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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION *
caMe logging systems
prepared with the supp rt of thefao/norway govr rnment csperathe programme
F THE UNTE D NATIONSRome 1981
FAO FORESTRY PAPER 24FAO FORESTRY PAPER 24
cable logging systems
prepared with the support of the
fao/norway government cooperative programme
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome 1981
The designations employed and the presentationof material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on thepart of the Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area orof its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries.
M-36
ISBN 92-5-101046-3
The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Orga-nization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced, in wholeor in part, by any method or process., without written permission fromthe copyright holder. Applications for such permission, with a statementof the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressedto the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1981
=
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
M-36
ISBN 92-5-101046-3
The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced. in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1981
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ABSTRACT
Forests, which have a great potential source of incomein developing countries, can and often do provide badly neededemployment opportunities for rural people.
In the recent past, and even today, tractor skidding wasthe logging technique mostly used in tropical mechanized logging.However, as forest development moves up to the hinterland, wherethe terrain is often too steep for tractor skidding, cable loggingis often more advantageous, not only for productivity but alsooften for soil conservation. The effects of any logging systemon the residual stand can have a bearing on which of any system touse.
Cable logging was primarily developed in Central Europeand introduced into and redeveloped in North Europe, North Americaand Japan according to their own forest conditions.
This Manual is designed to give the reader an overallpicture of the different major cable logging systems beingmanufactured at this time and how these systems compare with eachother. The most important aspect in trying to achieve this goalhas been to describe all systems in a similar manner, in orderthat the reader can directly compare the different systems anddetermine which system or systems are appropriate for a given setof conditions.
- iii
ABSTRACT
Forests, which have a great potential source of income in developing countries, can and often do provide badly needed employment opportunities for rural people.
In the recent past, and even today, tractor skidding was the logging technique mostly used in tropical mechanized logging. However, as forest development moves up to the hinterland, where the terrain is often too steep for tractor skidding, cable logging is often more advantageous, not only for productivity but also often for soil conservation. The effects of any logging system on the residual stand can have a bearing on which of any system to use.
Cable logging was primarily developed in Central Europe and introduced into and redeveloped in North Europe, North America and Japan according to their own forest conditions.
This Manual is designed to give the reader an overall picture of the different major cable logging systems being manufactured at this time and how these systems compare with each other. The most important aspect in trying to achieve this goal has been to describe all systems in a similar manner, in order that the reader can directly compare the different systems and determine which system or systems are appropriate for a given set of conditions.
LIST OF CONTENTSPage No,
INTRODUCTION 1
CABLE LOGGING SYSTEMS 1
2.1 Independent Bunching Winches 2
2.2 Machine-mounted Winches 5
2.3 Yarders 9
2.3.1 Ground Lead 18
2.3.2 High Lead 19
2.3.3 Snubbing 20
2.3.4 Tyler System 21
2.3.5 Endless Line System 22
2.3.6 Endless Tyler 22
2.3.7 North Bend 23
2.3.8 Slackline 24
2.3.9 Running Skyline 25
2.3.10 Continuous Mainline 26
2.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System 27
2.5 Mobile Tower Yarders 29
2.5.1 Small Mobile Tower Yarders 30
2.5.2 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders 34
2.5.3 Large Mobile Tower Yarders 34
2.5.4 Highlead 34
2.5.5 Live Skyline 39
2.5.6 Standing Skyline 41
2.6 Running Skyline Swing Yarders 42
CARRIAGES AND ACCESSORIES 48
3.1 Single-span Skyline Carriage 483.2 Multispan Skyline Carriage 493.3 Carriage Stop 493.4 Load Beam 50
3.5 Clamping Carriage 50
3.6 Operating Lines 52
3.7 Gravity Carriage 52
3.8 Non-gravity Carriage 533.9 Butt Rigging 54
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LIST OF CONTENTS Page No.
