California foraminiferal micropalaeontology

KENNETH L. FINGER

University of California Museum of Paleontology, Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley,

California, USA 90720-4780 (e-mail: kfinger@berkeley.edu)

Abstract: Foraminifera were of little interest in North America until 1923, when Joseph Cushmandemonstrated how these microfossils could be used for subsurface geologic correlation. Wordspread quickly throughout the oil industry and their sudden demand for foram workers promptedacademia to provide the necessary training. For the next 60 years, industrial exploration and devel-opment played a major role in maintaining a large presence of foraminiferologists in California.Although the major oil companies employed most of them, a few found careers in the major uni-versities or with the US Geological Survey. In the 1980s, the Californian oil industry became lessreliant on biostratigraphy and the numbers of micropaleontologists rapidly declined. The heyday offoraminiferal micropaleontology had passed and by the time offshore exploration was abandonedin the early 1990s, few foraminiferologists remained in the state. Today only a handful of seasonedforaminiferologists can be found working in California.

Supplementary material: Appendixes A–D are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18638

This chapter is a synopsis of work done on fossiland modern California Foraminifera from its incep-tion to the present day. Much of it is based on theprevious historical summaries, award announce-ments and memorials (Supplementary material,Appendix A). Locations mentioned in the text areindicated on Figure 1. A chronological bibliography(Supplementary material, Appendix B) comprises493 publications on California Foraminifera, thevast majority having been written by those men-tioned in the text. There have been many other pub-lications by Californian foraminiferologists thatare outside the realm of this chapter but whichalso serve as testimony to the tremendous contri-bution to the science that came out of this region.Much of this was fuelled by the petroleum industrybeginning in the 1920s; the utility of foraminiferalbiostratigraphy was demonstrated soon after andthen applied primarily towards development ofCalifornia’s hydrocarbon fields (Figs 1 & 2). Ofthe more than 100 workers who left their legacy inpublication, 25 who played significant roles areshown in Plate 1.

Acronyms used in this chapter are as follows:AAPG, American Association of Petroleum Geol-ogists (Tulsa, Oklahoma); Amoco, American OilCompany; ARCO, Atlantic Richfield Oil Company;CAS, California Academy of Sciences (San Fran-cisco); CIT, California Institute of Technology(Pasadena); COFRC, Chevron Oil Field ResearchCompany (La Habra); CSU, California State Univer-sity; LSJU, Leland Stanford Jr University (PaloAlto); LSU, Louisiana State University (BatonRouge); MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy (Cambridge); NAMS, North American

Micropaleontology Section of SEPM; NCSU,North Carolina State University (Raleigh); NSF,National Science Foundation (Washington, DC);OC, Oil Company; ODP, Offshore Drilling Proj-ect; PG&E, Pacific Gas and Electric Company; PCJ,Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica; SEG, Societyof Economic Geologists; SEPM, Society of Econ-omic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, which in1987 changed its name to SEPM Society for Sedi-mentary Geology (Tulsa, Oklahoma); SIO, ScrippsInstitute of Oceanography (La Jolla); SJSU, SanJose State University; SOCAL, Standard Oil Com-pany of California; SUNY, State University of NewYork; UCB, University of California, Berkeley;UCD, University of California, Davis; UCLA, Uni-versity of California, Los Angeles; UCMP, Univer-sity of California Museum of Paleontology; UCSB,University of California, Santa Barbara; UCSD,University of California, San Diego; UNOCAL,Union Oil Company of California; URI, Univer-sity of Rhode Island (Kingston); USC, Universityof Southern California (Los Angeles); USGS, USGeological Survey (Menlo Park); USNM, USNational Museum (Washington, DC); UT, Univer-sity of Texas (Austin); UTD, University of Texas(Dallas); UW, University of Washington (Seattle);WHOI, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution(Massachusetts).

The beginnings

The story of micropalaeontology in Californiabegan in the mid-nineteenth century with a sampleof diatomaceous shale from Monterey. Alexander

From: Bowden, A. J., Gregory, F. J. & Henderson, A. S. (eds) 2013. Landmarks in ForaminiferalMicropalaeontology: History and Development. The Micropalaeontological Society, Special Publications,Geological Society, London, 125–144.# The Micropalaeontological Society 2013. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics

Smith Taylor (1817–1876), an avid collector andhistorian who lived in the small coastal town, appar-ently sent samples of the rock to his Europeancorrespondents. From this material, ThomasBrightwell (1788–1868), a naturalist in Norwich(England), became the first to name and describe amicrofossil (a diatom) from California (Brightwell1853). San Francisco physician John BoardmanTrask (1824–1879) described Taylor’s rock, men-tioning its diatoms, and how it had been givento Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876) ofFriedrichs-Wilhelm Universitat (now HumboldtUniversitat zu Berlin) and Jacob Whitman Bailey(1811–1857) of the West Point military academyin New York State (Trask 1854). Bailey (1854)made reference to this material. In 1854, Traskgave some of Taylor’s sample to William PhippsBlake (1826–1910), a Pacific Railroad Survey geol-ogist, who then visited the locality. He proceeded to

describe the ‘Tertiary formation of Monterey’(Blake 1856) (now known as the Monterey For-mation) and its rich microflora (Blake 1857).Nearly half a century would pass before an olderpart of the unit revealed its classic foraminiferalfauna.

In the interim, J. J. Freidrich (1889) was the firstto mention the presence of Foraminifera in Califor-nia, from a Quaternary marl that he collected sevenmiles (c. 11 km) south of Point Lobos (c. 14 milessouth of Monterey). However, the first publishedidentifications of California Foraminifera werethose by Anthony Woodward (d. 1915) of the Geo-logical and Natural History Survey of Minnesotain his preliminary list of 28 benthic Foraminiferafrom a sample taken from a coastal bluff near thewharf in Santa Barbara (Woodward 1889). RufusMather Bagg Jr (1869–1946) of the New MexicoSchool of Mines collected another sample from

Fig. 1. Map of California showing its primary hydrocarbon-producing sedimentary basins and places referred to in thetext. Grey areas within basins are oil or gas fields.

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this locality from which he identified 39 species,while a second sample from a nearby hilltop added13 species to his list (Bagg 1905a). These classiclocalities were later referred to as Bathhouse Beachand Packard’s Hill.

Frederick Chapman (1864–1943), who was thenat the Royal College of Science, London, alreadyhad documented some ostracods collected nearBerkeley that he received from John C. Merriam(1869–1945) of the University of California (Chap-man 1896) in March 1897. In November of the sameyear, Chapman received another sample from Mer-riam – a marl rich in Foraminifera simply labelled

‘Miocene (?) California’ – followed later that yearby additional foraminiferal samples from a well inSanta Clara County, just south of San FranciscoBay. Chapman (1900) concluded that the sampleshad similar assemblages and they resembled thosefrom the Monte Bartomco on the Lago di Garda,Italy that Egger (1895) referred to as ‘Older Plio-cene’, and also those that d’Orbigny (1846)described from the Miocene of the Vienna Basin.Chapman also pointed out that the fauna had littlein common with those described by Woodward(1887) and Bagg (1898) from Miocene beds on theAtlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.

Fig. 2. Two postcards showing oil fields in southern California in the 1920s.

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Bagg (1905b) also documented an assemblageof California Foraminifera in a mudstone samplecollected from the Miocene Monterey Formation

along Graves Creek in Atascadero, San Luis ObispoCounty, by James Casper Branner (1850–1922)of Stanford University. The publication was the

Plate 1. Some of those who played major roles in shaping the history of California foraminiferology: 1, FrederickChapman; 2, Rufus M. Bagg, Jr; 3, Joseph A. Cushman; 4, G. Dallas Hanna; 5, Donald D. Hughes; 6, Paul P. Goudkoff;7, Boris G. Laiming; 8, William F. Barbat; 9, Hubert G. Schenck; 10, Manley S. Natland; 11 Robert M. Kleinpell, 12Irene A. McCulloch; 13 Stanley G. Wissler; 14 Milton N. Bramlette; 15, Earl H. Myers; 16, Orville L. Bandy, Jr; 17,V. Standish Mallory; 18, Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr; 19, Helen N. Tappan Loeblich; 20, William V. Sliter; 21, RobertG. Douglas; 22, Jere H. Lipps; 23, James C. Ingle, Jr; 24, Kristin McDougall; 25, Gregg H. Blake.

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first substantial paper on California Foraminifera,but many of the figures on its 11 plates are takenfrom the European literature, as first noted by Korn-feld (1926). On the basis of its foraminiferal taxa,Bagg believed Chapman’s assemblage must havebeen from the same geological unit. Usingsamples that William D. Kleinpell (1898–1959)collected for the Marland Oil Company fromHighland School District to the south, JosephA. Cushman (1881–1949) described three newspecies of Siphogenerina in 1925. Cushman (1926)then noted that he also had some of Branner’sGrave’s Creek material which ‘seemed to confirm’that Bagg’s three species were synonymous witheach other. Many years later, Finger et al. (1990)documented the more extensive foraminiferalfauna from multiple exposures along the creek.

A year after joining the faculty at LawrenceCollege (Wisconsin), Bagg (1912) produced ano-ther publication that described Foraminifera fromtwo areas in southern California. One localitywas at Timms Point in San Pedro, Los AngelesCounty, which he referred to the Pliocene basedon perceived similarities with the ‘Coralline’ Cragfauna of the St Erth beds in England (Jones et al.1897), as well as the strata in the San Pedro area(Arnold & Arnold 1902; Arnold 1903). Bagg’smaterial was from the Delos Arnold collection atLSJU and its source is now recognized as the mid-dle Pleistocene Timms Point Formation, recentlydated as 400–200 ka (Ponti 2008). His other assem-blages were obtained from the Santa Barbaramaterial that he had previously worked on (Bagg1905a). He ascribed the sampled horizons to thePleistocene based on their stratigraphic positionunconformably above beds he correlated with thoseat Timms Point. The exposures are of the SantaBarbara Formation and rather than being youngerthan those at Timms Point, as Bagg had deduced,they were recently dated between 790–400 ka(Powell et al. 2002).

The California oil industry

Initially, tar seeps were a telltale sign of subsurfaceoil. Geologists then assumed hills were likely tocontain anticlinal traps, and that led to the discoveryof numerous large and several giant oil fields inthe Los Angeles Basin and southern San JoaquinValley between the late 1800s and early 1900s(see Fig. 1). California’s ‘black gold’ rush wentinto overdrive in the late nineteenth century, whenthe first three of the world’s giant oil fields(.×109 BBL recoverable) were discovered inKern County in the southern San Joaquin Valley:Midway-Sunset in 1884, Coalinga in 1887 andKern River in 1899 (see Fig. 1). In 1911, two

additional giants were discovered in the region:South Belridge and Elk Hills. Between 1909 and1919, the first four of the 28 oil fields in the LosAngeles Basin were discovered: West Coyote(1909), Montebello (1917), Richfield and Santa FeSprings (1921). Several large oil fields were alsodiscovered in Ventura County. All played a signifi-cant role in thrusting California to the forefront ofthe American petroleum industry. During that time,most exploration had been on topographic highsassumed likely to be anticlinal or domal structuresthat could trap oil, but all of those terrains had beenexplored by the early 1920s and more sophistic-ated methods were needed for searching elsewhere.Once most surficial indications were explored, therole of exploration geologists became increasinglyimportant in deciphering subsurface structure andstratigraphy. As the foundation of the geologicaltimescale, palaeontologists and geologists knewfossils were useful in correlating strata, but the oilindustry was unaware of just how useful Foramini-fera could be until the exploration boom that fol-lowed World War I.

The first study of foraminifers from an oil wellin the United States appears to be that of Hopkinsin New Orleans, Louisiana (Hilgard & Hopkins1878). During 1908–1911, J. A. Udden (1859–1932) did likewise with water and oil wells in Illi-nois. Joseph A. Cushman, who had been workingon subsurface samples from the Atlantic CoastalPlain for the USGS in 1912, had his list and ecologi-cal interpretation of Foraminifera included in a briefreport by Stephenson in 1914. Udden headedsouth and joined the Texas Bureau of EconomicGeology, where he trained Wallace Bostic of theRio Bravo OC (Houston) who appears to havebeen the first to apply micropalaeontology in theTexas oil industry. It is unclear, however, whetherthis was before or after October 1919, whenEdwin Call Brown (1870–1943) of the CaliforniaPetroleum Company studied foraminifers in wellcuttings from the Huntington Beach oil field.Regardless, the first industrial micropalaeontologylabs in the USA were soon established in Hous-ton by Esther Richards (UCB graduate soon tobecome E. R. Applin; 1895–1972) in September1920 at the Rio Bravo OC and Alva C. Ellisor twomonths later at Humble, followed by HedwigT. Kniker (who had been working for Udden) in1921 at the Texas OC (Martin 2013).

The tectonic imprint on California stratigraphypresented a new challenge to the American oil com-panies, who were eager to try new methods thatcould possibly enhance their odds of finding more‘black gold’. With a grant from several oil com-panies, Frederics G. Tickell (1886–1976) beganstudying microfossils at LSJU in the autumn of1921 under the direction of Professor James Perrin

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‘J. P.’ Smith (1864–1931), and he continued hisresearch at CAS through May 1923. His findingsconvinced both the Pacific OC and Associated OCthat more extensive investigations were warranted.In June 1921, PG&E began drilling a deep testwell east of Suisun (c. 40 km NE of Berkeley)with LSJU geology students Ralph Copley, DavidAnderson and Thomas Radcliffe (later replacedby Thomas F. Stipp) on site as microscopists(Russell 1970; Stuckey 1978; Olien & Olien 2002)and, within a couple of years, the value of microfos-sils in exploration firmly established itself through-out the industry.

Oil magnate Ernest Whitworth ‘E. W.’ Marland(1874–1941) was seeking innovative approacheswhen Cushman proposed using foraminifers, whichhe had been doing for T. Wayland Vaughan (1870–1952) at the USGS in Washington, DC. Marlandmade an offer Cushman couldn’t refuse. This wasalso around the time that ‘Brick’ Elliott, chief geol-ogist at Shell Company of California in San Fran-cisco, was to adapt the European double-barrelcore drill to the loosely consolidated sediments inCalifornia. Business in the California oil fieldswas on the verge of change.

