california energy commission utility of the future: new technologies in integrated energy systems...

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION

Utility of the Future:New Technologies in Integrated Energy Systems

San Francisco, CaliforniaJune 17, 2002

Terry Surles, Ph.D

Public Interest Energy Research (PIER)

California Energy Commission


Driving to a Sustainable Future:The “E”s are Linked

Environment Energy Economics Equity Education


Issues

Complex system with lack of systems perspective Energy is only, intermittently, a big deal “Rube Goldberg” approach to energy policy Market is unable to address all societally or

politically acceptable externalities New technologies to do not address Joe

Bagadonitz needs


Distributed Energy ResourcesExternalities (Attributes)

Environmental benefits: Resource development, emissions, GHG

System benefits: Transmission congestion, infrastructure interdependencies

Reduction of defense and security costs Cost savings: Life cycle perspective, resource

availability Potential collateral benefits: Thermally-activated

technologies, waste reduction alternative


Barriers to DG Implementation

Potential for negative grid impacts Utility resistance

backup rates deferral rates overly strict interconnection requirements high grid-access charges (stranded cost recovery)

Permitting headaches High standby/backup power costs Capital constraints Electric rate changes, fuel price volatility Performance risk and guarantees


Our R&D Program Must Address Future Market Scenarios

Regulated

De-regulated

De-centralizedCentralized

Status Quo • New energy systems

• Same players

Supermarket of Choices

• Same energy systems

• New players


California has Established a $62M/yr.Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER)

California’s Energy Future

Economy:Affordable Solutions

Quality:Reliable and

AvailableEnvironment:Protect and

Enhance


Carbon Management: An Approach for Integrated Energy Systems R&D

Carbon Management

BtuGSP<

Decarbonization CO2

Btu< CO2 atmCO2 emitted<

Sequestration Efficiency


0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Year

Kilowatt-hours per person

US

California

California and United States Electricity per Capita Trends Since 1976


Reducing Electricity Use by 8% Leads to Additional Environmental Benefits

(Emissions Reduction)

2,044 tons CO 2,307 tons NOx

175 tons SOx

263 tons PM10

600,000 MT CO2


Electricity Generating Capacity for 150 Million Refrigerators and Freezers

in the US


PIER Buildings Program Highlights

Berkeley Lamp Model partnership between

CEC/DOE/California utilities PIER funded Phase 1 to develop

task/ambient lamp concept DOE funded Phase 2 to develop specific

lamp configuration PIER was instrumental in moving the

technology into the marketplace via coordination with utility Emerging Technology Coordinating Council

http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/pr.htmlProject is both a technical success

and a customer success


1. Translucent Super- Insulating Power Generating Roof

2. Inverter, Storage for TOU

3. DC Dedicated Use

4. Net Metering

5. Night Breeze Cooling

6. Grid-friendly Appliances

7. Lighting for California Kitchens

8. Community based energy solutions

Potential California Home with Efficiency and Integrated Solar


PowerLight’s PowerGuard

PowerLight’s insulated 30 year roof system reduces building air

conditioning loads while it’s PV surface generates electricity during hot and

expensive peak summer hours

While California is known for its hot dry summers, that same solar resource provides a clean, safe and reliable way

to generate electricity


The Wind Turbine Company

Design, develop and demonstrate a utility-scale wind turbine

Horizontal axis, two-blade, downwind design

Prototype developed for PIER and tested at NREL rated at 250 kW

Commercial prototype demonstration sited at the Fairmont Reservoir in LADWP territory for a 500 kW - scaled up to 750 kW - wind turbine demonstration to begin in October 2001

Goal is to produce electricity $0.035 cents per kWh per 100 unit wind farms with wind resources 15 mph


CA Real Time Electricity PriceDaily Variations

For March 11, 2002 (California ISO)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Time of day [hours]

Electricity price [$/MWh]Storage charging

Storagedischarging

~ $

50/

MW

h


Xonon Cool Combustion System - Catalytica Energy Systems, Inc.

Description: Gas turbine combustion

system that controls combustion temperature to prevent the formation of NOX

Benefits: Lower NOX emissions without

SCR; Can retrofit existing

turbines; Allows deployment of smaller

turbines for DG; and Expandable to large, central

station turbines.