1 • INTROIUCTION
2. CABLE LOGGING SYSTEMS
2.1 Independent Bunching Winches 2
2.2 Machine-mounted Winches 5 2.3 Yarders 9
2.3.1 Ground Lead 18
2.3.2 High Lead 19
2.3.3 Snubbing 20
2.3.4 Tyler System 21
2.3.5 Endless Line System 22
2.3.6 Endless Tyler 22
2.3.7 North Bend 23
2.3.8 Slackline 24
2.3.9 Runn ing Sk;y 1 ine 25
2.3.10 Cont inuous Main 1 ine 26
2.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System 27
2.5 Mobile Tower Yarders 29
2.5.1 Small Mobile Tower Yarders 30
2.5.2 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders 34
2.5.3 Large Mobile Tower Yarders 34
2.5.4 Highlead 34
2.5.5 Live Sk;yline 39 2.5.6 Standing Sk;yline 41
2.6 Running Sk;yline Swing Yarders 42
3. CARRIAGES AND ACCESSORIES 48
3.1 Single-span Sk;yline Carriage 48 3.2 Multispan Sk;yline Carriage 49 3.3 Carriage Stop 49 3.4 Load Beam 50 3.5 Clamping Carriage 50 3.6 Ope rat ing Lines 52 3.7 Gravity Carriage 52 3.8 N on-gravity Carriage 53 3.9 Butt Rigging 54
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Page No.
3.10 Skidding Capability 54
3.11 Carriage and Cable Logging System Combinations 553.12 Skyline Load Capacity 55
4. PRODUCTIVITY 594.1 Factors Which affect Productivity 594.2 Mechanical Specifications 60
4.3 Available Productivity Data 60
4.4 Productivity of Different Cable Logging Operations 61
4.4.1 Independent Bunching Winches 61
4.4.2 Machine-mounted Winches 62
4.4.3 Yarders 62
4.4.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System 64
4.4.5 Small Mobile Tower Yarders 644.4.6 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders 65
4.4.7 Large Mobile Tower Yarders 66
4.4.8 Running Skyline Swing Yarders 66
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 - Specifications of some Selected Examples of 73Cable Logging Equipment
Appendix 2 - A. Units of Measure 95B. Terminology 96
REFERENCES 100
LIST OF FIGURES 103
LIST OF TOLES 105
- vi.-
3.10 Skidding Capability
3.11 Carriage and Cable Logging System Combinations
3.12 Skyline Load Capacity
4. PRODUCTIVITY
4.1 Factors which affect Productivity
4.2 Mechanical Specifications
4.3 Available Productivity Data
4.4 Productivity of Different Cable Logging Operations
4.4.1 Independent Bunching Winches
4.4.2 Machine-mounted Winches
4.4.3 Yarders
4.4.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System
4.4.5 Small Mobile Tower Yarders
4.4.6 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders
4.4.7 Large Mobile Tower Yarders
4.4.8 Running Skyline Swin,g Yarders
APPEmlICES
Appendix 1 - Specifications of some Selected E:mmples of Cable Logging· Equipment
Appendix 2 - A. Units of Measure
B. Terminology
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
54 55 55
59 59 60 60
61
61
62
62
64
64
65 66
66
73
95 96
100
103
105
INTRODUCTION
FAO attaches great importance to the impact of its educational activities as a meansof transferring knowledge and technology to the developing countries.
This Manual has been especially prepared for foresters, loggers and foremen indeveloping countries. Its aim is to make the use of cable logging systems easier and moreefficient by showing the users the options available to them.
Cable logging systems have developed differently throughout the world. This is dueto differences in traditions and conditions. Terrain, yarding distances, road location,tree and log sizes, labour costs and silvicultural treatments are examples of the many factorsthat have influenced the development of different cable logging systems in different regionsof the world.
Cable logging systems from some regions of the world have been tried in other regions,sometimes with success, sometimes without. The key factor in selection is to match theharvesting system to the harvesting conditions. However, the selection of the correctsystem is not enough since there are usually many alternatives for any given type of loggingsystem. Machine capabilities, such as pulling power, line speed, yarding distance,mobility etc., can vary greatly from one machine to another, and therefore it is importantto select the correct alternative within a system as well as to select the proper type ofmachine. This is not an easy task. The variety of cable logging equipment available,plus the possibilities for modifying the application of the equipment results in a virtuallyunlimited number of alternatives.
It should be noted that cable systems are not always the best alternative and theiruse generally applies for the special conditions for which they were developed.
This Manual is designed to give a good overall picture of the different major cablelogging systems being manufactured at this time, and how these systems compare with eachother. The most important aspect in trying to achieve this goal has been to describe allsystems in the same manner and to use the same international units of measure when givingthe specification for each system. Using this as a base the reader can directly comparethese different systems with each other and determine which are appropriate for a given setof conditions.