Drilling in Mexico in 1923, Marland success-fully combined the modified core drill with Cush-man’s new expertise, after which Cushmanreturned to Sharon, Massachusetts with sufficientearnings to build the Cushman Laboratory forForaminiferal Research in the backyard of hishome. On 23 April 1924, Tidewater AssociatedOil Company opened the first California companypalaeo lab in San Francisco, led by G. Dallas Hanna(1887–1970) (who later married Cushman’s illus-trator Margaret Moore and became California’sforemost expert on diatoms). Other companies inthe state soon followed, notably Marland, Milham,Pacific Western, Richfield, Texas, Standard Oil ofCalifornia, Shell and Union, undoubtedly assistedby the laboratory template of Dallas Hanna &Driver (1924). Within two years, 23 micropalaeon-tologists were employed by seven of the largestoil companies on the West Coast. Around thistime, Cushman began accepting graduate studentsfrom Harvard, Radcliffe and MIT and it was notlong before several invertebrate palaeontologistswere teaching university courses in micropalaeon-tology. In 1923, the first formal courses devotedsolely to microfossils (i.e. Foraminifera) wereoffered by Jesse James Galloway (1882–1962) atColumbia University (New York City) and FrancisL. Whitney (1878–1962) at the University ofTexas (Austin); they were followed in 1924 byHubert G. Schenck (1897–1960) at LSJU andHenry V. Howe (1896–1972) at LSU, and in 1928by Carey Croneis (1901–1972) at the Universityof Chicago.

As a graduate student at UCB in the early 1920s,Schenck directed several students who went onto become pioneers in industrial micropalaeonto-logy. Whereas petroleum geologist ‘Brick’ Elliotthad previously joined the faculty at LSJU, andseveral students had already done some work onmicrofossils under the guidance of J. P. Smith(1864–1931), Schenck was hired to teach a formalcourse in 1924. He must have been inspired whenhe came across Donald D. Hughes’ recently com-pleted thesis, Microscopic Methods in the Corre-lation of Oil-Field Sediments, and he frequentlyconsulted G. Dallas Hanna for guidance in design-ing his laboratory and course for those eager to fillthe urgent need for micropalaeontologists in theoil industry.

With so little micropalaeontological exper-tise available in the early 1920s, oil companiesappointed geologists to start up their labs andlearn the new specialty. Perhaps the two most inter-esting paths taken were those of two refugeesof the Russian Revolution who were to becomemicropalaeontological pioneers in the Californiaoil industry: Paul P. Goudkoff (1881–1955) andBoris G. Laiming (1897–1981). Prior to emigratingto California, Goudkoff had been a university pro-fessor in Siberia with a specialty in iron-ore geo-logy. He had no knowledge of palaeontologywhen he accepted an offer to become MilhamExploration’s first micropalaeontologist. The titleof his 1926 paper was the first appearance of theword micropalaeontology in the literature. Laim-ing, the son of a general in the Czar’s army, wasraised in the Kremlin and had been pursuing a lawdegree in St Petersburg when he escaped the Bolshe-viks and eventually found himself assisting onMilham field surveys in California, and then screen-washing well samples for Goudkoff before doinglikewise for Donald D. Hughes (1893–1946) atMarland Oil Company. Hughes and Laiming laterjoined The Texas Company in Los Angeles, whereLaiming developed his expertise on Foraminiferaand formed a working relationship with Cushmanthat culminated in their landmark study (Cushman& Laiming 1931) of the Los Sauces Creek sectionin Ventura County.

When exploration in California first embracedmicropalaeontology in 1923, five of the state’ssix giant oil fields had already been discovered.Although major companies augmented theirarsenals with well logging in 1929 and seismogra-phy in 1936, it was a relatively small ‘unarmed’company (Ranger OC) that discovered the sixth(Wilmington Field in Los Angeles) in 1932 by dril-ling the anticlinal structure. Nevertheless, it was anexciting time for micropalaeontologists in Califor-nia, who had quickly risen to superstar status inthe industry as their findings indicated where in

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existing oil fields to drill new wells, the depthswhere the producing zones would be found (i.e.when to set casing) and which ‘dry’ wells had beenprematurely abandoned. Even the magazine Pop-ular Mechanics (Anonymous 1932) ran a storyglorifying the ‘bug-men’ of the industry, with sev-eral photographs of Wilbur Rankin in Texas OC’sLos Angeles lab and one of Laiming at a wellsite, although neither they nor their company wereidentified in the article (Supplementary material,Appendix C).

From about 1925 to 1995, companies wouldmerge and change names while their palaeontolo-gists developed expertise in other microfossilgroups, switched companies or became independentconsultants. As exploration and development pro-spects changed, palaeo labs appeared, relocated,expanded, contracted and disappeared. As of 1940,14 of 17 commercial micropalaeontology labs thathad been established in California were still activewith c. 100 staff annually working c. 100 000samples (Croneis 1941).

Fierce competition between companies kepttheir palaeontologists working under a veil ofsecrecy, and each group developed its own proprie-tary biostratigraphic database. However, a verbalagreement was made between oil companies in thelate 1920s where each worked up an outcropsection and presented a paper at the annual PacificSection SEPM meeting (Supplementary material,Appendix D). Most became classic sections thateventually found their way into formal publication,but not necessarily by those same authors. Later,commercial biostratigraphers integrated data frompublished works, particularly the tomes of Kleinpell(1938) on the Miocene, and Mallory (1959) onthe Lower Tertiary, but habit and the need forencryption left many taxa identified by genus andnumber instead of species. Not surprisingly, publi-cations by industrial micropalaeontologists wererelatively limited in both number and detail.

Biostratigraphic correlations were based exclu-sively on benthic Foraminifera until Caribbeanzonations based on planktonic Foraminifera werepublished (Bolli 1957a, b; Banner & Blow 1959,1965; Eames et al. 1962; Blow 1969; see Carr-Brown 2008 for summary), which afforded muchgreater accuracy and precision in interregionalcorrelation. Similar zonations were developed forother microfossils, including diatoms, radiolarians,calcareous nannoplankton and palynomorphs. Towork these ‘new’ disciplines, industrial palaeo labshired new graduates familiar with them while somebenthic foram workers were retrained. The inte-gration of different biostratigraphic data sourcesinevitably challenged the integrity of each special-ist and specialty, but ultimately led to a much moreaccurate and useful framework for stratigraphic

correlation. The planktonics revealed that the stagesbased on benthic fossils (molluscs, foraminifers)transgressed time. Understandably, some workersdevoted to the California benthics found it difficultto accept the inherent drawbacks of their beloved‘bugs’, especially after the bottom-dwellers hadrepeatedly proven themselves to be an indispens-able and efficient exploration tool for the petroleumgeologist. Furthermore, planktonic forams wereintermittent and of low diversity in many sections,and many of the indices useful in lower latitudeswere rare or absent in California. New technolog-ies enabled drilling in deep water farther offshoreand geologists began relying mostly on electriclogs and seismographs for interpreting subsurfacerelationships, sometimes incorporating palaeontol-ogy as an extra measure only if it confirmed theirpreconceived interpretations. Although the lastsignificant oil field on the West Coast was discov-ered off Point Arguello in the early 1980s withoutthe assistance of palaeontology, palaeontologistshad found solace in the new-found popularity ofsequence stratigraphy that was first developed atExxon, which demonstrated a synergy betweenpalaeontological data and seismic interpretations.In 1985, California reached its all-time high ofannual production with 424 × 106 BBL (Miller2009), but palaeontology was not applicable ‘down-stream’ of exploration and development; further-more, by the 1990s 3D seismic and computermodelling had become the new panacea for subsur-face correlations.

Exploratory drilling in California was becom-ing more difficult, more expensive and less success-ful. Environmental issues stalled the issuing ofstate and federal permits for offshore drilling,where the lag time between discovery and pro-duction had already stretched to 10 years. Most ofthe oil fields were well past their prime, and manyof those in the Los Angeles Basin were on landthat real estate developers were eager to obtain.The black-gold rush of the west had run its course.The oil companies began reducing their explora-tion groups in California in the mid-1980s, aroundthe time they were beginning to consolidate theindustry. The largest mergers (e.g. Exxon-Mobilin 1998; Chevron’s absorption of Gulf in 1984,Texaco in 2001 and Unocal in 2005; BritishPetroleum’s takeover of Sohio in 1987, ARCO in1990 and Amoco in 1998) created ‘new’ companieswith fattened reserves and swollen ranks that leftmany explorationists, especially those on the WestCoast, facing the prospect of unemployment. Bythe turn of the century, all oil companies had aban-doned palaeontology on the West Coast. Thoseretained had been relocated, mostly in Texas, butmany of them eventually lost their jobs as themergers continued and companies figured that it

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would be more economical to contract consultants.Only a handful of seasoned foraminiferologists inacademia or consulting remained active in Cali-fornia. Biostratigraphy and basic micropalaeonto-logy courses were no longer in demand and thefocus of academic research involving foraminifershad shifted away from the geological realmtoward palaeoclimatology, biology and environ-mental studies.

The glory days of applied micropalaeontologyon the West Coast had spanned about 70 years,during which time more than a dozen oil compan-ies had foram micropalaeontologists working inCalifornia as summarized below. Information relat-ing to years, locations and lesser-known peopleis wanting, and much of it may be gone forever.Most of the following is based on the historicalaccounts of Croneis (1941) and Kleinpell (1971,1972), but other sources of information includedpublished memorials and research papers in scien-tific journals, old membership directories ofPacific Sections AAPG-SEPM-SEG, conversationswith retirees and innumerable internet searches.Summaries of the primary oil companies that hadmicropalaeontology laboratories in California arepresented below in alphabetical order. The palaeorosters for each include those known to haveworked primarily on California Foraminifera, par-ticularly if they created their scientific legaciesin publication.

California Petroleum Corporation was thefirst in the state to begin micropalaeontologicalwork, commencing in October 1919 with E. CallBrown. The company was acquired by the TexasOC in 1928.

Gulf Oil was not as active in California micropa-laeontology as most of the other large companies.USC graduate Dorothy Moyer was their Californiamicropalaeontologist for many years.

Humble Oil and Refining Company (Esso,Exxon) opened their California palaeo lab afterthe Second World War. It was first located inChico and relocated to Castaic Junction (south ofBakersfield) by the early 1960s. Andrew W. Maria-nos led the group that included Jay G. Marks, RexOlsen, James L. Lamb and Charles E. Pflum(1933–2009). By 1980, those in the group hadbeen relocated to Denver and Houston.

Marland Oil Company opened their Californiamicropalaeontology lab in June 1924 with LSJUgraduate Donald D. Hughes in charge. Hughestrained Boris Laiming, Wilbur Rankin, JamesM. Hamill, James P. Bailey (1899–1986), RalphD. Reed (1889–1940), Clifford C. Church (1899–1989) and Carlton M. ‘Kit’ Carson (1898–1972).After Marland was taken over by the ContinentalOC in 1929, Hughes, Laiming, Rankin and Hamillmoved over to the Texas OC. Continental kept

Carson on retainer for many years until he hiredon with Richmond Petroleum in Venezuela beforereturning to California to work for Associated Oilin Ventura; in 1952, he became an independentconsultant, mostly for SOCAL.

Milham Exploration Company began usingpalaeontology in June 1924 with Galloway studentGeorge H. Doane (1897–1968) and Paul P. Goudk-off in Los Angeles, but the lab was abandoned in1928. Both became independent consultants,although Doane later worked for Shell.

Mobiloil was the last major company to join themicropalaeo community in California. In the 1960s,it had a palaeo lab in Santa Fe Springs (east of LosAngeles) with Albert D. ‘A. D.’ Warren (1929–2008) supervising a group that included KingsleyNash, Ann Tipton, Daniel R. McKeel, MichaelB. Mickey (1945–2007) and Richard S. Boettcher.Warren, McKeel, Mickey and Boettcher joinedforces with Richard Anderson and others in form-ing the largest palaeontological consulting firm onthe West Coast in the 1970s (which evolved overtime from Anderson & Wilcoxon to Anderson &Warren to Micropaleo Consultants). McKeel andBoettcher have recently been carrying out contractmicropalaeontology for Occidental Petroleum inBakersfield.

Pacific Western Oil Company StanleyS. Siegfus (1901–1986) worked in Los Angeles forthe short-lived (1928–1931) Pacific Western OCbefore moving on to Getty OC. Like many others,he finished his career as an independent consultant.

Richfield Oil Company (Atlantic-RichfieldCompany, ARCO) had been a subsidiary of Sin-clair. In 1937, it became next-to-last to open apalaeo lab in California. Manley L. ‘Nat’ Natland(1906–1991), who came over from Shell, ran itsgroup in Long Beach that included W. ThomasRothwell (1912–1984) and later Richard L. Pierce(1922–1972). R. Stanley Beck (1906–1984) over-saw the Bakersfield lab that included Max B.Payne (1910–1994), James L. Lamb (1925–2004)and Robert L. Hickernell Sr (b. 1926). Pierce trans-ferred to the Bakersfield lab in 1957, but joinedthe USGS in 1966. Payne moved on to SignalOil and Gas Company in the early 1950s and thenthe Norris Oil Company in the 1960s, both inBakersfield. Lamb later worked for Humble whileBeck became a very successful consultant in theBakersfield area. In the 1970s, ARCO opened theirLos Angeles headquarters in a new building indowntown Los Angeles with Natland still incharge of palaeo. Natland pioneered foraminiferalpalaeoecology with his 1933 publication ‘Tempera-ture and depth distribution of Recent and fossil For-aminifera, southern California region’. This wasbased on his 1932 USC Masters thesis, in whichhe collected foram samples from the Santa Monica

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basin off Los Angeles, recording depth data tonearly 3000 feet with a homemade spooling con-traption, and then used the modern depth distri-butions of species to infer the palaeobathymetricsequence of Pliocene assemblages collected froman exposed section in the Ventura basin. Later,Natland (1957) divided the Pliocene into threestages (Fig. 3). When ARCO downsized in theearly 1970s, Natland became a consultant forUnion’s research facility in Brea, where he delveddeeper into his research on the dynamics of tur-bidity currents which explained the mixed-depthforam assemblages and deep-water deposition thatcharacterized much of the California Neogene.Always the risk-taker and innovator, Natland filmed

his experiments including the dumping of sedi-ments into his swimming pool (which convenientlyhad subsurface side windows). ARCO, absorbed byBritish Petroleum in 1990, donated its West Coastcollection of 25 000 slides and 2.5 million residuesfrom .13 000 wells to UCMP.

