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BEAM
e
Max. Moment = 𝑤 𝑙−2𝑒 2
8
e
e e
Max. Moment = 𝑤𝑙2
8
l
CASE 1
For 5.0 meter span simply
supported beam.
Considering full span of 5.0 meter.
Maximum Moment = 𝑊𝐿2
8
=𝑊(5)2
8
=25/8W
=3.125W
CASE 2
For 5.0 meter span beam supported by corbel/half joint with eccentricity, e of 250mm.
Considering full span of 5.0 meter.
Maximum Moment = 𝑊(𝐿−2𝑒)2
8
=𝑊(4.5)2
8
=20.5/8W
=2.53W
Percentage of difference = 1-𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐸2
𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐸1x100
= 1- 2.53
3.125x100
= 1- 0.89x100
= 19 %!!
254.494kN
Hollow Core +Brick wall
(UDL)+Beam Sw
Beam 2/C-D
Hollow Core Slabs
41.52kN/m
Secondary
beam
Brick wall
Live Load (UDL)
15.5 kN/m
Secondary beam
(Point Load)
62.88 kN
Simply Supported Beam
Shear force diagram
-238.77kN
254.494kN
-343.136kNm
KOS PROJEK :RM 18,135,000.00
TARIKH SIAP :09-09-2016
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
25000
1500
1075
1425
1500
4001
150020
0015
0023
0020
00
A B EDC
1a
1
A1
2
1b
G
F
K
J
3c
4
3aH
I
4a
3
5
2a
1e
F1
C9C10
C11
C12
C18
C19
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C30
C31
300 RC Wall
300 RC Wall
HC
200
mm
+ 7
5T
B
B
C
W4
W3
W2
W1
C
D
D
HS 1215HS 1215
HS 1220
HS
122
0
A
300 RC Wall
5000500050005000
8000
1500
C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
C13 C14 C15 C16C17
HC
200
mm
+ 7
5T
200m
m T
hk. C
oncr
ete
Sla
b
150m
m T
hk.
Con
cret
e S
lab
1g
1500
2700
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm +75T HC 200mm +75T HC 200mm +75THC 200mm +75T
HC 200mm+75T
HC 200mm+75T
HC 200mm+75T
HC 200mm+75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
HC 200mm + 75T
12000
2000 2000
800
8000
Precast Column
400
600
100
800
200 100
Precast Continuous Beam
325
Continuous Beam
400x800
Hogging Moment Check
CANTILEVER END DETAIL
1375
440
360
300
2T25
2T202T202T20
4T25 4T25
C
C
B
B
A
A
SECTION A-A SECTION B-BSECTION C-C
4T25
4T25
2T20
2T20
2T20
2T25
2T20
2T20
2T20
2T25
2T25
2T25
VOID TO BE FILLED
UP WITH GROUT
2x400mm LENGTH
T25 GALVANISED
DOWEL BAR
150
330
PRECAST COLUMN
800
2x400mm LENGTH
T25 GALVANISED
DOWEL BAR
360
440
100
100
600
100
100
600
PRECAST BEAMPRECAST BEAM
Column
The effective height, le, of a column in a given plane = b lo
End condition at top End condition at bottom
1 2 3
1 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
BS 8110:1995 Table 3.19 — Values of for braced columns
End condition at top End condition at bottom
1 2 3
1 1.2 1.3 1.6
2 1.3 1.5 1.8
3 1.6 1.8 -
4 2.2 - -
BS 8110:1995 Table 3.20 — Values of for unbraced columns
Frame Structure
(Unbraced)
Cantilever Column
(Unbraced)
Cantilever Wall
(Braced)
Rigid
Joints
Pinned
Joints
Column le=1.6lo Column le=2.2lo Column le=1.0lo
lo lo lo
Picture source: K.S. Elliott
lo
Under ACI 318-11, the Stability Index, Q is introduced.
The stability index can be used to determine if a particular story in a frame
structure should be called braced or unbraced. The stability index may be
calculated as
Q = (Pu)
0
Vuslu
Where,
Pu = the sum of factored vertical loads for the story in question
0 = the 1st order lateral deflection of the top of the story relative to
the bottom of the story
lu = story height
Vus = the total shear acting on the given story.
