Presentation onCAI & CAL

Presented by-

Jasleen Kaur Brar

The use of computers in education started in 1960s when they were known as teaching machines. In educational settings the use of computers is referred by many terms, which are as follows:

Computer assisted instruction (CAI)/ Computer aided instruction (CAI)/ Computer assisted learning (CAL).

Computer based education (CBE) and Computer based instruction (CBI).

Introduction

Computer based education and Computer based instruction are the broadest terms and can virtually refer to any kind of computer use in educational settings. Computer assisted instruction or Computer assisted learning is a narrower term and is commonly referred by use of computers for teaching-learning activities such as simulation, drill-and-practice, and tutorial.

When computer is used as an aid to teaching method of instruction is called Computer assisted instruction.

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)Definition:

Use of computer in education is referred by many names such as

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) Computer Based Education (CBE) Computer Based Instruction (CBI) Computer Enriched Instruction (CEI) Computer Managed Instruction (CMI)New Terminology Web Based Training Web Based Learning Web Based Instruction

Terminology Used:

In the year 1966, the first general purpose system for CAI was developed at the university of Illinois by Donald Blitzer.

In the year 1976, the first CAI classroom was set up at the Waterford Elementary School in Utah.

Historical Background of CAI

Providing background knowledge Remediation Foundation mastery Review and reinforcement Assessment for improving teaching

Purpose of CAI

CAI uses text or multimedia or combined content. Uses multiple-choice questions to pretest the knowledge as

well as for posttest to assess learning. Provides simulated real-life problems. Provides immediate feedback to the learner which reinforces

them. Records and analyzes the incorrect responses immediately. Summarizes learner’s performance at the end of the test. Provides repetitive drills to improve the participants’

knowledge. Provides game-based drills to increase learning enjoyment

Salient Features of CAI

Drill and Practice

Tutorial

Simulation

Instructional Game

Problem-Solving

Other

Common Categories of CAI

Exercises designed to increase fluency in a new skill or body of knowledge or to refresh an existing skill or body of knowledge.

This approach assumes that the learners have previously been introduced to the content.

Traditionally associated with basic skills in topics such as:

o Mathematicso Language artso Terminology

Drill and Practice

Good programs provide user control, give feedback and reinforcement, and help learners master skills.

Good for basic skills/knowledge where rapid student response is desired.

Usually best to use in a series of brief sessions. Mainly intended for use by individuals. Should be geared to a level appropriate for the students.

A form of CAI in which the computer assumes the role of a tutor -- introducing content, providing practice, and assessing learning.

Tutorials are used to introduce new content to learners in much the same manner that a human teacher might.

Because tutorials present content to students, they can be used in any area of the curriculum for:

o remediation when learners lack necessary background knowledge.

o enrichment when learners wish to go beyond the basics.

Tutorial

o introduction of content to all learners (freeing the instructor to do other things).

Good for verbal and conceptual learning. May require significant investment of students’

time. Can be effectively used by individuals or groups of

2-3 students. Should be followed by opportunities for student

application of knowledge.

A form of CAI that provides a simplified representation of a real situation, phenomenon, or process.

Provides the opportunity for students to apply knowledge in a realistic format but without the time, expense, or risk associated with the real thing.

One of the best ways to use CBI in the sciences and other subject areas; simulation makes good use of what the computer does well.

Simulation

Simulations can mimic physical objects or phenomena, processes, procedures, and situations.

Best used for application of knowledge, problem solving, and thinking skills.

Time involvement may be brief or extended depending on the simulation.

Good for small groups of students, although can be used by individuals.

Often requires guidance and follow-up for effective use.

Usually another type of CAI (e.g., drill and practice or simulation) modified to include gaming elements.

Generally featureso an end goal and rules of play.o sensory appeal.o motivational elements (e.g., competition,

cooperation, challenge, fantasy).

Instructional Game

Examples of this type of CAI are found throughout education. Usually, they are aimed at younger learners such as those in the elementary grades.

Games can substitute for worksheets and exercises, as a reward, or, in some cases, to foster cooperation.

CAI program that is designed to foster thinking or problem solving skills, but does not fit into one of the other categories.

Usually focuses on a specific type of problem solving and provides practice on a number or variety of problems.

Problem Solving

Problem solving applications sometimes focus on specific topics areas (e.g., mathematics, science) and sometimes they are designed to promote general problem-solving abilities (e.g., pattern recognition, prediction).

Many applications, particularly those that have been developed in recent years, are not easily classified into one of the preceding categories.