Shell Oil Company was also involved in pio-neering applied micropalaeontology in the 1920s.Former mining geologist Robert Overbeck, whoobserved abundant foraminifers in sediment sam-ples from the giant oil field at Signal Hill in LongBeach (Fig. 2) while studying mineral grains,encouraged others to use them for subsurface cor-relation. Shell opened its Long Beach palaeo lab in1924 and another in Bakersfield in 1935. Among

Epoch Zone Author RegionPleistocene Hallian Elphidium crispum

Uvigerina aff. tenuistriata

Cibicides mckannai

Gyroidina altiformis

Uvigerina peregrina

Venturian middle Bulimina subacuminata

Cibicides mckannai

Plectofrondicularia californica

Karreriella milleri

Liebusella pliocenica

upper (unnamed)lower Bolivina obliqua

upper Bolivina hughesi

middle Bulimina uvigerinformis

Bolivina modeloensis

Siphogenerina collomi

upper Siphogenerina nuciformis

Siphogenerina reedi

Siphogenerina branneri

upper Siphogenerina hughesi

lower Uvigerinellina obesa

upper Plectofrondicularia miocenica

Siphogenerina transversa

Uvigerinella sparsicostata

upper Uvigerina gallowayi

lower (unnamed)

Oligocene Refugian (unnamed) Schenck & Kleinpell (1936)

Narizian Bulimina corrugata

Ulatsian Amphimorphina californica

upper Alabamina wilcoxensis

lower Plectofrondicularia kerni

upper Valvulineria wilcoxensis

lower Bulimina bradburyi

upper Bulimina excavata

lower Silicosigmoilina californica

Stage

Southern CaliforniaPliocene

Wheelerian upper

Repettian lower

Miocene

Delmontian

Kleinpell (1933, 1938)

California Province

Mohnianlower

Luisianlower

Relizian

Saucesian

Natland (1952, 1957)

stages

Wissler (1943) zones

lower

Zemorrian

Eocene

Mallory (1959)Penutian

PaleoceneBulitian

Ynezian

Fig. 3. Composite Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal zonation of California according to original correlations. Laterstudies by others modified the relative stratigraphic positions of the stages and recognized time-transgressive stagesand zones.

CALIFORNIA FORAMINIFERAL MICROPALAEONTOLOGY 133

the first group of Shell micropalaeontologists wereGeorge H. Doane, John D. Gilboe (1898–1965),Arturo R. May (1893–1948), Guy E. ‘Doc’ Miller(1900–1994), Manley S. Natland, Eros M. Savage(1899–1990), Mosca W. E. Monical and GeorgeA. Kuffel (1902–1971). Shell’s next generationincluded George Lutz, Edwin H. StinemeyerJr (1909–2006), Robert Steinart, Lois Martin,Sonja B. Mulvane, Fred W. ‘Ted’ Bergen, JamesL. Lamb, Gene L. Shaw and John L. Browning.

Standard Oil Company of California(SOCAL, Chevron) began using micropalaeontol-ogy in February 1925. In 1926, UCB graduateWilliam F. Barbat (1905–1996) was assigned toTaft, located near the southwestern San JoaquinValley oil fields that had recently been acquiredupon its merger with Pacific OC. Geologist WilliamS. W. Kew (1890–1961) recognized the value ofresearch and recommended that his palaeontolo-gists devote 25% of their time to it. In 1936–1937,the lab in Taft moved east to Oildale (just north ofBakersfield) and employed Jack Bainton (1911–2000), Robert C. Blaisdell (1929–1999) and BillBarlow. After another move relocated them a fewmiles south to Bakersfield, the lab added KeithD. Berry (1925–2005), E. W. ‘Chris’ Christiansen,Gene W. Gregory, William J. Lewis, Morton Polugar(1921–1999), Chester H. ‘Chet’ Rudel (1918–1986), Gene Molander, Paul R. Wesendunk (1931–1999) and Jackson Wong (1926–1984). Barlowwas the head of the group until his life was cutshort by a car crash, whereupon Blaisdell took over.

SOCAL’s southern region field office was eastof Los Angeles in La Habra, at the foot of theWest Coyote Hills oil field. The first micropalaeon-tological lab there was established in 1926 andsupervised by William H. Holman and HerschelL. Driver (1896–1976). Early workers includedFrank Tolman, G. R. Elliott, Victor Davenport,Harold M. Horton and E. C. Meek, who were suc-ceeded by William E. ‘Eddie’ Hendrix (1916–1987), Gene E. Molander, John W. Ruth, MarkM. White (1913–1981) and Ed Bolin.

SOCAL eventually consolidated its West Coastexploration palaeontologists in northern Califor-nia, first in San Francisco and later across the bayin Concord, where Peter L. Miller joined them andeventually succeeded Blaisdell. Later additionswere Thomas W. Dignes (b. 1951) from Exxonand the late Dana B. Wagner (1946–2003).Chevron’s Western Division settled into a newcampus in nearby San Ramon in the 1980s, wherethey dissolved their palaeo group in the followingdecade. Their West Coast foraminiferal collectionnow resides at the CAS in San Francisco.

The La Habra laboratory of California ResearchCorporation was established in 1947, and changedits name a year later to Chevron Research

Company. Alfred R. Loeblich Jr (1914–1994),who had been at the USNM, was hired in 1958and developed the lab’s palaeontology programmeby adding specialists to research other types ofmicrofossils. He often worked in tandem with hiswife, Helen Tappan, and they rapidly rose to promi-nence in foraminiferal micropalaeontology and thenpalynology. Their immense contribution to forami-niferology was firmly established by their 1964landmark volume for the Treatise on InvertebratePaleontology. In 1979, just prior to Loeblich’sretirement, Kenneth L. Finger transferred fromChevron’s operations unit in New Orleans to theLa Habra facility, which had been renamedChevron Oil Field Research Company in 1968.Finger’s entry into California biostratigraphy com-menced with a study on ostracodes in the lowerpart of the Los Sauces Creek section (Finger 1983)where Cushman & Laiming (1931) had noted theiroccurrence. Chevron’s 1981 discovery of the off-shore Point Arguello oil field prompted Fingerto re-examine the Miocene foraminiferal faunathat had been documented by Kleinpell (1938).This was in anticipation of continued explorationin the region, and it resulted in a trilogy of atlases(Finger 1990, 1992, 1995). After the merger withGulf in the mid-1980s, COFRC’s palaeontologistsdwindled in number. In 1992 the company wasreorganized into a new business unit (ChevronInformation Technology Unit) that excludedpalaeontology from its repertoire. Seven yearslater, the 365 000-square-foot beautifully land-scaped campus with seven buildings and world-class laboratories, as well as most of the adjacentWest Coyote Hills Oil Field, gave way tosuburban development.

Superior Oil Company operated a palaeo labin Bakersfield from 1931–1959. The lab was estab-lished by Robert B. Hutcheson (1899–1979), whohad been Wissler’s first assistant at Union. Amongits employees were Glenn C. Ferguson (1906–2001), Harold Billman, Louis J. Simon (1912–1996), Nick Nicholeris and Alvin A. Almgren (b.1920). After the lab was shut down, Ferguson,Billman and Almgren found employment at Union’slab in Bakersfield, Simon joined Texas OC’s lab inLos Angeles and Nicholeris settled permanently inVentura as an independent consultant.

Texas Oil Company opened its Los Angelespalaeo lab in 1929 under the direction of DonaldD. Hughes and Boris Laiming, who were amongseveral micropalaeontologists that came fromMarland OC (see above). Texas OC absorbedSeaboard OC, formerly known as Milham OC, andit adopted the Texaco acronym after the war.Among those who joined the group over the yearswere Wilbur D. Rankin (1903–1985), JamesM. Hamill, Bradford C. Adams (1902–1994),

K. L. FINGER134

Lorin B. Snedden (1908–1991), Frank Bell, PaulP. Goudkoff, T. A. Baldwin, Frank Tolman, E. R.Baddley, J. A. Smith, Harold W. Hoots (1889–1979), L. E. Nelson, A. J. MacMillan Jr, DonaldK. Sherman (1928–2000), Roseann Carlson andKristin McDougall. Laiming’s successor was LouisJ. Simon, who was followed by William R. White.When Texaco and Chevron merged in 2001,neither had a palaeontologist remaining in Califor-nia. Texaco donated their West Coast microfossilcollection estimated at 66 700 slides and 235 000washed residues to UCMP.

Tidewater Associated Oil Company openeda palaeo lab in San Francisco in May 1923 underthe direction of G. Dallas Hanna, who was a zoolo-gist and part-time associate at the CAS. He wasassisted by T. F. Stipp and soon hired HerschelL. Driver, who was educated as a petroleum engin-eer and later joined SOCAL, and Clifford C.Church, who was previously with Marland OC.After Tidewater was taken over by Getty in 1952,Church was transferred to Bakersfield. CharlieE. Sturz (1920–1988), who had been in Ventura,was also transferred to Bakersfield and both Churchand Sturz were eventually transferred to LosAngeles. Carlton ‘Kit’ M. Carson (see below) alsohad a stint with the company in the early 1950s.

Union Oil Company (UNOCAL) opened itsfirst palaeo lab in Los Angeles at the beginning of1925 with Galloway student Stanley G. Wissler(1900–1990) in command. Their paper on theLomita Marl (Galloway & Wissler 1927) is a land-mark, being the first modern study of CaliforniaCenozoic foraminifers, as well as the first publi-cation by the newly founded SEPM in its Journalof Paleontology. Wissler firmly demonstrated thevalue of benthic foram correlations with greatsuccess in the Dominguez oil field, and at onepoint his staff there numbered more than 40.Among those working on Foraminifera were FrankE. ‘Frenchy’ Dreyer (1902–1980), Charles R. Can-field (1908–1978), Glenn C. Ferguson (1906–2001), Robert Hutcheson, Scout Harvey Lee,Elizabeth Watson and Aden Hughes. Others thatfollowed included Douglas Crawford and BradfordJones in Dominguez; that lab later moved to SanteFe Springs. Although Wissler became Union’sChief Geologist, his most celebrated moment issaid to be the time another company’s geologistasked him for some help with a core and the‘bugs’ revealed that a three-foot section had beenmistakenly tagged upside-down (as later confirmedby the driller). No doubt, every industrial micropa-laeontologist dreamed of doing likewise!

When Superior’s lab closed in 1959, AlvinA. Almgren stayed in Bakersfield where he wentto work in Union’s lab under the supervision ofCharles Cary. Edward Marx was also there for a

few years before Union sent him off to Texas.Upon closure of the Bakersfield lab, Union trans-ferred Almgren to its palaeo lab led by Grosve-nor C. ‘Butch’ Brown in Santa Fe Springs. His newco-workers were Charles L. Roberts III, WilliamG. Reay, David Ford, Roy Fulwider, KristinMcDougall, Gregg H. Blake, Hal Heitman andMary Lou Cotton. Union moved the group toVentura in 1972 in anticipation of the 1975 offshorebidding. In the 1980s, Garry Jones and LeonardTjalsma researched non-Californian foraminifersat Unocal’s Fred L. Hartley Research Center,located adjacent to the Brea-Olinda oil field andjust a few miles NE of Chevron’s research campusin La Habra. Within a few years, however, the oilcompanies began to divest themselves from WestCoast exploration and most retracted to Texas.Reay, Blake, Heitman and Jones continued withUnocal in Houston. Unocal closed its Ventura labin 1986 and, after Chevron took over the companya decade later, the Brea facility was replaced by ahousing development.

The universities

When the oil industry blossomed in Californiaafter World War I, the state’s universities wereeager to have faculty at the forefront of appliedresearch who could train the next generation ofmicropalaeontologists to help quench the country’sexponentially increasing thirst for oil; they pro-duced many of those who found careers interpret-ing the past through a pair of oculars. (In thefollowing, subsequent employment is indicated inparentheses following the name of each graduatestudent.) Unlike the channelled research in indus-try, university research had no bounds and micro-palaeontologists there explored areas and topicswell beyond the realm of California foraminiferalbiostratigraphy.

Stanford University (Leland Stanford Jr

University, LSJU), Palo Alto

Hubert Schenck (1897–1960) was an invertebratepalaeontologist and professor at Stanford who in1924 offered the first course on Foraminifera to fillthe sudden demands of the state’s oil industry.He also initiated the student-edited Micropaleonto-logy Bulletin (1926–1933) hoping that it would beprimarily an outlet for West Coast studies, althoughit included anything related to microfossils as wellas translations of foreign papers. Schenck’s researchinterests expanded to include larger foramini-fers from Baja California to Alaska. Among his stu-dents were Robert M. Kleinpell (1905–1986) andHollis D. Hedberg (1903–1988), who went on to

CALIFORNIA FORAMINIFERAL MICROPALAEONTOLOGY 135

become prominent stratigraphers with diametricallyopposing views on biozonation (see Walsh 2005).Others were Earl H. Myers (d. 1975), whoresearched foraminiferal biology at Stanford’sHopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove and wasthe first to demonstrate alternation of generationsin Foraminifera using time-lapse photography, andLouis J. Simon (Superior OC, Texas OC).

After World War II, Hans E. Thalmann (1899–1975) succeeded Schenck. His research interestswere outside the realm of California, however.Thalmann served as the West Coast envoy to theAmerican Museum’s The Micropaleontologistnewsletter (the precursor to the journal Micropa-leontology) and for many years he compiled fora-miniferal bibliographies and taxonomic indicesthat served the scientific community well. JosephJ. Graham (1909–1967) received his PhD fromUCB in 1947 then joined the Stanford faculty in1948, where he researched California Cretaceousand modern Philippine (with R. Kleinpell) forami-nifers until his untimely passing.

In 1967, James C. Ingle Jr filled the void leftby Graham and remained at Stanford for fourdecades, where he focused much of his attentionon the Neogene Foraminifera of California and thePacific Rim. He was a protege of Orville Bandy atUSC, and his graduate students in the 1980sincluded Gerta Keller (Princeton University), thelate Martin Lagoe (ARCO, Anchorage; UTAustin), Hillary C. Olson (Mobil; UT Austin),Robert Milam (Exxon, Houston) and PatriciaA. McCrory (USGS, Menlo Park). Ingle’s 1980paper on California Cenozoic Foraminifera contin-ued on the paths forged by Natland and Bandy bydelving into the palaeobathymetric relationshipsof fossil Foraminifera in the borderland basins ofCalifornia. Its comprehensive tally of palaeobathy-metric index species has been the crux of manysubsequent studies. Ingle also led well-attendedfield trips to classic Miocene outcrops in the state,including one memorable excursion in 1981 (thefirst NAMS field trip) that this author went on toexamine outcrops on both sides of the SanAndreas fault in which a busload of thirsty geol-ogists eagerly volunteered themselves as imbibersfor an enological comparison of the North Ameri-can and Pacific plates. After his retirement in 2005Ingle transferred the LSJU collection of more than5000 foraminiferal slides, and Schenck’s collec-tion of larger fossil foraminifers, to UCMP.

