Trong thc t t khi c sn mu ph hp vi mu ca cc mt hng theo th hiu hoc mt ca ngi tiu dng, v

vy phi ghp to nn cc mu mi l cng vic thng xuyn ca cc nh k thut nhum, in hoa, hi ho v

nghin cu mu sc.

3.1.Kh nng cm th mu sc ca mt

Mu l mt hin tng phc tp mang c bn cht vt l v tnh cht tm l, cm gic hay ni cch khc mu mang

c im ca nng lng sng nh sng c cm th bng mt, khng c s tham gia ca mt th khng c nim

v mu sc. Nhng ngi b m hay lon th t nh s khng c khi nim v mu sc, nhng ngi c tt v mt

cng khng c kh nng nhn bit v nh g ng v mu sc.

Mt c th xem c cu to bng h thng quang hc rt tinh vi gm c: mt thu knh chnh l thu tinh th c

che bi gic mc v thu dch ngn cn nhng tia cc tm c hi cho mt , mt mng ngn l trng en gip cho

con ngi h m rng hay hp. Ging nh mi thu knh khc, thu tinh th to nn hnh nh cc vt tiu im

ca n. Vi mt thng ( mt lnh ) tiu im ny cui nhn cu, pha trn vng mc ta nh knh hay phim nh.

Khi nhn c thng tin mu di dng nng lng sng ca nh sng th h thng dy thn kinh th gic s truyn

hnh nh v no, dy no s tp hp v dng li cc yu t ca hnh nh. Nh vy nhn l mt cm gic c sinh

ra v no .

Trn c s ca thuyt ba mu ngi ta gii thch rng: mt cm th c mu, phn bit c cc sc thi khc nhau

trong thin nhin l do s phi hp ca ba mu c bn. Vng mc ca mt c cu to t hai loi t bo hnh que

v hnh nn, chng c kh nng cm th cc tia c bc sng nht nh ca nh sng trng. Nhng t bo hnh que

lm nhim v phn bit s khc nhau v cng ca hnh nh sng to ra trn vng mc, khng tham gia vo vic

cm nhn mu th gic. Cc t bo hnh nn c ba min nhy cm cc i tng ng vi bc sng ca cc mu: ,

xanh lc ( ng ra l vng lc ) v xanh lam, chng c chc nng chnh trong vic to ra cm gic mu. Mi khi

nhn c tn hiu mu t mi trng xung quanh, thng qua cc nn nhn cm ng vi ba mu trn, chng hi t

li v truyn v thn kinh th gic, sau v v no . v no mu s c ti to v cho ta nhn bit y v sc

thi ca n.

Da trn nguyn tc t ba mu c bn c th phi ghp thnh cc gam mu khc nhau ca h thng thn kinh th

gic v v no ngi ta lm c nh mu , in nh v truyn hnh mu. Trong k thut nhum , in hoa, hi ho

v n lot v. v. nm vng quy lut phi mu ny ngi ta c th to nn nhiu mu khc nhau.

3.2.S tng phn mu v s hi ho mu

Trong in hoa cng nh trong may, an v ghp cc mu khc nhau to ra cc sn phm a dng v mu sc, cn

phi c bit lu n nh hng qua li gia cc mu khi chng c sp xp gn nhau. S nh hng s biu

hin s thay i sc thi, cng v sng ca cc mu. S thay i ny ph thuc vo s xp t v khng

gian v din tch cc mu .

S thay i sc thi mu phn nh nh hng qua li gia mu ny vi mu khc khi chng gn nhau, m nhng

mu li c sc thi khc nhau. Trong trng hp xp cc mu cch xa nhau th sc thi ca cc mu mnh s lm

thay i sc thi ca cc mu bn cnh theo hng mu b tr ca mu mnh. Th d, mu xam trn nn s c

sc thi ca mu xanh lc, mu xm trn nn xanh l cy s c sc , mu xm trn nn xanh lam s c sc vng.

