute basis, only a small percentage of gir ls in foster care give birth in any given year (≤ 3.5%)
KEY FINDINGFOSTER CARE VS. GENERAL POPULATION
2006 2007 2008 2009 20101.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2.2 2.22.1
1.9
1.6
3.3
3.5
3.13.3
3.0
General Population Foster Care Population
Rate
per
100
Foster Care vs. General Population Latina: 1.2 Black: 1.3 White: 3.1
General Population Racial Disparities Latina vs. White: 5.5 Black vs. White: 3.6
Foster Care Racial Disparities Latina vs. White: 2.2 Black vs. White: 1.5
KEY FINDINGRACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCESFOSTER CARE VS. GENERAL POPULATION
Latina
Black
White
4.3
3.0
2.0
3.5
2.3
0.6
General Population Foster Care Population
KEY FINDINGTIMING OF BIRTHS
foster care
foster care
foster care
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3
Among girls who were in foster care and gave birth – less than 50% were in a placement when they became pregnant
KEY FINDINGTIMING OF CONCEPTION
Risk factors? Highest birth rates observed among girls: In care for less than 12 months Experienced extreme placement instability (9+) Reentered care Placed in non-relative foster care (although initially higher in
congregate care) Removed for neglect
Protective? Substantially lower birth rates observed for girls: In care for 60+ months In guardian/other placement
KEY FINDINGBIRTH RATES ACROSS FOSTER CARE PLACEMENT EXPERIENCES
BRIEF VOL. 1-2CUMULATIVE TEEN BIRTH RATES AMONG GIRLS IN FOSTER CARE AT AGE 17
In Foster Care at Age 17
2003-2007
first birth before age
18
first birth before age
19
first birth before age
20
first birth before age
21
repeat teen birth
KEY FINDING #1CUMULATIVE RISK OF TEEN BIRTHS IS HIGH
KEY FINDINGS #2 HIGH RATES OF REPEAT BIRTHS
41.2%
31.0%
Second Teen Birth by Age at First Birth
BRIEF VOL. 1-3ADOLESCENT MOTHERS AND INTERGENERATIONAL CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICE INVOLVEMENT
Birth 2006 / 2007
Child’s 5th birthday
Mother’s 10th birthday
reported
substantiated reported
substantiated
010
2030
40
1 2 3 4 5birth 1 2 3 4 5birth
Children Reported by Age 5 Children Substantiated by Age 5
No Reportof Maternal Victimization
Unsubstantiated Reportof Maternal Victimization
Substantiated Reportof Maternal Maltreatment Victimization
Cum
ula
tive
Pe
rce
nta
ge /
Ra
te p
er 10
00
1020
3040
1 2 3 4 5birth 1 2 3 4 5birth
Children Reported by Age 5 Children Substantiated by Age 5
No Reportof Maternal Victimization
Unsubstantiated Reportof Maternal Victimization
Substantiated Reportof Maternal Maltreatment Victimization
Cum
ula
tive
Pe
rce
nta
ge /
Ra
te p
er 10
0
KEY FINDINGHIGH RISK SUGGESTS NEED FOR ENHANCED SUPPORTS TO BREAK CYCLE OF ABUSE & NEGLECT
010
2030
40
1 2 3 4 5birth 1 2 3 4 5birth
Children Reported by Age 5 Children Substantiated by Age 5
No Reportof Maternal Victimization
Unsubstantiated Reportof Maternal Victimization
Substantiated Reportof Maternal Maltreatment Victimization
Cum
ula
tive
Pe
rce
nta
ge /
Ra
te p
er 10
00
1020
3040
1 2 3 4 5birth 1 2 3 4 5birth
Children Reported by Age 5 Children Substantiated by Age 5
No Reportof Maternal Victimization
Unsubstantiated Reportof Maternal Victimization
Substantiated Reportof Maternal Maltreatment Victimization
Cum
ula
tive
Pe
rce
nta
ge /
Ra
te p
er 10
0
VOL. 1-3, TABLE 1
[other covariates not shown]
children maltreated at twice the rate
BRIEF VOL. 1-5INFANT BIRTH WEIGHT AND MALTREATMENT OF ADOLESCENT MOTHERS
Birth 2007-2009
substantiated
Low Birth Weight (< 2500g)
Mother’s 10th birthday
Normal Birth Weight (≥ 2500g)
Documenting the prevalence of past abuse and neglect among adolescents who give birth and understanding its role in pregnancy decisions is critical to the development of informed prevention programs.
Recognizing that a history of maltreatment characterizes many adolescent mothers may be relevant to the development of interventions that enhance parenting capacity and protect against abuse and neglect in the next generation.
Monitoring the incidence of fi rst and repeat births among girls currently and formerly involved with CPS is critical to evaluating the effi cacy of pregnancy prevention eff orts and determining the nature of services that are needed for young mothers and children.
IMPLICATIONS?A START TO AN IMPORTANT CONVERSATION
Data from the present study indicate that more than 1 in 4 young women in the foster care system at age 17 is parenting during her teens (this will be 1 in 3 before age 21).
The extension of foster care to youth over the age of 18 means that the nature of the state’s parenting obligations will expand and will increasingly include the next generation of children.
Maternal maltreatment may not only have consequences for the victim but also may contribute to next-generation health outcomes and maltreatment risk
OTHER THINGS TO CONSIDER…POLICY AND PROGRAMS