University of California, Los

Angeles (UCLA)

Milton N. Bramlette (1896–1977), a USGS geo-logist since 1921, began the foraminiferal

micropalaeontology programme at the Universityof California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1940.‘Bram’s’ students included Alvin A. Almgren(Union), Dana B. Braislin Jr (Union), EdwardWheeler (Shell) and Manley S. Natland (Shell,Richfield). Among Bramlette’s most important pub-lications were his USGS Professional Papers on theMonterey Formation (Bramlette 1946), the PalosVerdes Hills (Woodring et al. 1946) and the SantaMaria District (Woodring & Bramlette 1950), allof which presented foraminiferal data provided byothers. In 1951, Bramlette relocated to SIO in LaJolla, where he devoted himself to studies on calcar-eous nannoplankton. Natland’s 1952 doctoral thesisintroduced the stage names for the Pliocene andPleistocene of southern California that he publishedin 1957 (Fig. 3).

Next in line was Helen N. Tappan (1917–2004),who met Alfred R. Loeblich Jr at the University ofOklahoma. After they married, both journeyednorth to pursue PhDs at the University of Chicagounder Croneis which they received in 1942 and1941, respectively. They moved south to TulaneUniversity (New Orleans) where Al was on thefaculty and Helen took over his teaching assign-ments while he served in the military. When Alreturned in 1946, they relocated to Washington,DC where the USNM hired him as AssociateCurator of Invertebrate Paleontology and Helenwas a USGS consultant working on Cretaceous For-aminifera from Alaska. After Cushman’s passing in1949, they procured his collection for the USNMand were instrumental in creating the foundationthat bears his name. Helen Tappan, US PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Cushman weredistantly related to each other. Each traced theirlineage to Robert Cushman who was one of the Pur-itans that, for religious freedom, left England in1620 aboard the Speedwell which accompanied theMayflower (Cushman had arranged its leasing). Ontheir journey across the Atlantic, leakage forcedthe Speedwell back to England while the Mayflowersailed on to become the symbol of European coloni-zation of what was to become the USA in 1776.Robert Cushman made it to the new colony withhis son Thomas several months later (in 1621), butsoon thereafter returned to England to promote theinterests of the colony in which his son remainedand raised a family. In 1958, distant descendantHelen Tappan joined the Earth Sciences Departmentat UCLA as a lecturer (her significant other hadalready settled into his position with ChevronResearch in La Habra). Her first students of Forami-nifera to receive their doctorates were RobertG. Douglas (USC), William V. Sliter (USGS) andJere H. Lipps (UCD, UCB), all of whom completeddissertations on planktonic foraminifers from Cali-fornia in 1966. Douglas and Sliter followed their

K. L. FINGER136

professor’s interest in the Cretaceous, while Lippsdelved into the Miocene. As a team, Loeblich andTappan co-authored hundreds of papers on micro-fossils, but none were focused on CaliforniaForaminifera. Nevertheless, their contributions toforaminiferal systematics and taxonomy weremajor, particularly those of the 1957 USNM Bulle-tin 215 Studies in Foraminifera that was a landmarkcompilation of papers on planktonic foraminifers,their 1964 two-volume Treatise of InvertebratePaleontology (Protista) and their 1987 two-volumemonograph on all known foraminiferal genera. Thelatter two have been indispensable references forall foraminiferologists. Loeblich and Tappan col-lected nearly 12 000 microfossil samples duringtheir careers; their bulk samples, washed residuesand slides are now part of the UCMP collection.

University of California, Berkeley

Few would debate that Robert M. Kleinpell wasthe most celebrated foraminiferal biostratigrapherin California. He was introduced to stratigraphyby his older brother William, who was a geologistengaged in field mapping for Marland OC. Havingan undergraduate degree in archaeology and his-tory from Occidental College (Los Angeles) in1927, the younger Kleinpell pursued his Mastersat Stanford where he was mentored by H. G.Schenck and J. P. Smith. His intent was to subdividethe Miocene Monterey Formation, which was aprimary source and reservoir of petroleum, usingthe Reliz Canyon section as his primary target.Kleinpell followed geologist Ralph Reed’s (TexasOC) suggestion by using Oppel’s (1856–1858)principles of biostratigraphic zonation to getaround the problem of facies control on benthicspecies. The methodology, which he spent hiscareer proselytizing (see Berry 2000, 2008), madepractical sense because the thick deep-water depos-its of the Monterey Formation contained mixed-depth foraminiferal assemblages. Kleinpell alsowas employed as a field geologist for the Rich-field OC (1928–1931) during this time, but theDepression gave him the option of either becominga cost accountant for the company or returningto Stanford for his doctorate. Having chosen thelatter, Kleinpell’s goal was to create a biostrati-graphic zonation of the California Miocene basedon benthic foraminifers. In his 1933 dissertation(approved in 1934), Kleinpell divided the Mioceneinto 6 stages and 15 zones, leaving the uppermostzone unnamed because it lacked foraminifers(Fig. 3). He then consulted as a field geologist forthe Richfield labs in Bakersfield and as a palaeon-tologist for the General Petroleum Company. TheAAPG published Kleinpell’s dissertation in 1938as The Miocene Stratigraphy of California. The

comprehensive book was timely and immediatelyadopted by everyone working in the realm of itstitle, particularly the many West Coast oil com-pany palaeontologists who successfully applied itand its fundamental methodology in the search forhydrocarbons. Kleinpell was an adjunct professor atCIT in Pasadena from 1939–1941, but left for thePhilippines ‘to help start their oil industry’ by assist-ing the US Navy in searching for a strategic pet-roleum reserve. In 1942, he was incarcerated bythe invading Japanese army. Having survived theharsh internment he returned to California in 1945and resumed consulting for several oil companies,which he continued doing throughout his tenure atUCB (1946–1973).

Kleinpell was a talented pianist and amonghis first graduates were two others that demon-strated a love of music: Zach M. Arnold (UCB),who studied living Foraminifera and their kin,and Victor Standish (‘Stan’) Mallory (UW). Arnoldwas a skilled tinkerer and self-taught musician whodevised everything from his experimental appara-tuses to the miniature harmonica for which hewrote and published compositions. Mallory led hisown jazz band during his high school years inNew Jersey, at which time he occasionally playedalto saxophone with jazz great Duke Ellington.He later attended Oberlin College (Ohio) on a four-year scholarship in piano and piano compositionwhile majoring in geology, then headed west forgraduate degrees in palaeontology under Kleinpell’sdirection. His dissertation presented an Oppelianzonation of the Early Tertiary of California (Fig. 3),and it was published in a fashion similar to Klein-pell’s 1938 classic tome. These books were indis-pensable references that formed the foundation forsubsequent taxonomic and biostratigraphic stud-ies on California Tertiary Foraminifera. Both scien-tists later revisited their early works with revisionsand additions (Mallory 1970; Kleinpell 1980).

Among Kleinpell’s students were four foramini-feral micropalaeontologists who went on to careerswith SOCAL: Bob Blaisdell, Charles Fulmer,Gene E. Molander and Paul R. Wesendunk. Otherswho worked or published on California Foramini-fera after graduation were David Berry (RichfieldOC, Long Beach; CSU Pomona), Richard D. Cifelli(Phillips OC, Centralia, Washington State; USNM),William W. Fairchild (Humble OC, Houston),Charles R. ‘Rusty’ Haller (Pan-American OC, Trini-dad), Gordon Hornaday (SOCAL, UCMP), DonaldW. Weaver (UCSB), William Weaver (TropicalOC, Columbia), Donald H. Dailey (Cities ServiceOC, Tulsa) and F. Jay Phillips (who joined theDenver-Alaska OC in Colorado before becomingthe independent developer of a novel biostrati-graphic computer program that many biostratigra-phers adopted in the 1980s).

CALIFORNIA FORAMINIFERAL MICROPALAEONTOLOGY 137

By the time Kleinpell retired from UCB in1973 (whereupon he relocated to UCSB), the Cali-fornia Tertiary had been divided into 15 benthicstages comprising more than 30 ‘Oppel’ zones whichhe based on associations of benthic Foraminifera,as opposed to zones defined by index fossildatums. The many that tried to apply the zonationsto their own work had variable degrees of success.As workers struggled with variants and forms inter-mediate between described species, the easiest sol-ution was to assign species identifications to fitthe presumed age; after all, disciples of the Klein-pellian school of stratigraphy were reluctant tochallenge its integrity. Over time, and with thedevelopment of planktonic biostratigraphies, theshortcomings of the benthic facies-controlled zoneswere exposed. However, even with intrinsic or intro-duced inaccuracies, benthic Foraminifera remaina useful tool when there are no other microfossilsavailable for age determination, and especiallywhen correlations are intrabasinal. Although manyworkers eventually abandoned the benthic forami-niferal zones, the stages have been retained as anintegral part of the multidisciplinary, chronologiccorrelation charts that first appeared in the 1970s.Magnetostratigraphy, isotope chronostratigraphiesand planktonic biostratigraphies have shown thetendency of some benthic stage boundaries to betime-transgressive or uncertain; some boundarylines are therefore drawn diagonally or dashed onthose charts. For the most part, however, it islikely that abrupt faunal changes at the stage bound-aries are due to hiatuses or condensed sections inthe stratotypes that reflect lowstands of sea levelresulting from local and regional tectonics.

Protozoologist Zach M. Arnold researched thebiology of living Foraminifera, following in thefootsteps of Earl H. Myers (LSJU). He receivedhis PhD in 1948 under Kleinpell, who realized theneed for a better understanding of the living organ-ism. Arnold joined the UCB faculty in 1957, wherehe stayed until retiring in 1978. His work shedlight on the reproductive cycles of several taxa.His former PhD students are Don S. Steinker(recently retired from Bowling Green University,Ohio) and Susan T. Goldstein (University ofGeorgia), who specializes in shallow-water forami-niferal biology, ecology and taphonomy.

The UCMP produced three dissertations onthe Holocene Foraminifera of San Francisco Bay:Dana Wagner (Chevron) and Doris Sloan (b. 1930;UCB) were advised by William N. B. Berry, a grap-tolite specialist, and later Mary McGann (USGS)by Jere Lipps. All three women worked on Cali-fornia Foraminifera throughout their professionalcareers.

Karen L. Wetmore (Grycewicz) was on theUCMP staff for the period 1991–2000, where she

managed the microfossil collections and researchedaspects of foraminiferal evolution and morphology.Charlotte Brunner, a student of James P. Kennettat URI, was on of the UCB faculty during 1979–1987. As many of Kennett’s students did, she con-sidered herself a palaeoceanographer first and amicropalaeontologist second. Her California-basedresearch was mostly on the turbidites of the Mon-terey fan and the Foraminifera of San FranciscoBay. After her UCB stint, Brunner assumed a pos-ition at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi.

Jere H. Lipps (b. 1939) transferred from UCDto UCB in 1988. Within a couple of years, thefamous Department of Paleontology lost its auton-omy when it was merged into the Department ofIntegrative Biology. With his wide interests inprotists, marine biology and palaeobiology, Lippswas a perfect match for the new combination. Hisresearch at UCB has included a few studies onCalifornia Foraminifera, including those in mod-ern marshes. Kenneth L. Finger joined the UCMPstaff in 2002, and collaborated with Lipps onstudies involving Miocene and Recent Foramini-fera in California. Lipps has established himself asone of the world’s foremost and prolific foramini-ferologists, and his devotion to science is likely tokeep him productive well beyond his recent retire-ment from UCB in 2009.

University of California, Davis

Emile A. Pessagno Jr, who received his PhD at Prin-ceton University, was the first micropalaeontolo-gist in the fledgling Geology Department at UCDin 1959, but he soon joined the faculty at UTD. In1967, recent UCLA graduate Jere H. Lipps wasappointed to the faculty as a palaeontologist. Inhis graduate work and early career, Lipps (1964,1966, 1967a, b, 1972) sought out the planktonicmarkers in the California Miocene that had longbeen overlooked by others (partly due to theirrarity or relatively minute size). He correlated hisfindings with the interregional zonations devisedin the tropics by Bolli (1957a, b, 1966) and Ban-ner & Blow (1965). His interests in protists andmarine biology soon spread widely beyond thatof California Foraminifera, however. Lipps laterrevisited the local Miocene Foraminifera with hisfirst doctorate, Kenneth L. Finger (Finger et al.1990, 2008). Lipps’s other proteges that continuedworking on Foraminifera were Drs Ted E. DeLaca(NSF), William J. Showers (NCSU), MalcolmG. Erskian (d. 1993), and Kenneth P. Severin (Uni-versity of Alaska) and Masters students (who wenton to earn their doctorates elsewhere) Laird B.Thompson (Mobil, Dallas) and Joan Bernhard(WHOI). Erskian and several others were amongthe few who, while students of Lipps, researched

K. L. FINGER138

California Foraminifera. Finger and another one ofhis Masters students, Daniel R. McKeel (Mobil Oil,consultant), did not do so until they were in theirprofessional careers. In 1988, Lipps left the UCDcampus and moved (c. 80 km west) to the Depart-ment of Paleontology at UCB. Howard W. Sperofilled the void at UCD, and his stable isotoperesearch has included foraminifers from the South-ern California Borderland.