This Manual does not replace the instruction manual provided by manufacturers ofcable logging systems, which should always be studied carefully, and it should be notedthat machine and equipment specifications are in a continuous state of change.
The Manual has been made possible through a special contribution from Norway underthe FAO/Norway Government Cooperative Programme. The main author was Mr Roy S. Larsen ofInterforest AB, and the project leader Mr G. Segerström of FAO.
Any comments and suggestions with regard to modifications and improvements of thisManual will be welcome.
CABLE LOGGING SYSTEMS
Typical examples of major cable logging systems are shown in this Manual and thefactors which affect the productivity of each system are discussed as well as theiradvantages and disadvantages, in order that readers can decide which cable logging systemis the most suitable when planning their forest harvesting. Some actual productivityfigures are given.
- 1 -
1. INTROOOCTION
FAO attaches great importance to the impact of its educational activities as a means of transferring knowledge and technology to the developing. countries.
lliis Manual has been especially prepared for foresters, loggers and foremen in developing countries. Its aim is to make the use of cable logging systems easier and more efficient by showing the users the options available to them.
Cable logging systems have developed differently throughout the world. This is due to differences in traditions and conditions. Terrain, yarding distances, road location, tree and log sizes, labour costs and silvicul tural treatments are examples of the miIny factors that have influenced the development of different cable logging systems in different regions of the world.
Cable logging systems from some regions of the world have been tried in other regions, sometimes with success, sometimes without. The key factor in selection is to match the harvesting system to the harvesting conditions. However, the selection of the correct system is not enough since there are usually many alternatives for any given type of logging s,ystem. Machine capabilities, such as pulling power, line speed, yarding distance, mobility etc., can vary greatly from one machine to another, and therefore it is important to select the correct alternative within a system as well as to select the proper type of machine. lliis is not an easy task. The variety of cable logging equipment available, plus the possibilities for modifying the application of the equipment results in a virtually unlimited number of alternatives.
It should be noted that cable systems are not always the best alternative and their use generally applies for the speCial conditions for which they were developed.
lliis Manual is designed to give a good overall picture of the different major cable logging systems being manufactured at this time, and how these systems compare with each other. llie most important aspect in trying to achieve this goal has been to describe all systems in the same manner and to use the same international \mite of measure when giving the .specification for each system. Using this as a base the reader can directly compare these different systems with each other and determine which are appropriate for a given set of conditions.
This Manual does not replace the instruction manual provided by manufacturers of cable logging systems, which should always be studied carefully, and it should be noted tha.t machine and equipment specifications are in a continuous state of change.
The Manual has been made possible through a speCial contribution from Norway under the FAO/Norway Government Cooperative Programme. The main author was Mr Roy S. Larsen of Interforest AB, and the project leader ~tt G. Segerstrom of FAO.
Any comments and suggestions with regard to modifications and improvements of this Manual will be welcome.
2. CABLE LOGGING SYSTEMS
Typical examples of major cable logging systems are shown in this Manual and the factors which affect the productivity of each system are discussed as well as their advantages and disadvantages, in order that readers can decide which cable logging system is the most suitable when planning their forest harvesting. Some actual productivity figures are given.
- 2-
While there are other classifications on cable logging systems, in this Manual theclassification depends on cable logging machines currently used in the world, because theManual is designed for foresters who first have to decide what kind of machine should beused in their forests.
The following classifications have been used:
Independent Bunching Winches
Machine-mounted Winches
Yarders
Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System
Mobile Tower Yarders
Running Skyline Swing Yarders
In addition, since many carriages for the above systems can be, and are used for morethan one cable logging system classification, the various types of carriages have beendescribed under:
Carriages and Accessories
The above categories are described on the following pages.
2.1 Independent Bunching Winches
Independent Bunching Winches can be used to collect small logs in order to improvethe efficiency and economy of transport to the roadside by other equipment such as tractors,skidders and forwarders in gentle terrain or skyline cranes in steep terrain. In otherwords, these winches can be used to shorten the lateral skidding or yarding distance on themain equipment and they are sometimes used as the main equipment to transport to the road,-side, where the extracted trees or logs can be loaded on to trucks or trailers.