Khi xp hai mu thuc cp mu b tr tc l hai mu c sc thi hon ton khc nhau th s nh hng qua lai gia

chng dng nh khng tn ti hay c th ni l s tng phn gia chng tr nn bo ho. Th d, mu vng trn

nn xanh lam hoc mu trn nn xanh lc. S thay i v ti sng ca cc mu xp gn nhau s xy ra khi

chng c ti sng khc xa nhau. Mt hnh vung mu xm trn nn trng s cho cm gic cho hnh b ti i.

Cn khi n trn nn en th li sng ra. S tng phn v sc thi v ti sng ca cc mu thng xy ra r

nt ranh gii gia chng. gim bt s tng phn ranh gii ngi ta thng tch bit cc hnh c mu sc

khc nhau bng cc ng vch en, trng, xm hoc to nn c mu cng vi nh mu ca mu tng phn. Th

d, mu vng lc trn nn xanh lc s cho cm gic nh mu vng thun sc.

Din tch cc hnh mu cng c quan h qua li vi s nh hng ca mu sc. Nu din tch ca mu cng ln th

nh hng ca n cng mnh. ng thi sng v cng mu cng c nh hng n din tch ca cc hnh.

Th d, din tch hnh mu s cho c gic nh i khi n nm trn nn sng; hoc din tch hnh mu ti trn nn sng

s cho cm gic nh hn hnh cng din tch c mu sng trn nn ti. iu ny c gii thch nh sau: nhng

ng vin ca cc hnh sng qua vng mc mt ngi s b chy di ra hn l cc ng vin quanh hnh ti.

Trong khi nim v mu sc, ngi ta cn chia chng thnh hai loi mu nng v mu mt, mu nng gm cc mu

gn vi mu ca cc vt pht nhit ( nh mt tri , ngn la ) _ l cc mu , mu da cam, mu vng. Mu mt

l cc mu gn mu ca cc vt thu nhit, cho cm gic mt ( nh nc , bu tri ) _ l cc mu xanh. Ring mu

tm l mu trung gian n c th l mu nng hay mu mt l tu thuc vo nh mu. Ngi ta cng thy rng mt

cp mu b tr trong vng trn mu thnh quy lut mu ny l nng th mu b tr l mt, chng hn cc cp

mu :

Da cam _ Xanh da tri

_ Xanh lc

Vng _ Xanh lam

Cc mu nng li c cng mnh v c sng ln thng gy n tng mnh c coi l mu tri. Cn cc

mu mt cng mu nh, sng km t gy n tng mnh c coi l mu n.

T nhng c im v tnh cht ca mu sc nu, cn p dng trong thc t to ra cc mt hng c mu sc

hi ho hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng. S phi mu hi ho l s kt hp p nht cc tnh cht ca mu sc

sau cho ph hp vi th hiu ca tng dn tc, vi iu kin s dng mt hng v i khi cn ph hp vi mt ca

tng nc, tng vng. Phng php phi mu hi ho ni chung c nhng nguyn tc c bn nh sau: c th kt

hp hi ho gia mu a sc vi mu thun sc nu nh chng c sng nh nhau. Th d, mu xm c sng

trung gian gia mu en v mu trng nn c th kt hp vi hai mu mt cch hi ho. Mu xm sng c th kt

hp hi ho vi cc mu hng sng, xanh sng hoc bt k mu n sc no c ti sng. Mu xm sm th

phi kt hp vi cc mu ti sm. c bit nhng mu n sc c bo ho ln li l mu nng, nh mu th

phi kt hp vi mu en lm gim bo ho ca mu . Cng c th kt hp hi ho t cc mu tng phn

nhng cn phi xem xt c th mt s yu t. T ba mu tng phn, s hi ho s t c nu s dng mt mu

mt v hai mu nng. Nhng mu c cng bo ho ln s c s dng vi lng cng t i. Khi kt hp cc

mu ng sc, c sng v nh mu gn nhau, tc l cc mu nm lin nhau trong vng trn mu th s hi ho v

mu sc d dng t c khi sng ca chng chuyn theo phn cp. Th d, mu xanh da tri thun sc ti

sng c th kt hp hi ho vi mu xanh da tri v mu xanh lam.