University of California, San Diego (UCSD)

and Scripps Institution of Oceanography

(SIO), La Jolla

In addition to being an expert on larger Foramini-fera and the one who hired Cushman at the USGSin 1912, T. Wayland Vaughan (1870–1952) direc-ted SIO from 1924–1936. It was not until thearrival of Fred B Phleger (1909–1993) as a visitingscientist (1949–1951) from Amherst College(Massachusetts) that micropalaeontology becameassociated with the institution. Phleger wasalready a prominent foraminiferologist and wasjoined by his colleague Frances L. Parker (1906–2002) who accepted a staff position at SIO in1950. Parker worked at the Cushman Lab inAmherst during 1930–1940, as did Phleger in1934–1936, then put in several years with ShellOC in Houston before moving to La Jolla. Phlegerand Parker established the SIO Marine ForaminiferaLaboratory in 1950; the following year Phlegerbecame SIO faculty and Milton N. Bramlettearrived from UCLA to begin researching calcareousnannoplankton. Phleger’s 1960 Ecology and Dis-tribution of Foraminifera was the first book on thesubject and it laid the groundwork for the subdisci-pline of palaeoceanography. Among Phleger’s stu-dents were William R. Walton, John S. Bradshaw(1928–2010) and Wolfgang Berger. Walton(1952) introduced rose bengal as a histologic stainfor distinguishing living foraminifers, Bradshawstudied foraminiferal biology and modern marshforaminifers and Berger was interested primarilyin palaeoceanography and the geochemistry ofdeep-sea carbonates. Bradshaw remained closelyaffiliated with SIO while Berger eventually joinedthe faculty. As a PhD student at UCSD in the1970s, David B. Scott (b. 1947) studied modern for-aminiferal distributions in marshes and lagoons ofsouthern California under the guidance of Bradshawand Phleger. Scott’s professional career developedat Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, and hehas published several papers on the brackish faunaof California. Between 1968 and 1983, SIO washeadquarters for the Deep Sea Drilling Project(DSDP). The research vessel Glomar Challengercompleted 96 expeditions to 624 drill sites for the

DSDP, which provided an incredible wealth ofcore data vital to the refinement of microfossilzonations and the construction of an integratedbiochronostratigraphic framework for the past200 Ma (see http://iodp.tamu.edu/publicinfo/glomar_challenger.html). Among those who partici-pated in these cruises when they were Californiamicropalaeontologists were Wolf Berger (SIO),Gregg Blake (UNOCAL), Bob Douglas (USC),Bob Fleisher (USC), Gerta Keller (LSJU), JereLipps (UCD), Jim Ingle (LSJU), Kris McDougall(USGS), Fran Parker (SIO), Dick Poore (USGS)and Bill Sliter (USGS).

University of California, Santa Barbara

(UCSB)

Kleinpell’s UCB student Donald W. Weaver wasthe appropriate choice to start the micropalaeon-tology programme at UCSB, as he had severallarge publications on California Oligocene andEocene foraminiferal biostratigraphy to his creditin the 1960s. His student Ann Tipton (aka TiptonDonnelly; Mobil) later worked on the additionalCalifornia sections from the same epochs. In retire-ment, Kleinpell moved to Santa Barbara andaffiliated himself with UCSB.

James P. Kennett (b. 1940) became the Directorof the Marine Studies Program at UCSB in 1987.Following his post-doctoral studies with Bandy atUSC in 1966, Kennett had been on the faculty atFlorida State University. He accepted a positionat the University of Rhode Island in 1970 wherehe established himself at the forefront of palaeocea-nography and trained the majority of students whowent on to academic careers happily pulverizingforaminiferal tests for their isotopic signatures. In1987, Kennett became the Director of the MarineStudies Program at UCSB. His palaeoclimateresearch on the ODP site in the Santa BarbaraChannel showed multiple, abrupt warming episodesduring the Quaternary that correlated with his pre-vious findings in Greenland and Antarctica, andwhich he later attributed to rapid methane releasesfrom the ocean floor.

University of Southern California (USC)

Irene A. McCulloch (1887–1987) joined USC as amarine biologist in 1924 and spent her long career(well past her 1952 retirement) working on Fora-minifera in the extensive sample collection result-ing from G. Allan Hancock’s expeditions, mostlyin the East Pacific. In 1944, she convinced Han-cock to donate his immense natural historycollection to USC. However, USC did not becomea major centre of foraminiferal research until

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Orville Bandy (1917–1973) joined the Geologyfaculty in 1948. Bandy had worked briefly on GulfCoast Foraminifera for Humble in Houston beforepursuing his doctorate in 1946 under Galloway,who had relocated from Columbia University to Ind-iana University. At USC, Bandy began workingon Recent benthic foraminiferal distributions andecology off southern California. His 1953 papersEcology and paleoecology of some California For-aminifera (Parts 1 & 2; 1953a, b, respectively) fol-lowed in the footsteps of Natland (1933) in clearlydemonstrating how benthic Foraminifera can beused to interpret palaeobathymetry, but addition-ally showed how they revealed rates of subsidenceand sedimentation. Bandy was fond of puttingcumulative frequency diagrams in his publications,and these ‘bandygrams’ popularized applicationsof quantitative analysis. His 1959 article on Neo-globoquadrina pachyderma coiling was among thefirst to demonstrate that planktonic foram distri-butions were controlled by surface water massesand surface temperatures. Bandy’s work attractedmany students, including Lewis Martin, WilliamR. White (Texaco), Robert E. Arnal (SJSU), RobertC. Wright (Exxon, Houston), Richard E. Casey(Rice University, Houston), James C. Ingle Jr,(LSJU), Johanna Resig (University of Hawaii),Edith Vincent (SIO), Fritz Theyer (University ofHawaii), Robert L. Fleischer (Exxon, Houston;Gulf, Houston; Chevron, San Ramon, Houston),Robert C. Wright (Exxon, Houston), Ronald J.Echols (Mobil, Dallas), Ronald L. Kolpack (CSULong Beach), Paul Lewis Steineck (SUNY at Pur-chase), Kristin McDougall (Union; USGS), MichaelMickey (Mobil, Sante Fe Springs), Richard Boett-cher (Mobil, Sante Fe Springs) and post-doctoralJames P. Kennett (URI; UCSB). The paper byBandy & Arnal (1969) was a landmark study onthe Foraminifera of the southern San Joaquin Val-ley, as the extensive data gathered there by oilcompanies was kept proprietary. Studies by Bandyet al. (1964a, b, 1965a, b) on benthic foraminifersat sewage outfalls along the southern Californiacoastline were among the first documents on forami-niferal responses to pollutants, now a popularsubject of investigation.

With a doctorate from UCLA, Robert G.Douglas (b. 1937) took a position at Case WesternUniversity in Ohio, only to return to Los Angelesto fill the vacancy at USC left by Orville Bandy’suntimely passing in 1973. Douglas continuedresearching Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers,but eventually shifted towards the modern South-ern California Borderland and the deep sea. Hementored Bandy’s remaining graduate studentsas well as those who followed, including FayWoodruff (USC Associate Researcher) and theUNOCAL crew of Gregg Blake, Mary Lou Cotton

and Hal Heitman. Douglas has been succeededby Lowell D. Stott who has done some work onCalifornia Foraminifera, but his research mostlyinvolves using stable isotopes in palaeoclimatology.

Other California universities

Merle C. Israelsky (1901–1977) was at the Califor-nia Institute of Technology in 1953 and is bestknown for his work on the Eocene Lodo Formation.Much of his early career was in the Gulf Coast oilindustry however, and he delved into a wide arrayof palaeontological and geological topics.

Robert Arnal, who had several papers on Fora-minifera to his credit when he was a student atUSC, joined the faculty at SJSU in the latter1960s. His student Paula Quinterno went on towork for the USGS in Menlo Park.

Calvin H. Stevens joined CSU East Bay (theformer CSU Hayward) in 1963. Although recentlyretired, he continues his long record of being theonly one in California who is active in research onthe state’s fusulinids.

William Miller III of Humboldt State Universityhas focused his foraminiferal research on the genusBathysiphon, particularly specimens found in therocks of California.

The US Geological Survey

The USGS western headquarters is located inMenlo Park, not far from Stanford University. Itsfirst foram researchers in the 1950s: MerleC. Israelsky and later Patsy B. Smith (d. 1971).Israelsky’s main contribution was his work on theEocene Lodo Formation, whereas Smith focusedon the California Miocene until she took her ownlife. She was replaced in 1973 by William V.Sliter (d. 1977), who completed his PhD in 1966as a student of Helen Tappan at UCLA. Sliter’sprofessional career began with Esso ProductionResearch in Houston, which he left for the CanadianGeological Survey in Calgary followed by theUSGS in Menlo Park, interrupted by a brief stintas Branch Chief in Reston, Virginia. He is bestknown for his research on Cretaceous foramini-fers, particularly those studied in thin-sections, andhe produced numerous publications on those fromCalifornia. Richard Z. Poore joined the MenloPark group in 1974 before transferring to Reston,Virginia. During his time in California he workedon planktonic foraminifers of the region, leavingthe benthic fauna to Kristin McDougall. McDougallcame to the USGS in 1975 with a most impressivehistory, having completed her undergraduate andMasters studies under Mallory at UW and her PhDunder Bandy and Douglas at USC. After several

K. L. FINGER140

years in industry with Texaco and with UNOCAL,she joined the USGS where she applied her exper-tise on the benthic Foraminifera of the West CoastTertiary in many studies throughout the region.Having moved to Arizona in the 1990s, McDougall(-Reid) is still employed by the USGS and remainsactive in California projects. Mary McGann in theMarine Geology group at Menlo Park received herdoctorate at UCB. Her research on California fora-minifers has been mostly on modern assemblagesin California bays and offshore basins, and theintroduction of foreign and sometimes invasivespecies from the ballast water of cargo ships.

Joseph A. Cushman’s role

As with all those who followed in his footsteps,those in California benefited greatly from Cush-man’s role in developing foraminiferology. Mostnotable of Cushman’s achievements are: (1) in1923, he convincingly demonstrated that Forami-nifera were a valuable tool in the search for oil;(2) in 1925, he initiated Contributions from theCushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research;in its first two years, he was the sole author of sixpapers devoted to California Foraminifera, afterwhich he assumed senior authorship on more thantwo dozen contributions by California colleagues;and (3) in 1928, he wrote the first major referencebook on Foraminifera that included systematicsand descriptions of all supraspecific ranks, as wellas illustrations of species representing all genera.Because it filled a huge void, it was immediatelyadopted by most workers. (The unsavoury tacticof getting it published prior to Galloway’s (1933)book created a permanent rift between the twomost prominent foraminiferologists in America,however. Galloway, an SEPM founder, found alittle solace in the subsequent impeachment ofSEPM President Cushman in 1931.)

Epilogue

The oil industry ignited foraminiferal micropa-laeontology and fuelled the careers of the majorityof foraminiferologists in California. When theyabandoned the exploration side of the business onthe West Coast, the market for these microscopistslargely ended. Tenured faculty retained their pos-itions, but few students viewed micropalaeonto-logy as a promising career path. Within a decade,retirements, out-of-state transfers, unemploymentand career changes had brought the California‘bug-men’ to the brink of extinction. The latestgeneration of geoscientists in California that studyForaminifera have only a minor interest in thetaxonomy and biostratigraphy of the West Coast

fauna, as they are the palaeoceanographers orpalaeoclimatologists who religiously sacrifice thecalcareous tests of relatively few selected speciesfor stable isotope analysis or the palaeobiologistsstudying evolutionary relationships by means ofextracting and sequencing foraminiferal DNA.Since 1925, more than 100 professional scientistshave worked on California Foraminifera, vastmajority while employed in the state, and togetherthey produced more than 500 publications on theregional modern and fossil faunas. Their legacyincludes 100s of 1000s of slides, 1000s of out-crop samples, and millions of washed residues(mostly from oil well cuttings) that have thwartedthe dumpsters and found refuge in two museums(UCMP and CAS). Although California is no lon-ger a centre of activity for foraminiferal micropa-laeontology, the historic and scientific value ofthe amassed collections must be preserved. Theyare a treasure trove of data that are a product ofunfathomable amounts of time, effort and cost,and most of the materials are irreplaceable. Typi-cal of museum collections, they are preserved forthe benefit of future generations for research appli-cations that have yet to be realized.

I thank A. Almgren, D. Haman and J. Lipps for letting metap their memories on the subject of this chapter. Pre-reviews of the manuscript were kindly provided byJ. Lipps, J. Ingle and K. McDougall. The sources of theportrait photographs (figures) in Plate 1 are: 1, RoyalSociety of New Zealand; 2, USGS; 3, 5, SEPM; 4, Mon-terey Bay Paleontological Society, 6–8, 13, Journal ofthe West; 9, Smithsonian Institution; 10, 16, 18–20,Cushman Foundation, 11, UCMP; 12, USC; 14, 21,National Academy of Sciences; 15, 23, Stanford Univer-sity; 17, Burke Museum; 22, Jere Lipps; 24, Kris McDou-gall; 25, Gregg Blake.

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APPENDIX A. SUPPLEMENTAL BIOGRAPHICAL & HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Hanna, G D. 1928. The Monterey Shale of California at its type locality with a summary of its fauna and

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3

APPENDIX B. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIA FORAMINIFERA

A chronologic listing intended to include all of the early and the most significant publications on Califor-

nia Foraminifera. Excluded are unpublished theses and dissertations (with the notable exception of

Natland, 1952.

Annual distribution of the 493 post-1900 publications listed in this bibliography.

1855. Blake, W.P. Notice of remarkable strata containing the remains of Infusoria and Polythalamia in the

Tertiary formation of Monterey, California. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, April

15, 1855, 3 pp.

1857. Blake, W.P. Part II, Geological report; routes in California, to connect with the routes near the

thirty-fifth and thirty-second parallels, explored by Lieut. R.S. Williamson, corps topographical engi-

neers, in 1853, 370 p. In: Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and

economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direc-

tion of the Secretary of War, in 18534, according to acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, May 31,

1854, and August 5, 1854: Vol. V, 1856: House of Representatives Executive Document 91, 33d

Congress, 2d Session, A.O.P. Nicholson, Washington.

1889. Friedrich, J.J., On some new species of protozoolites, Quaternary and Tertiary, from California, and

on the importance of protozoa as rock building agents. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sci-

ences, 9, 188990, 3236.

1889. Woodward, A. Foraminifera from post-Pliocene sand at Santa Barbara, California. Journal of the

New York Microscopical Society, 5: 2425.

1900. Chapman, F. Foraminifera from the Tertiary of California. Proceedings of the California Academy

of Sciences, Geology 1: 241258.

1905. Bagg, R.M., Jr. Foraminifera collected from the bluffs at Santa Barbara, California. American

Geologist, 35: 123124.

1905. Bagg, R.M., Jr. Miocene Foraminifera from the Monterey Shale of California, with a few species

from the Tejon Formation. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey, 268, 78 pp.

1912. Bagg, R.M., Jr. Pliocene and Pleistocene Foraminifera from southern California. U.S. Geological

Survey, Bulletin, 513, 153 pp.

1918. Dumble, E.T. Geology of the northern end of the Temblor embayment area. Proceedings of

California Academy of Sciences., ser. 4, 8: 113–156

1923. Hanna, G D. Some Eocene Foraminifera near Vacaville, California. University of California

Publications in Geological Sciences, Bulletin, 14: 319328.