Figure 1 - Independent Bunching Winch,Radio controlled
Photo: Courtesy Kolpe-Patent AB
- 2 -
While there are other classifications on cable logging systems, in this Manual the classification depends on cable logging machines currently used in the world, because the Manual is designed for foresters who first have to decide what kind of machine should be used in their forests.
The following classifications have been used:
Independent Bunching Winches
Machine-mounted Winches
- Yarders
- Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System
- Mobile Tower Yarders
- Running Skyline Swing Yarders
In addition, since many carriages for the above systems can be, and are used for more than one cable logging system classification, the various types of carriages have been described under:
- Carriages and Accessories
The above categories are described on the following pages.
2.1 Independent Bunching Winches
Independent Bunching Winches can be used to collect small logs in order to improve the efficiency and econoffilf of transport t o the r oads ide by other equipment such as tractors, skiddere and forwarders in gentle terrain or skyline cranes in steep terrain. In other words, these winches can be used to shorten the lateral skidding or yarding distance on the main equipment and they are sometimes used as the main equipment to transport to the roadside, where the extracted trees or logs can be loaded on to trucks or trailers.
Figure 1 - Independent Bunching Winch, Radio c ontrolled
Photo: Courtesy Kolpe-Patent AB
Independent bunching winches usually have no haulback line so that the line must bepulled back to the logs manually. If the winch is radio-controlled, this system needsonly one operator who pulls the line to the logs to be extracted, hooks up the logs, followsthe logs into the bunching location, unhooks them and then pulls the line back for the nextturn, while constantly retaining control of the winch with the radio (Figure 1). If thesystem is not radio-controlled it usually needs two men, i.e. a winch operator and achokerman (choker setter-cum-line puller).
Figure 2 - Skidding Cones
Standard conePhoto: Courtesy Kolpe-Patent AB
Pan shaped conePhoto: Courtesy Kblpe-Patent AB
- 3 -
Independent bunching winches usually have no haulback line so that the line must be pulled back to the logs manually. If the winch is radio-controlled, this system needs only one operator who pulls the line to the logs to be extracted, hooks up the logs, follows the logs into the bunching location, unhooks them and then pulls the line back for the next turn, while constantly retaining control of the winch with the radio (Figure 1). If the system is not radio-controlled it usually needs two men, i.e. a winch operator and a chokerman (choker setter-cum-line puller).
Figure 2 - Skidding Cones
Standard cone Photo: Courtesy Kolpe-Patent AB
Pan shaped cone Photo: Courtesy KOlpe-Patent AB
Since there is often no lift with this system it is necessary to minimize hang-upsthrough other means such as cutting low stumps and using skidding cones, pans or sledges(Figure 2).
The winch is moved by pulling itself along with its winching line. However, whenchanging from one yarding strip to an adjacent yarding strip, it is usually easier andfaster to use blocks to relocate the lines and thus change the direction of pull, ratherthan to move the winch itself (Figure 3).
In the felling operation, the trees must be directed in a manner that will make thewinching operation as efficient as possible. This normally requires felling the trees inthe direction in which they will be winched.
Figure 3 - Changing Yarding Strips with Blocks
Courtesy Nordfor Teknik AB
This equipment is designed for bunching small wood. It is ideally suited for usein a first thinning in small dimension wood. Should it be necessary to move an occasionallarger log, the pulling power can be increased by using a block for mechanical advantage(Figure 4).
Tractor, Skidder, ForwarderIf or Skyline Crane"Road"
- 4 -
Since there is often no lift with this system it is necessary to m1nlmlZe hang-ups through other means such as cutting low stumps and using skidding cones, pans or sledges (Figure 2).
The winch is moved by pulling itself along with its winching line. However, when changing from one yarding strip to an adjacent yarding strip, it is usually easier and faster to use blocks to relocate the lines and thus change the direction of pull, rather than to move the winch itself (Figure 3).
In the felling operation, the trees must be directed in a manner that will make the winching operation as efficient as possible. This normally requires felling the trees in the direction in which they will be winched.
Figure 3 - Changing Yarding Strips with Blocks
Courtesy Nordfor Teknik AB
----- Tractor, Skidder, Forwarder / or Skyline Crane II'Road 1/
This equipment is designed for bunching small wood. It is ideally suited for use in a first thinning in small dimension wood. Should it be necessary to move an occa.sional larger log, the pulling power can be increased by UBing a block for mechanical advantage (Figure 4).