3.3.Phng php phi mu thuc nhum

Phi hp thuc nhum cng da trn nguyn l ghp cng v ghp tr cc tia mu quang ph v nguyn l ghp t

ba mu c bn. iu khc ch yu vi ghp mu quang hc l ch thuc nhum khng phi l cc sn phm tinh

khit c mu n sc, li cha cc ph gia nn mu to thnh c sai lch so vi ghp quang hc. Phi ghp mu t

thuc nhum k thut cn gi l ghp c hc c th thc hin bng bin php th cng hoc thit b x l bng my

tnh in t. D dng phng php no cng phi da vo cc nguyn tc sau:

1- phi dng thuc nhum cng lp theo phn lp k thut, v c cc

tnh cht k thut tng t nh nhau: cng iu kin nhum ( nhit , tr s pH, xc tc, ph gia ); cng c tc

bt mu; cng c bn mu vi cc ch tiu khc nhau. V. v.

2- Khi phi thuc nhum thuc cc lp khc nhau nhum vi pha cn chn nhng loi khng tch in tri du,

khng cha cc ph gia c tnh cht k nhau lm cho dung dch nhum b kt ta, mu sa lng hoc bin mu, kh

ghp ng mu;

3-C rh phi t hai thuc nhum k thut to nn mu mi cn thit, nhng s mu mi to thnh s b hn ch.

to nn nhiu gam mu khc nhau ngi ta dng thut phi ghp t ba mu c bn: , vng v xanh lam hoc

, vng v xanh lc. D th ghp mu c thit lp theo hnh tam gic u, mi mu c bn c t mt nh

ca tam gic, t l phi ghp c chia u theo cc cnh, mu to thnh s theo quy lut sau :

_Theo mi cnh ca tam gic s nhn c mt dy cc mu trung gian do kt qu ghp t hai mu;

_ Theo cc ng cao ca tam gic s l dy mu do kt qu b tr nhau ca nhiu cp mu tng ng

_ Tm ca tam gic v vng ph cn s l min c mu v sc ( ghi , xm ) do hiu qu trung ho ln nhau ca ba

mu c bn c cng mu tng ng.

_ Cc im khc nhau bn trong tam gic s l v s cc mu c phi ghp t ba mu c bn vi t l khc

nhau, mu v nh mu ca chng tu thuc vo to trn tam gic .

Tam gic mu c biu din nh sau :

Xanh luc

o

Da cam

Vang

Xanh lam

Tm

Vic chn ba thuc nhum lm ba mu c bn ng vi yu cu ca l thuyt rt kh tho mn, trong thc t yu

cu ny ch l tng i, nn mu v nh mu thu c do hiu qu phi ghp ph thuc nhiu vo ba mu ban u.

Di y l mt s th d v kt qu ghp mt s mu thng gp:

Mu phi ghp Mu nhn c

Hng + Vng Lng tm

Hng + Ghi Tm hoa c

Vng + Lc Vng chanh

Xanh lam + Tm Xanh tm than

( Xanh cng nhn )

Xanh lam + Xanh lc Cm thch

Xanh lam + en Ghi , Xm

Nu + en Ghi , Xm

Kaki + en C a

Nu + Vng Be hng

Xanh lam + + en Nu

en + Vng + Xanh lc Mu ximng

Vng + Da cam + Xanh lc Mu liu

Xanh lc + Tm Xanh l m

+ Vng + Nu Vng nu da b

Bi vit: NGUYN L PHI GHP MU SC TRONG CNG NGH NHUM

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