4

1925. Cushman, J.A. Three new species of Siphogenerina from the Miocene of California. Cushman

Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 1: 23.

1925. Cushman, J.A. Some Textulariidae from the Miocene of California. Contributions from the Cush-

man Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 1: 2935.

1925. Cushman, J.A. Siphogenerina hughesi, a new species from California. Contributions from the

Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 1: 36.

1925. Cushman, J.A. & Hughes, D.D. Some later Tertiary cassidulinas of California. Contributions from

the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 1: 1117.

1926. Cushman, J.A. Miocene species of Nonionina from California. Contributions from the Cushman

Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 1: 8992.

1926. Cushman, J.A. Some Pliocene bolivinas from California. Contributions from the Cushman Labora-

tory for Foraminiferal Research, 2: 4047.

1926. Cushman, J.A. Foraminifera of the typical Monterey of California. Contributions from the Cush-

man Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 2: 5369.

1926. Cushman, J.A. & Stewart, R.E. A new Plectofrondicularia from the Pliocene of California. Contri-

butions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 2: 39.

1926. Farish, L. Tentative correlation of Miocene formations in San Luis Obispo County by the use of

Foraminifera. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 1(1): 3–7.

1926. Goudkoff, P.P. Correlative value of the microlithology and micropaleontology of the oil-bearing

formations of the Sunset-Midway and Kern River oil fields. Bulletin of the American Association of

Petroleum Geologists, 10: 482494.

1926. Hanna, G D. Microscopical research in California petroleum fields. Oil and Gas Journal, 24: 96.

1926. Kornfeld, M.M. A review of the literature of the Cenozoic fossil Foraminifera of the West Coast.

Micropaleontology Bulletin, 1(2): 4-11.

1926. Schenck, H.G. New records of Discocyclina in the Californian Eocene. Micropaleontology Bulletin,

3: 7279.

1926. Stipp, T.F. The relation of Foraminifera to the origin of California petroleum. Bulletin of the

American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 10: 697702. 1926. Stipp, T.F. Foraminifera of the Eocene of the Marysville Buttes, Sutter County, California. Micro-

paleontology Bulletin, 1(1): 3.

1927. Cushman, J.A. Recent Foraminifera from off the West Coast of America. Bulletin of the Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, Technical Series, 1: 119188.

1927. Cushman, J.A. & Grant, U.S., IV. Late Tertiary and Quaternary elphidiums, west coast of North

America. San Diego Society of Natural History, Transactions, 5: 6982.

1927. Cushman, J.A. & Hanna, G D. Foraminifera from the Eocene near Coalinga, California. Proceed-

ings of California Academy of Sciences., 4th ser., 16: 205228.

1927. Cushman, J.A. & Hanna, M.A. Foraminifera from the Eocene near San Diego, California. San

Diego Society of Natural History, Transactions, 5: 4564.

1927. Galloway, J.J. & Wissler, S.G. Pleistocene Foraminifera from the Lomita Quarry, Palos Verdes

Hills, California. Journal of Paleontology, 1: 3587.

1927. Hanna, G D. & Church, C.C. A collection of Recent Foraminifera taken off San Francisco Bay,

California. Journal of Paleontology, 1: 195202.

1927. McArthur, D. Notes on the type locality of the Monterey Shale. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 1(5):

24.

1927. Schenck, H.G. "Orthophragmina" in California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 1(4): 79.

1927. Schenck, H.G. Discocyclina from Simi Valley, California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 1(6): 13.

1928. Church, C.C. A new species of Bolivinita from the lower Pliocene of California. Journal of Paleon-

tology, 1: 265268.

5

1928. Cushman, J.A. A Cretaceous Cyclammina from California. Contributions from the Cushman

Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 4(3): 70, 71.

1928. Driver, H.L. Foraminiferal section along Adams Canyon, Ventura County, California. Bulletin of

the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 12: 753–756.

1928. Hanna, G D. The Monterey Shale of California at its type locality with a summary of its fauna and

flora. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 12: 969983.

1928. Hanna, G D. & Church, C.C. A collection of Recent Foraminifera taken off San Francisco Bay,

California. Journal of Paleontology, 1: 195202.

1928. Schenck, H.G. The biostratigraphic aspect of micropaleontology. Journal of Paleontology, 2:

158165.

1928. Wheeler, O.C. Zonal classification of the Pico Formation, Ventura County, California, on the basis

of the Foraminifera. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 1(9): 14.

1929. Church, C.C. Some Recent shallow water Foraminifera dredged near Santa Catalina Island,

California, Journal of Paleontology, 3: 302305.

1929. Church, C.C. Some observations on plastogamy in California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 1(11):

14.

1929. Church, C.C. The occurrence of Kyphopyxa in California. Journal of Paleontology, 3: 411.

1929. Cushman, J.A., Pliocene lagenas from California. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for

Foraminiferal Research, 5(3): 6772.

1929. Cushman, J.A. & Church, C.C. Some Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera from near Coalinga, Califor-

nia. Proceedings of California Academy of Sciences, 4th ser., 17: 497530.

1929. Johnson, F.L. Origin and relationships of the California Pliocene faunas. Micropaleontology

Bulletin, 1(11): 1112.

1929. Moyer, D.A. Shallow water Foraminifera from off Point Firmin, San Pedro, California. Micropale-

ontology Bulletin, 1(11): 510.

1929. Schenck, H.G. Discocyclina in California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural

History, 5: 211240.

1929. Valentine, W.W. Notes on Foraminifera from the type locality of the San Lorenzo Formation.

Micropaleontology Bulletin 1(8): 12.

1930. Barbat, W.F. Notes on subsurface methods employed in parts of San Joaquin Valley, California:

Micropaleontology Bulletin, 2: l2.

1930. Bush, J.B. Foraminifera of Tomales Bay, California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 2: 3842.

1930. Condit, D.D. Age of the Kreyenhagen Shale in the Cantua Creek-Panoche Creek district, Califor-

nia. Journal of Paleontology., 4, 259262

1930. Cushman, J.A. & Barksdale, J.D. Eocene Foraminifera from Martinez, California. Contributions

from the Department of Geology of Stanford University, 1: 5573.

1930. Cushman, J.A. & Moyer, D.A. Some Recent Foraminifera from off San Pedro, California. Contri-

butions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 6: 4962.

1930. Cushman, J.A. & Stewart, K.C. Post-Miocene Foraminifera from the Ventura Quadrangle, Ventura

County, California. Journal of Paleontology, 4: 60–72.

1930. Cushman, J.A., Stewart, R.E. & Stewart, K.C. Tertiary Foraminifera from Humboldt County,

California. A preliminary survey of the fauna. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural His-

tory, 6: 41–94.

1930. Cushman, J.A. & Valentine, W.W. Shallow-water Foraminifera from the Channel Islands of

southern California. Contributions from the Stanford University Department of Geology, 1: 5–51.

1930. Kleinpell, R.M. Zonal distribution of Miocene Foraminifera, Reliz Canyon, California: Micropale-

ontology Bulletin, 2: 2732.

1930. Martin, L.T. Foraminifera from the intertidal zone of Monterey Bay, California. Microplaeontology

Bulletin, 2: 5054.

6

1930. McDonald, J.A. & Diediker, P.L. A preliminary report on the Foraminifera of San Francisco Bay,

California. Microplaeontology Bulletin, 2: 3337.

1930. Norton, R.D. Ecologic relations of some Foraminifera. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Ocean-

ography, Technical Series, 2: 331388.

1930. Rankin, W.D. A method of subsurface correlation in the Los Angeles Basin. Micropaleontology

Bulletin, 2: 34.

1930. Schenck, H.G. An additional occurrence of Amphistegina californica. Micropaleontology Bulletin,

2: 43.

1930. Smith, W.M. Some Foraminifera from the Elwood Field, Santa Barbara County. Micropaleontolo-

gy Bulletin, 2: 57.

1930. Stewart, R.E. & Stewart, K.C. Post-Miocene Foraminifera from the Ventura Quadrangle, Ventura

County, California. Journal of Paleontology, 4: 6072.

1930. Stewart, R.E. & Stewart, K.C. "Lower Pliocene" in eastern end of Puente Hills, San Bernadino

County, California. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 14: 14451450.

1930. von Estorff, F.E. Kreyenhagen Shale at type locality, Fresno County, California. Bulletin of the

American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 14: 13211336.

1930. Woodring, W.P. Upper Eocene orbitoid Foraminifera from the western Santa Ynez Range, Califor-

nia, and their stratigraphic significance. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 4,

145170.

1931. Barbat, W.F. & Weymouth, A.A. Stratigraphy of the Borophagus littoralis locality, California.

University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences, 21: 2536.

1931. Bush, J.B. A preliminary study of Foraminifera from some Monterey Shale beds, Santa Clara

County, California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 2: 99101.

1931. Church, C.C. Foraminifera of the Kreyenhagen Shale. Mining in California. California Department

of Natural Resources, Division of Mines, Mineralogist’s Report, 27: 202213.

1931. Cushman, J.A. & Laiming, B. Miocene Foraminifera from Los Sauces Creek, Ventura County,

California. Journal of Paleontology, 5: 79120.

1931. Cushman, J.A. & Parker, F.L. Miocene Foraminifera from the Temblor of the east side of the San

Joaquin Valley, California. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research,

7: 116.

1931. Galliher, E.W. Stratigraphic position of the Monterey Formation. Microplaeontology Bulletin, 2:

7174.

1931. Galliher, E.W. Some Foraminifera from the Faroes. Microplaeontology Bulletin, 2: 108109.

1931. Goudkoff, P.P. Age of producing horizon at Kettleman Hills, California. Bulletin of the American

Association of Petroleum Geologists, 15: 839842.

1931. Martin, L.T. Foraminifera from the intertidal zone of Monterey Bay, California. Micropaleontology

Bulletin, 2: 5054.

1931. Martin, L.T. Additional notes on the Foraminifera from the intertidal zone of Monterey Bay,

California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 3: 1314.

1931. Rankin, W.D. Some notes on the Foraminifera of Newport Lagoon. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 2:

75.

1931. Wilson, R.R. Miocene shales of the Adelaida Quadrangle, San Luis Obispo County, California.

Micropaleontology Bulletin, 2: 102104.

1931. Woodring, W.P. Age of the orbitoid-bearing Eocene limestone and Turritella variata Zone of the

western Santa Ynez Range, California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 6:

371388.

1932. Adams, B.C. An ecologic analysis of a Pliocene faunule from southern California. Micropaleontol-

ogy Bulletin, 3: 122127.

7

1932. Barbat, W. F. Age of producing horizon at Kettleman Hills, California: Discussion Bulletin of the

American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 16: 611, 612.

1932. Cunningham, G.M. and Barbat, W.F. Age of producing horizon at Kettleman Hills, California.

Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 16: 417- 421.

1932. Cushman, J.A. & Barbat, W.F. Notes on some arenaceous Foraminifera from the Temblor For-

mation of California. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 8:

2940.

1932. Dorn, C.L. Report on a deep boring in Salinas Valley, California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 3:

2829.

1932. Dusenbury, A.N., Jr. A faunule from the Poway Conglomerate, upper middle Eocene of San Diego

County, California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 3: 84–95.

1932. Hobson, H.D. The stratigraphic significance of Foraminifera from the type San Lorenzo Formation,

California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 3: 3040.

1932. Keenan, M.F. The Eocene Sierra Blanca Limestone at the type locality in Santa Barbara County,

California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 7: 5384

1932. Martin, L.T. Additional notes on the Foraminifera from the intertidal zone of Monterey Bay,

California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 3: 1314.

1932. Snedden, L.B. Notes on the stratigraphy and micropaleontology of the Miocene formations in Los

Sauces Creek, Ventura County, California. Micropaleontology Bulletin, 3: 4146.

1933. Barbat, W.F. & von Estorff, F.E. Lower Miocene Foraminifera from the southern San Joaquin

Valley. Journal of Paleontology, 7: 164174.

1933. Kleinpell, R.M. Miocene Foraminifera from Reliz Canyon, Monterey County, California. Bulletin

of the Geological Society of America, 44: 165.

1933. Natland, M.L. Temperature and depth distribution of Recent and fossil Foraminifera, southern

California region. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Technical Series, 3: 225230.

1933. Stewart, R.E. & Stewart, K.C. Note on Foraminifera from the type Merced, Seven-Mile Beach, San

Mateo County, California. San Diego Society of Natural History, Transactions, 7: 259272.

1933. Taliaferro, N.L. & Schenck, H.G. Lepidocyclina in California. American Journal of Science, Series

5, 25:7480.

1934. Barbat, W.F. & Johnson, F.L. Stratigraphy and Foraminifera, Reef Ridge Shale, upper Miocene,

California. Journal of Paleontology, 8: 317.

1934. Cushman, J.A. & Dusenbury, A.N, Jr. Eocene Foraminifera from the Poway Conglomerate of

California Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 10: 123.

1934. Cushman, J.A. & Kleinpell, R.M. New and unrecorded Foraminifera from the California Miocene.

Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 10: 123.

1934. Cushman, J.A. & Galliher, E.W. Additonal new Foraminifera, Miocene of California. Contribu-

tions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 10: 2426.

1935. Atwill, E.R. Oligocene Tumey Formation of California. Bulletin of the American Association of

Petroleum Geologists, 19: 11921204.

1935. Cushman, J.A. & Hobson, H.D. A foraminiferal faunule from the type San Lorenzo Formation,

Santa Cruz County, California. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Re-

search, 11: 5364.

1935. Cushman, J.A. & Martin, L.T. A new genus of Foraminifera, Discorbinella, from Monterey Bay,

California. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 11: 890

1935. Cushman, J.A. & Siegfus, S.S. New species of Foraminifera from the Kreyenhagen Shale of Fresno

County, California. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 11:

9095.

1936. Cushman, J.A. & McMasters, J.H. Middle Eocene Foraminifera from the Llajas Formation,

Ventura County, California. Journal of Paleontology, 10: 497517.

8

1936. Schenck, H.G. & Kleinpell, R.M. The Refugian Stage of Pacific Coast Tertiary. Bulletin of the

American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 20: 215225.

1938. Cushman, J.A. & LeRoy, L.W. A microfauna from the Vaqueros Formation, lower Miocene, Simi

Valley, Ventura County, California. Journal of Paleontology, 12: 117126.

1938. Kleinpell, R.M. Miocene Stratigraphy of California. American Association of Petroleum Geolo-

gists, Tulsa, OK, 450 pp.