Fuel Cell / Turbine Hybrids

Integration of a fuel cell and a gas turbine into a single unit

Efficiency: 70%

Cost: 20-25% lower than non-hybrid fuel cell


Combined Heat and Power (CHP)CO2 emissions with and without CHP


CEC is Developing a Biogas Solicitation that can Include MSW to Energy


Distributed Energy Resources:Certification

Certification and labeling criteria Test protocols and test results Handbook on interconnection agreements Web-based information hotline and technical

training material Interoperability requirements

National approach will create consistency and common terminology


Operational Tools for Restructured Electricity Markets Must:

Recognize that the objectives have moved from modeling machines and engineering analysis to understanding and coping with market behavior

Present real-time information to operators in readily understood forms that facilitates action

Measure, monitor, assess, and predict both system performance and the performance of market participants

Incorporate the latest advances in sensing, communication, computing, visualization, and algorithmic techniques and technologies


Enabling Technology: Communications, Control, and Information Systems

Takes advantage of technologies developed in exogenous areas

Allows for partnerships with private sector developers and academic centers

Provides additional value for distributed energy resources and end-use technologies

Critical component of load management, demand response, demand-side management


Volts Amps Reactive Management Tools

Could have prevented 1996 blackout of West Coast which cost California $100s of millions

Presents real-time info on system conditions in readily understood forms

Accelerates initiation of corrective actions by 30 minutes or more

Active demonstration at the CAISO


Dynamic Transmission Line Rating

Congestion cost $169M on Path 15 in 4th Qtr 2000

System monitors line’s tension in real-time

Path 15 demonstration indicating greater than 39 MW’s increased capacity

Environmental benefit through delay/avoidance of new transmission corridors


Proposed System for Demand Response in New Homes & Small Commercial Buildings

Load Data1

Price/Proxy/

Curtailment Signal1

Interval Meter Δ$=$1001

Communicating Thermostat

Δ$=$502

Cost of Avoided Load: $100-200 per kW

1. Utility responsible for signal, communications, meter, and load data.2. Builder responsible for communicating thermostat.


Technical Support for DG Interconnection Standards

Reduces average cost of interconnection fees to consumers by 37%

Supports Rule 21 by resolving technical safety issues

Establishes technology & size neutral review process

Identified testing and certification requirements

Enables insertion of new generation (e.g. renewables) into the grid


Role of Government Purchasing: public/private partnerships in addressing

“public good” R&D through the “valley of death” Make use of “bully pulpit” and policy tools

Take advantage of beneficial externalities Sensibly address competing interests

Aggressive standard setting Uniform approach for interoperability Expand on Energy Star and NEMA Labels

Lead for public education & information dissemination

Sustained Leadership is a Must


KIT CARSON MIDDLE SCHOOLSACRAMENTO, CA


Plan for Working with UC Centers

Initial Focus on Smart Buildings High-density sensor networks will allow existing

environmental control technologies to operate in more sophisticated and energy-efficient ways, and the redundancy of sensors will improve the reliability of control by detecting faulty signals.

High-density sensor networks will also allow new energy-efficient environmental control technologies to become feasible for the first time.

Future work with remote monitoring/control via internet

Inherent linkages between generation, T&D, end-use


Breakout of Hetch Hetchy Projects

18%

8%

5%16%

9%

8%8%

15%

13%

Biomass DG Analysis

Hybrid Solar/Biomass

Geothermal

Resource Assessment

Upgrading

Geothermal SitesSolar Thermal Development

New Wind Developments

Localized DG

Analysis

Renewable

Electricity Storage

Interconnecting

to HVDC


$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$ Millions

CEC

DOE

State Funded R&D Programs Result in Collaboratively-Funded Programs with U.S.

Department of Energy

Current Collaborative Programs

Renewables

Efficiency Small-scale Fossil

Systems &

Environment


Specific Related Program Areas with Collaborative Activities

Distributed utilities integrated testing DOE: Program planning and facility evaluation CEC: Phase 1 of test program Hetch Hetchy: Also a co-funder

Consortium for reliability and Transmission System (CERTS) DOE $9.3M, CEC $7.2M


A Portfolio to Manage an Integrated System in Transition

DG vision can be one of a “Hydrogen Future” Integration of transportation and generation

systems with continuous incremental improvements Insertion of renewables into grid requires changes

from central station strategies Continuous improvement critical for end-use

technologies Enabling technologies critical for efficient use of DG

and in addressing demand response and DSM

california energy commission utility of the future: new technologies in integrated energy systems...

Documents

new energy systems

energy policy market

energy systems new players

us slide

customer success slide

rd program

sustainable future

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