Other

Instruct large number of students simultaneously

Reduces the work load of teachers

Multiple dimensional learning

Recording, reviewing and ready reference

Interactive

Active learning

Immediate feedback

Self-directed learning allows learners to decide when, where and what to learn

Self-pacing

Privacy for shy/slow learners

Advantages of CAI

Lack of personal touch

Repeated instruction

Equipment and software can be costly

Development takes time and money

Produce mental and physical fatigue

Artistic competence of student takes a backseat

Testing the student is only done by the multiple choice question

Inability to ask a “person” a question when material is not understood

Equipment can malfunction

Limitations of CAI

Computer Assisted Learning

Computer-assisted learning is a type of learning which aim to provide interactive instruction usually in a specific subject area, and many predate the Internet.

Definition:

Choose a relevant topic. Decide the cognitive level of the students, aimed by

the module, viz. knowledge, understanding ,or problem solving.

Decide the computer-assisted learning (CAL) mode to be used.

Develop CAL sequence in the form of ‘frames’.-I: Introductory frame gives direction to the learner.-L: Learning frame presents the matter to b learnt.-T: Test frame tests the learners and gives appropriate feedback.

Process of computer assisted learning

Logo: Logo is the simple programming language, which can be taught to children. It is the instructional procedure for learning the programme language through simple tasks, the simple programme in logo system are concerned with generating design on the screen which students do by following instruction.

Types of computer-assisted learning (CAL)

Simulation: By this method the computers in programme enable the students to mount an experiment in symbolic form.

Controlled learning: A controlled learning programme provides a course of study in an instructional sequence on the pattern of branching programme. It indicates both drill and practice.

Drill and practice mode

Tutorial mode

Laboratory mode

Case-simulation

mode

Modes of Computer Assisted Learning (CAL)

A variety of modes are possible giving a teacher much flexibility in using CAL effectively. They include-

Drill and practice mode: The students learn facts and memorize them by drill method, e.g. using an MCQ bank for drill and practice. This method is useful for slow learners.

Tutorial mode: a well structured programmed learning unit or CAL module provides interactive learning. This mode, if used well, can result in 90% retention of the content compared with 30% retention after the best lecture. In tutorial method, a module lesson consists of-• Presentation of content in a structured way• Task prescription to elicit the learner’s response• Instant feedback and reinforcement to the learner.

Laboratory mode: Computer could be programmed to stimulate a variety of biological processes to supplement or do away with laboratory experiments. The learner explores various options and learns by inference.

Case-simulation mode: A variety of diagnostic and therapeutic problems and the patient management type could be effectively computerized.

CAL is individualized.

Information is presented in structured form.

Reduces the work load of teachers.

Instruct large number of students simultaneously.

CAL can enhance decision making abilities.

CAL provides a lot of drilling which can be useful for low aptitude students.

Immediate feedback.

Advantages of CAL

Inadequate training of teachers and inadequacy of instructional material.

The computer fails to appreciate the students’ emotions.

It involves high cost to develop and utilize the program.

Motivating and training teachers to make use of computers in education is a challenging task

Limitations of CAL method

Students learn material faster with CAI than with conventional instruction alone.

Students retain what they have learned better with CAI than with conventional instruction alone.

Students are more interested in CAI than in traditional methods of teaching because of privacy and readily available feedback provided by the machine.

CAL produces higher achievement than conventional instruction alone.

CAI is more beneficial with lower achieving students than with higher achieving ones.

Research studies on CAI/CAL:

CAI- Definition Historical background Purpose Features Categories Advantages LimitationsCAL- Definition Process Types Modes Advantages Limitations

Summarization

1. Expand CBE.2. Simulation provides simplified representation of

_____.3. In CAL, information is presented in _____ form.4. CAI uses ____ to test the knowledge and

learning.5. New terminology for CAI is _____.

Recaptualization

T/F1. Students learn faster with CAI than with

conventional instruction alone. T/F2. CAI is not beneficial with lower achieving

students. T/F3. CAI uses both text and multimedia. T/F4. The use of computers in education stated in

1950s. T/F5. CAI has reduced the workload of teachers. T/F

Write the role of teacher in CAI/CAL.

Assignment

Neerja KP, Textbook of Nursing Education;[1];270-76

Basavanthapa BT, Nursing Education;[2];631-34 Sudha R; Nursing Education Principles and

Concepts;[1]102-05 Sharma Suresh K;Sharma Reena, Communication

and Educational Technology;[1]106-12 http://www.inspiration.com/computer-assisted-instr

uction/

Bibliography

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