1938. Natland, M.L. New species of Foraminifera from off the west coast of North America and from the

later Tertiary of the Los Angeles Basin. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Tech-

nical Series, 4: 137164.

1939. Adams, B.C. Distribution of Bolivina, Cañada de Aliso, Ventura County. American Journal of

Science, 237: 500511.

1939. Cushman, J.A. & McCulloch, I. A report on some arenaceous Foraminifera. Allan Hancock Pacific

Expeditions, 6(1): 1113.

1939. Cushman, J.A. & Siegfus, S.S. Some new and interesting Foraminifera from the Kreyenhagen

Shale of California. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 15:

2333.

1939. Laiming, B.G. Some foraminiferal correlations in the Eocene of San Joaquin Valley, California.

Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association, 2: 535568.

1940. Cushman, J.A. & McCulloch, I. Some Nonionidae in the collections of the Allan Hancock Founda-

tion. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(3): 145178.

1940. Israelsky, M.C. Notes on some Foraminifera from Marysville Buttes, California. Proceedings of the

Sixth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association, July 24th-Aug 12, 1939, 2:

569595.

1940. Laiming, B. Foraminiferal correlations in Eocene of San Joaquin Valley, California. Bulletin of the

American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 24: 19231939.

1940. Natland, M.L. New genus of Foraminifera from the latter Tertiary of California. Journal of Paleon-

tology, 14: 568570.

1940. Schenck, H.G. Applied paleontology. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo-

gists, 24: 1752–1778.

1942. Cushman, J.A. & McCulloch, I. Some Virgulininae in the collections of the Allan Hancock Foun-

dation. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(4): 179230. 1942. Cushman, J.A. & Schenck, H. G. Foraminifera from the type area of the Kreyenhagen shale of

California: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 9(34): 385-426.

1942. Cushman, J.A. & Siegfus, S.S. Foraminifera from the type area of the Kreyenhagen Shale of

California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 9: 388426.

1942. Schenck, H.G. & Childer, T.S., Jr. Significance of Lepidocyclina californica, new species, Vaquer-

os Formation, California. Stanford University Publications in Geological Sciences, 3, 59 pp.

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related species of foraminifers. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 14: 115.

1984. Barron, J. A. David Bukry, D. & Poore, R.Z. Correlation of the Middle Eocene Kellogg Shale of

northern California quick view. Micropaleontology, 30: 138170

1984. Finger, K.L. & Armstrong, G.L. A technique to obtain multiple orientations of foraminifers in thin

section. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 14: 309313.

1984. Jefferis, P.T. Benthonic Foraminifera, Sidney Flat Shale and Kellogg Shale—an Eocene oxygen-

deficient environment. In: Blueford, J.R. (Ed.), Kreyenhagen Formation and related rocks. Pacific

Section SEPM, 8797.

1984. Lagoe, M.B. Paleogeography of the Monterey Formation, Cuyama Basin, California. Bulletin of the

American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 68: 610627.

1984. Milam, R.W. Late early to late middle Eocene planktonic foraminiferal zonations in California. In:

Blueford, J.R. (Ed.), Kreyenhagen Formation and related rocks. Pacific Section SEPM, 5166.

1984. Sliter, W.V. Foraminifers from Cretaceous limestone of the Franciscan Complex, northern Califor-

nia. In: Blake, M.C., Jr., (Ed), Franciscan geology of northern California, Pacific Section SEPM,

Field Trip Guidebook, 43: 149–162.

22

1984. Sliter, W.V., Jones, D.L. & Throckmorton, C.K. Age and correlation of the Cretaceous Hornbrook

Formation, California and Oregon. In: Nilsen, T.H. (Ed.), Geology of the Upper Cretaceous Horn-

brook Formation, Oregon and California. Pacific Section SEPM, Field Trip Guidebook, 42: 89–98.

1985. Lagoe, M.B. Depositional environments in the Monterey Formation, Cuyama Basin, California.

Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96: 12961312.

1985. Brunner, C.A. & Normark, W.R. Biostratigraphic implications for turbidite depositional processes

on the Monterey deep sea fan, central California. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55: 495505.

1986. Almgren, A.A. Benthic foraminiferal zonation and correlation of Upper Cretaceous strata of the

Great Valley of California – a modification. In: Abbott, P.L. (Ed.), Cretaceous stratigraphy, western

North America. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists: 137152.

1986. Bergen, F.W., Splendorio-Levy, J., Twining, J.T. & Casey, R.E. Middle Miocene planktonic

microfossils and lower bathyal Foraminifera from offshore southern California. Journal of Paleontol-

ogy, 60: 249–267.

1986. Culver, S.J. & Buzas, M.A. Distribution of Recent benthic Foraminifera off the North American

Pacific coast from California to Baja. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science, 28: 1634.

1986. Finger, K.L. & Gaponoff, S.L. Chilostomina pustulosa, n. gen., n. sp. (Chilostomininae, n. subfam.,

Foraminiferida), from bathyal deposits of the Miocene Monterey Formation, California. Journal of

Foraminiferal Research, 16: 3642.

1986. Lagoe, M.B. & McDougall, K. Paleoenvironmental control of benthic foraminiferal ranges across a

middle Miocene basin-margin, central California. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 16: 232243.

1986. Miller, W., III. New species of Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida: Textulariina) from Franciscan flysch

deposits, northernmost California. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, 19: 91–94.

1986. Sliter, W.V. McLaughlin, R.J., Keller, G. & Evitt, W.R. Paleogene accretion of Upper Cretaceous

oceanic limestone in northern California. Geology, 14: 350–353.

1986. Smith, R.K. & Buzas, M.A. Microdistribution of Foraminifera in a single bed of the Monterey

Formation, Monterey County, California. Smithsonian Contributions in Paleobiology, 60: 133.

1987. Brunner, C.A & Ledbetter, M. Sedimentological and micropaleontological detection of turbidite

muds in hemipelagic sequences: an example from the late Pleistocene levee of Monterey Fan, central

California continental margin, Marine Micropaleontology, 12: 223239.

1987. Erskian, M.G. & Lipps, J.H. Population dynamics of the foraminiferan Glabratella ornatissima

(Cushman) in northern California. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 17: 240256.

1987. Lagoe, M.B. The stratigraphic record of sea-level and climatic fluctuations in an active-margin

basin: the Stevens Sandstone, Coles Levee area, California. Palaios, 2: 4868.

1987. Lagoe, M.B. Middle Cenozoic basin development, Cuyama Basin, California. In: Ingersoll, R.V. &

Ernst, R.G. (Eds.), Cenozoic basin development of coastal California. Rubey Volume VI. Prentice

Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 172206.

1987. Patterson, R.T. Arcellaceans and Foraminifera from Pleistocene Lake Tecopa, California. Journal

of Foraminiferal Research, 17: 333343.

1987. Quinterno, P.J. & Gardner, J.V. Benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf and upper slope,

Russian River area, northern California. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 17: 132–152.

1987. Smith, R.K. Fossilization potential in modern shallow-water benthic foraminiferal assemblages.

Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 17: 117–122.

1988. Almgren, A.A., Filewicz, M.V. & Heitman, H.L. Lower Tertiary foraminiferal and calcareous

nannofossil zonation of California—an overview and recommendation, In: Filewicz, M.V. & Squires,

R.L. (Eds.), Paleogene stratigraphy, West Coast of North America. Pacific Section SEPM (Society

for Sedimentary Geology), 58: 83106.

1988. Goldstein, S.T. On the life cycle of Saccammina alba Hedley, 1962 Journal of Foraminiferal

Research, 18: 311–325.

23

1988. Lagoe, M.B., and Thompson, P.R. 1988. Chronostratigraphic significance of late Cenozoic plank-

tonic Foraminifera from the Ventura Basin, California: potential for improvinig tectonic and deposi-

tional interpretation. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 18: 250–266.

1988. Magginetti, R.T., Stevens, C.H. & Stone, P. Early Permian fusulinids from the Owens Valley

Group, east-central California. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 217, 61 pp.

1988. Miller, W., III. Giant Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida) from Cretaceous turbidites, northern California.

Lethaia, 21: 363–374. 1988. Miller, W., III. Giant agglutinated foraminiferids from Franciscan turbidites at Redwood Creek,

northwestern California, with the description of a new species of Bathysiphon. Tulane Studies in Ge-

ology and Paleontology, 21: 81–84.

1989. Barrick, R.E., Beveridge, A.E., Patterson, RT. & Schubert, J.K. Reexamination of the benthic

foraminiferal fauna from a late Pleistocene terrace deposit near Goleta, California. Journal of Paleon-

tology, 63: 261–267.

1989. Brunner, C.A. & Ledbetter, M. Late Quaternary quantitative planktonic foraminiferal biostratigra-

phy in turbidite sequences of the central California continental margin. Micropaleontology, 35:

321336.

1989. Mackensen, A., & Douglas, R.G., Down-core distribution of live and dead deep-water benthic

foraminifera in box cores from the Weddell Sea and the California continental borderland. Deep Sea

Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 36: 879–900.

1989. McDougall, K. Paleogene benthic foraminifers from the Loma Prieta quadrangle, California. U.S.

Geological Survey Open-File Report, 89-649, 91 pp.

1990. Finger, K.L. Atlas of California Miocene Foraminifera: Cushman Foundation Foraminiferal

Research Special Publication, 28, 271 pp.

1990. Finger, K.L., Weaver, J.C.B., Lipps, J.H. & Miller, P.L. Biostratigraphy and depositional paleoen-

vironments of calcareous microfossils in the lower Monterey Formation (Miocene), Graves Creek

area, central California. Micropaleontology, 36: 155.

1990. McCrory, P.A. Neogene paleoceanographic events recorded in an active-margin setting: Humboldt

Basin, California. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 80: 267282.

1990. Olson, H.C. Early and middle Miocene foraminiferal paleoenvironments, southeastern San Joaquin

Basin, California. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 20: 289311.

1990. Patterson, R.T., Brunner, C.A., Capo, R. & Dahl, J. A paleoenvironmental study of early to middle

Pleistocene Foraminifera of the Santa Barbara Formation at Santa Barbara, California, Journal of

Paleontology, 64: 125.

1990. Sliter, W.V. & Premoli-Silva, I. Age and origin of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers from

limestone of the Franciscan Complex near Laytonville, California. Paleoceanography, 5: 639–667.

1991. Blake, G.H. Review of the Neogene biostratigraphy and stratigraphy of the Los Angeles Basin and

implications for basin evolution. In: Biddle, K.T. (Ed.), Active margin basins. American Association

of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 52: 135184.

1991. DePaolo, D.J. & Finger, K.L. High resolution strontium isotope stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of

the Miocene Monterey Formation, central California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103:

112124.

1991. McDougall, K. Benthic Foraminifera from the Laurel quadrangle, California. U.S. Geological

Survey Open-File Report, 91-13, 66 pp.

1991. Miller, W., III. Bathysiphonid (Protista: Foraminiferida) localities in Franciscan flysch, northern

California, with a redescription of Bathysiphon aaltoi Miller, 1986, Tulane Studies in Geology and

Paleontology, 24: 71–78.

1991. Sautter, L.R. & Thunell, R.C. Planktonic foraminiferal response to upwelling and seasonal hydro-

graphic conditions; sediment trap results from San Pedro Basin, Southern California Bight. Journal of

Foraminiferal Research, 21: 347–363. 1992. Lipps, J.H. Proterozoic and Cambrian skeletonized protists. In: Schopf, J. W. & Klein, C. (Eds.),

24

The Proterozoic biosphere: a multidisciplinary study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1348

pp. [Precambrian foram Platysolenites in California.]

1992. Finger, K.L. Biostratigraphic atlas of Miocene Foraminifera from the Monterey and Modelo

formations, central and southern California. Cushman Foundation Foraminiferal Research Special

Publication, 29: 179 pp.

1992. Sliter, W.V. & McGann, M.L. Age and correlation of the Calera Limestone in the Permanente

Terrane of northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 92-306, 27 pp.

1993. Langer, M.R., Lipps, J.H. & Piller, W.E. Molecular paleobiology of protists: amplification and

direct sequencing of foraminiferal DNA. Micropaleontology, 39: 63–68. [Used forams from Catalina

Island, California.]

1993. Miller, W., III. Trace fossil zonation in Cretaceous turbidite facies, northern California, Ichnos, 3:

11–28.

1993. McDougall, K. Eocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages of the Palo Alto 7-1/2' quadrangle,

California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 93-180, 93 pp.

1993. Sliter, W.V., McDougall, K., Murchey, B.L. & Kohnen, E.V. Mesozoic and Cenozoic microfossils

from geologic units within the San Jose 1:100,000 quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report, 93-344, 119 pp.

1994. McCormick, J.M., Severin, K.P. & Lipps, J.H. Winter and summer distributions of Foraminifera in

Tomales Bay, northern California. In: Sejrup, H.P. & Knudsen, K.L. (Eds.), Late Cenozoic benthic

Foraminifera: taxonomy, ecology and stratigraphy. In honor of Rolf W. Feyling-Hanssen on his 75th

birthday. July 24, 1993. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication, 32:

69–101.

1995. Burke, S.K., Dunbar, R.B. & Berger, W.H. Benthic and pelagic Foraminifera of the Macoma layer,

Santa Barbara Basin. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 25: 117133

1995. Finger, K.L. Recognition of middle Miocene foraminifers in highly indurated rocks of the Monte-

rey Formation, coastal Santa Maria Province. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1995-L, 30 pp. + 46

pls.

1995. Kaminski, M.A, Boersma, A., Tyszka, J. & Holbourn, A.E.L. Response of deep-water agglutinated

foraminifera to dysoxic conditions in the California Borderland basins. In Kaminski, M.A. Geroch,

S., & Gasinski, M.A. (Eds.), 1995. Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Agglutinat-

ed Foraminifera, Krakow Poland, September 12-19, 1993. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publica-

tion 3, 131140.

1995. Kennett, J.P. & Ingram, B.L. A 20,000-year record of ocean circulation and climate change from

the Santa Barbara Basin, Nature 377, 510514.

1995. Langer, M.R., Lipps, J.H. & Moreno, G. Predation on Foraminifera by the dentalioid deep-sea

scaphopod Fissidentalium megathyris. Deep-Sea Research, 42: 849–857. [Monterey Canyon]

1995. McGann, M. 3500-year B.P. record of climatic change in estuarine deposits of south San Francisco

Bay, California. In: Sanginés, E.M., Anderson, D.W. & Buising, A.V. (Eds.), Recent Geologic Stud-

ies in the San Francisco Bay Area. Pacific Section SEPM, Fullerton, California, 76: 225–236.