The story is considered braced if Q ≤ 0.05.
However, the story is considered unbraced if Q > 0.05.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Column Capacity Result from Analysis
Ultimate Moment vs. Ultimate Shear
Ultimate moment,Mu (kNm)
Ultimate shear,Nu (kN)
65mm dia.
holes
4T25 Starter
bar
Shear Wall
Distribution of Horizontal Load On Shear Wall
Symmetrical Case ( Shear Center Meets with Center of Pressure)
Wall 1 Wall 2 Wall 3 Wall 4
b
h
Pi =F xki
ki
where
ki hb3
F=Horizontal wind load or
Notional load 1.5% of DL
Deflection due to
translation L/2
L
Shear
Center
-Subjected to translation only
Distribution of Horizontal Load On Shear Wall
Unsymmetrical Case ( Shear Center Shifted from Center of Pressure)
Wall 1
Wall 2
Wall 3 Wall 4
x= (kx
. x)kx
ȳ= (ky
. y)kx
Pi =Pd+Pr=F xkx
kx
± 𝐹. 𝑒 x F xkiri
(kiri2)
where
e is the eccentricity distance of
Horizontal force F to the center of
rotation
ri is the perpendicular distance
between the axis of each wall to the
center of rotation
F=Horizontal wind load or
Notional load 1.5% of DL
L/2
L
Center of
rotation
Wall 5 ȳ
x
-Subjected to both translation and rotation
h
H
N
P P
Shear
wall
Pilecap
Axial load on a single pile Pn is defined
as
Pn= Nn
± Hx.hIxx
𝑦𝑛± Hy.hIyy
𝑥𝑛
Where
N Vertical Load
n Numbers of pile
Ixx & Iyy Second area of moment of the pile group at
xx and yy axes
xn & yn Distance of each individual pile from axes YY
and XX respectively
Construction of In-situ R.C. Wall
Lifting and installation of precast
elements
Constrction of Level 1 Structures
Some Lessons
Learned
“All men make mistakes, but only wise men learn from their mistakes. ”
“I have not failed. I've just found
10,000 ways that won't work.”
-Winston Churchill
-Thomas Alva Edison
o A 2.5 storey structure design was proposed without proper bracing
system provided.
o Only few precast R.C. panel was proposed to act as shearwall. The
system was proposed without proper & precise detailing for the
actual construction.
o JKR reviewed the design and decided to improve the existing
design by providing additional in-situ R.C. shear wall and pile
system.
1. In-situ R.C. Shear wall shall be introduced. Cater
for horizontal loads.
o Checking on notional loads and unbalance moment.
o Foundation design –vertical load + unbalance moment
checks
o Pile stress analysis
o Pile cap reinforce concrete design.
o Reinforced concrete shear wall design
o Production of related drawings
Proposed
Shear Wall
Locations
Prestressed Concrete Planks
o Proposed Prestressed Concrete Planks 110mm+160mm
topping
o The topping is thicker than the Prestressed Concrete Plank
itself !
o Inefficient capacity for Prestressed Concrete Planks to
support massive dead load from in-situ topping.
o To proceed with original design the following conditions shall
met:
• Propping system may be required under the Prestressed
Concrete Plank during pouring of topping
• Require increment of the thickness of Prestressed Concrete
Planks
JKR’s proposal :
Replacing the Prestressing conc. Plank with
restressed Hollow Core 200mm +75 mm topping
eqv. to consulatnts 110+160=270mm thick.
o Design load comparison between both systems
o Prestressed hollow core design checks for:
• SLS –stress checks for and prestress losses calculation at
transfer stage
• SLS –stress checks for and prestress losses calculation at in-
service stage
• ULS- Shear and moment capacity checks.
Insufficient
Shear Capacity
Missing Beam
Location of Missing Beam
Structure instabilities noticed
due to missing column support
Steel Beams for Services at Roof Layout
Connection Details
Proposed M20
Bolts
o Expected bolts
clashing at beam
with connections of
both sides
o May encounter
difficulties of bolts
installation for
uneven gaps
between precast
beam and steel
plate.
o No seating provided,
steel beams has to
be held/supported
during installation.
o Holes drilling
process may
damage existing
rebars in precast
beam.