1995. Miller, W., III. Examples of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida) from the Pacific

Rim and the taxonomic status of Terebellina Ulrich, 1904, Journal of Paleontology, 69: 624–634.

1995. Sloan, D. Use of foraminiferal biostratigraphy in mitigating pollution and seismic problems, San

Francisco, California. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 25: 260–266.

1996. Boyd, H.A. Eocene Foraminifera from the "Vacaville Shale," California. In: Martin, J.E. (Ed.),

Contribution to Paleontology of the West Coast: in Honor of V. Standish Mallory. Thomas Burke

Memorial Washington State Series, University of Washington Press, 115130.

1996. Browning, J.L., Grier, A.W., Kleinpell, R.M. & Mallory, V.S. An early Paleogene foraminiferal

sequence from the Simi Valley, southeastern Ventura County, California. In: Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Con-

tribution to Paleontology of the West Coast: in Honor of V. Standish Mallory. Thomas Burke Memo-

rial Washington State Series, University of Washington Press, 131162.

25

1996. Cifelli, R, Hornaday, G.R. & Kleinpell, R.M. The Paleogene foraminiferal sequence in the Point of

RocksDevil's Den area, California. Part 1: The Mabury Hills sequence in the Point of Rocks area.

In: Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Contribution to Paleontology of the West Coast: In Honor of V. Standish Mal-

lory. Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Research Report, 6: 163174.

1996. Classen, W.J. & Hornaday, G.R. Eocene Foraminifera from the Vicinity of Las Cruces, Santa

Barbara County, California. In: Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Contribution to Paleontology of the West Coast: in

Honor of V. Standish Mallory. Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Research Report,

6: 175190.

1996. Cook, T.D., Hornaday, G.R. & Kleinpell, R.M. The Paleogene foraminiferal sequence in the Point

of RocksDevil's Den area, California. Part 2: The More Northerly Sequence in the Devil's Den area.

In: Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Contribution to Paleontology of the West Coast: in Honor of V. Standish Mal-

lory. Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Research Report, 6: 191204.

1996. Fulmer, C.V. Distribution of Foraminifera in the Eocene Nortonville Formation, California. In:

Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Contribution to paleontology of the West Coast: in honor of V. Standish Mallory.

Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Research Report, 6: 205228.

1996. Kleinpell, R.M. & Mallory, V.S. The Paleogene foraminiferal sequence in the Point of Rocks-

Devil’s Den area, California. Part 3: The upper Eocene, type Narizian Stage at Point of Rocks, Dev-

il’s Den, Kern County, California. In: Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Contribution to paleontology of the West

Coast: in honor of V. Standish Mallory. Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Re-

search Report, 6: 229244.

1996. Lipps, J.H. & Rozanov, A.Yu. The Late Precambrian–Cambrian agglutinated fossil Platysolenites.

Paleontological Journal, 30: 679–687. [Platysolenites is the earliest foram and it occurs in the White-

Inyo Mountains of California].

1996. Mallory, V.S., Herlyn, H.T., Jr., Kleinpell, R.M. & Hornaday, G.R. The Anita Shale and the type

Paleocene foraminiferal stages, Santa Barbara County, California. In: Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Contribution

to paleontology of the West Coast: in honor of V. Standish Mallory. Thomas Burke Memorial Wash-

ington State Museum Research Report, 6: 245266.

1996. Martin, J.E. (Ed.). Contribution to Paleontology of the West Coast: in Honor of V. Standish

Mallory. Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Research Report, 6, 312 pp. 1996. Scott, D.B., Collins, E.S., Duggan, J., Asioli, A., Saito, T. & Hasegawa, S. 1996. Pacific rim marsh

foraminiferal distributions: implications for sea-level studies. Journal of Coastal Research, 12(4):

850861.

1996. Stott, L.D., Hayden, T.P. & Griffith, J. Benthic Foraminifera at the Los Angeles County Whites

Point outfall revisited. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 26: 357368.

1996. McGann, M. & Sloan, D. Recent Introduction of the foraminifer Trochammina hadai Uchio into

San Francisco Bay, California, USA, Marine Micropaleontology, 28: 13. 1996. Wardle, W.C. & Kleinpell, R.M. The Eocene foraminiferal fauna from the type Lucia Shale. In:

Martin, J.E. (Ed.), Contribution to Paleontology of the West Coast: in Honor of V. Standish Mallory.

Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Research Report, 6: 267284.

1996. Silva, K.A., Corliss, B.H., Rathburn, A.E., and Thunell, R.C. Seasonality of living benthic Forami-

nifera from the San Pedro Basin, California Borderland. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 26:

7193.

1997. Bernhard, J.M., Sen Gupta, B.K. & Borne, P.F. Benthic foraminiferal proxy to estimate dysoxic

bottom-water oxygen concentrations; Santa Barbara Basin, U.S. Pacific continental margin. Journal

of Foraminiferal Research, 27: 301310.

1997. Loubere, P. Benthic foraminiferal assemblage formation, organic carbon flux and oxygen concen-

trations on the outer continental shelf and slope. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 27: 93100.

1999. Lipps, J.H., D’Antonio, C., Grove, K., Hickman, C., Mishler, B. & Wang, Z. Geology and natural

history of the Central Coast Ranges: Berkeley to Bodega Head, California. California Division of

Mines and Geology Special Publication, 119: 188–201. [Includes Pleistocene forams from the Miller-

26

ton Fm., Tomales Bay, California.]

1999. McDougall, K., Poore, R.Z., and Matti, J.C. Age and environment of the Imperial Formation near

San Gorgonio Pass, California: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 29: 4–25. 1999. McGann, M. & Sloan, D. Benthic foraminifers in the regional monitoring program's San Francisco

Bay estuary samples. In: 1997 annual report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program

for trace substances. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, California, 249–258.

1999. Sliter, W.V. Cretaceous planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Calera Limestone, northern

California: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 29: 318–339.

2000. McGann, M., Sloan, D. & Cohen, A.N. Invasion by a Japanese marine microorganism in western

North America. Hydrobiologia, 421: 25–30.

2001. Rathburn, A.E., Perez, M.E. & Lange, C.B. Benthic-pelagic coupling in the Southern California

Bight: Relationships between sinking organic material, diatoms and benthic foraminifera. Marine Mi-

cropaleontology, 43: 261–271.

2002. Bemis, B.E., Spero, H.J. & Thunnell, R.C. Using species-specific paleotemperature equations with

Foraminifera: a case study in the southern California bight. Marine Micropaleontology 46: 405–430.

2002. McGann, M., Sloan, D. & Wan, E. Biostratigraphy beneath central San Francisco Bay along the

San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge transect. In: Parsons, T. (Ed.), Crustal Structure of the Coastal

and Marine San Francisco Bay Region, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1658:

11–28.

2003. Hill, T., Kennett, J.P. & Spero, H. Foraminifera as indicators of methane-rich environments: A

study of modern methane seeps in Santa Barbara Channel, California. Marine Micropaleontology, 49:

123–128.

2002. Pak, D.K. & Kennett, J.P. A foraminiferal isotopic proxy for upper water mass stratification.

Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 32: 319–327.

2003. Roark, E., Ingram, B., Southon, J. & Kennett, J.P. Holocene foraminiferal radiocarbon record of

paleocirculation in the Santa Barbara Basin. Geology, 31: 379–384.

2003. McGann, M., Alexander, C.R. & Bay, S.M. Response of benthic foraminifers to sewer discharge

and remediation in Santa Monica Bay, California. Marine Environmental Research, 56: 299342.

2004. Hill, T., Kennett, J.P. & Valentine, D. Isotopic evidence for the incorporation of methane-derived

carbon into foraminifera from modern methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Northeast Pacific. Geochimica

et Cosmochimica Acta, 68: 4619–4627.

2004. Pak, D., Lea, D. & Kennett, J.P. Seasonal and interannual variation in Santa Barbara Basin water

temperatures observed in sediment trap foraminiferal Mg/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,

5(12): Q12008, doi: 10.1029/2004GC000760.

2005. Hawkes, A., Scott, D.B. & Lipps, J.H. Evidence of possible precursor events for mega-thrust

earthquakes on the West Coast of North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117: 996–

1008. [uses marsh forams]

2005. Miller, W., III. The largest foraminiferan: Bathysiphon aaltoi from the Cretaceous of California,

USA, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, 2005: 207–218.

2007. McGann, M., Foraminiferida, in Carlton, J.T. (Ed.), The Light and Smith manual (4th ed.): Intertidal

invertebrates from central California to Oregon. University of California Press: 4669.

2007. Stevens, C.H. & Stone, P. The Pennsylvanianearly Permian Bird Spring carbonate shelf, south-

eastern California: fusulinid biostratigraphy, paleogeographic evolution, and tectonic implications.

Geological Society of America Special Paper, 429, 82 pp.

2008. Anima, R.J., Chin, J.-L., Finlayson, D.P. McGann, M.L., & Wong, F.L. Interferometric sidescan

bathymetry, sediment and foraminiferal analyses; a new look at Tomales Bay, California. U.S. Geo-

logical Survey Open-File Report, 2008-1237, 46 pp.

2008. Finger, K.L., Flenniken, M.M. & Lipps, J.H. Foraminifera used in the construction of Miocene

polychaete tubes, Monterey Formation, California, USA. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 38:

277–291.

27

2008. McDougall, K. California Cenozoic Biostratigraphy—Paleogene. In: Scheirer, A.H. (Ed.), Petrole-

um systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas in the San Joaquin Basin province, California,

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1713, Chapter 4, 56 pp.

2008. McGann, M. High-resolution foraminiferal, isotopic, and trace element records from Holocene

estuarine deposits of San Francisco Bay, California. Journal of Coastal Research, 24: 10921109. 2008. Miller, W., III. A Bathysiphon (Foraminifera) ‘shell bed’ from the Cretaceous of northern Califor-

nia, USA: Example of a parautochthonous macro-skeletal deposit in deep-ocean turbidites. Palaeoge-

ography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 260: 342346.

2009. McGann, M. Review of impacts of contaminated sediment on microfaunal communities in the

Southern California Bight. GSA Special Papers 2009, 454: 413-455.

2009, Ricketts, E.R., Kennett, J.P., Hill, T.M., & Barry, J.P. Effects of carbon dioxide sequestration on

California margin deep-sea foraminiferal assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology, 72: 165–175.

2009. Saja, D.B., Pfefferkorn, H.W. & Phipps, S.P. Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida) at Pacheco Pass,

California: a geopetal, paleocurrent, and paleobathymetric indicator in the Franciscan Complex. Pal-

aios, 24: 181191.

2009. Stevens, C.H. & Stone, P. New Permian fusulinids from Conglomerate Mesa, southeastern Inyo

Mountains, east-central California. Journal of Paleontology, 83: 929.

2010. Chin, J.L., Woodrow, D.L., McGann, Mary, Wong, F.L., Fregoso, Theresa, & Jaffe, B.E. Estuarine

sedimentation, sediment character, and foraminiferal distribution in central San Francisco Bay, Cali-

fornia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2010-1130, 58 pp.

2010 Magana, A., Southon, J., Kennett, J.P., Roark, B., Sarnthein, M. & Stott, L. Resolving the cause of

large differences between deglacial benthic foraminifera radiocarbon measurements in Santa Barbara

Basin. Paleoceanography, 25: PA 4102, doi: 10.1029/2010PA002011 .

2011. Scott, D.B., Mudie, P.J. & Bradshaw, J.S. Coastal evolution of southern California as interpreted

from benthic Foraminifera, ostracodes, and pollen. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 41: 285307.

APPENDIX C: Popular Mechanics (March 1932) article (Reprinted with permission of Popular Mechanics)

28

29

30

31

32

33

APPENDIX D. PS-SEPM PAPERS 19281931

Papers presented before the Pacific Section SEPM, 19281931, as part of a verbal agreement between oil

companies where each company worked up a section and presented a paper annually. This may not be a

complete list for the years indicated, as these comprise the bound set that belonged to one of the authors,

Arthur R. May, which now resides in the UCMP Microfossil Collection.

1928

Doane, G.H. & Chambers, L.S. Foraminiferal section northwest of Santa Paula, Ventura County, California.

Goudkoff, P. P. Foraminiferal section in Kalorama, Deep, and Hall canyons, central Ventura Basin.

Hutcheson, R.B. & Kuffel, G.C. Malaga Cove section.

Miller, G.E. & Savage, E.M. Foraminiferal study of a part of the section exposed along Newport Lagoon, Orange County,

California.

1929

Goudkoff, P.P. 1929. A foraminiferal study of the type Pico.

Hanna, G D. & Church, C.C. Foraminifera from the type Monterey, Monterey County, California.

Hughes, D. 1929. Foraminifera from the Modelo of Modelo Canyon, Ventura County, California.

Rankin, W.D. & Laiming, B.G. 1929. The Foraminifera of Timms Point and Deadman Island, San Pedro, California.

Stewart, R.E. 1929. Foraminiferal study of the section exposed in Hall Canyon, Ventura County, California.

1930

Driver, H.L., Holman, W.H. & Ferrando, A. 1930. The micro-fauna of the Rincon Formation of Los Sauces Canyon,

Ventura County, California.

Driver, H.L., Holman, W.H. & Ferrando, A. Foraminiferal section in Repetto Hills, Los Angeles County, California.

Hudson, F.S. Report on Eaton Canyon section , south flank of South Mountain, Ventura County, California.

Natland, M.L., Savage, E.J. & Miller, G.E. 1930. The micro-fauna of the Olive Hills silts.

Rankin, W.D. Foraminiferal study of the Modelo Formation exposed along the Topanga Canyon Road, Los Angeles

County, California.

Wissler, S.G. 1930. The Foraminifera of the Puente Formation.

1931

Goudkoff, P.P. & Hughes, D. Foraminifera from the Miocene shales exposed in Chico Martinez Creek, Kern County,

California.

Driver, H.L., Holman, W.H. & Ferrando, A. Pliocene of a part of the City of Los Angeles.

May, A.R. & Gilboe, J.D. Foraminifera from the type section of the Temblor Formation, Carneros Creek area, Kern

County, California.

Rankin, W.D. Foraminifera from the Monterey shales exposed in Reliz Canyon, Monterey County, California.

1932

Hutcheson, R.B. Little Sespe Creek section, Piru quadrangle, Ventura County, California.