5
Figure 4 - Using a Block to Increase Pulling Power
Independent bunching winches can also.be used for other purposes such as pullingthe skidding line (mainline) out laterally from a skyline crane. A recent development,although the principle is old, is to use the winch for mechanically delimbing small treesby pulling them through a small limbing device.
The general specifications for independent bunching winches are given in Table 1.Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
Table 1 - Independent Bunching Winches - General Specifications
2.2 Machine-mounted Winches
Machine-mounted winches (Figure 5) on tractors, skidders, forwarders etc., are usedto collect the logs which are then transported by the machine to the roadside. In manyregions this is the most common means of collecting and transporting wood. Such winchesare advantageous in broken terrain in which a machine with only a grapple or crane cannotreach all the logs without wasting time in getting to the logs and disturbing the soilunnecessarily.
Maximum pulling power 5 to 45 kN(500 to 4 500 kp)
Maximum line speed 0.4 to 1.5 m/s
Maximum drum capacity 50 to 250 m
Engine power 4 to 37 kW(5 to 50 hp)
Weight 40 to 750 kg
- 5 -
Figure 4 - UsL~ a Block to Increase Pulling Power
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.!I(I'I ,-I .. , ~ ; .. · I\\!'.:. .
Independent bunching winches can also .be used for other purposes such as pulling the skidding line (mainline) out laterally from a skyline crane. A recent development, although the principle is old, is to use the winch for mechanically delimbing small trees by pulling them through a small limbing device.
'lb.e general specifications for independent bunching winches are given in Table 1. Some selected e:mmples are given in Appendix 1.
Table 1 - Independent Bunching Winches - General Specificat ions
Maximum pulling power 5 to 45 Idl' (500 to 4 500 kp)
Maximum line speed 0.4 to 1.5 m/s
Maximum drum capacity 50 to 250 m
Engine power 4 to 37 kW (5 to 50 hpj
Weight 40 to 750 kg
2.2 Machine-mounted Winches
Machine-mounted winches (Figure 5) on tractors, skidders, forwarders etc . , are used to collect the logs which are then transported by the machine to the roadside. In many regions this is the most common means of collecting and transporting wood. Such winches are advantageous in broken terrain in which a machine with only a grapple or crane cannot reach all the logs without wasting time in getting to the logs and disturbing the soil 'WUlecessarily.
These winches vary in number of drums and whether they are mounted with or withouttowers. There are also considerable differences in the capacities of the various winches.This is primarily due to differences in the size and weight of the logs to be moved, thewinching distances required and the size and weight of the base machines for which theequipment is designed.
The task performed with these winches is called "winchinig". In winching, the cableand chokers are pulled out manually from the machine and fastened to the logs. The logsare then winched to the machine and transported to the rGadside. Pre-set chokers can beused to advantage in many situations. The winch is most often manually controlled althoughradio-controlled units are used in some regions. Bunching usually requires two men; onechokerman and one machine operator. However, it is not unusual for the machine operator toalso set chokers.
Figure 5 - Machine-mounted Winches
Single drum winchCourtesy Caterpillar
- 6 -
Four drum winchCourtesy Per Iglands Fabrik A/S
Double drum winchCourtesy Sepson
- 6 -
These winches va:ry in number of drums and whether they are mounted with or without towers. There are also considerable differences in the capacities of the various winches. This is primarily due to differences in the size and weight of the logs to be moved, the winching distances required and the size and weight of the base machines for which the equipment is designed.
The task performed with these winches is called "winching". In winching, the cable and chokers are pulled out manually from the machine and fastened to the logs. The logs are then winched to the machine and transported to the roadside. Pre-set chokers can be used to advantage in many situations. The winch is most often manually controlled although radio-controlled units are used in Borne regions. Bunching usually requires two men; one chokerman and one machine operator. However, it is not unusual for the machine operator to also set chokers.
Figure 5 - Machine-mounted Winches
Single drum winch Courtesy Caterpillar
Four drum winch Courtesy Per Iglands Fabrik A/S
Double drum winch Courtesy Sepson
Some variations are Shown in Figure 6. When a winch is equipped with two or moredrums, it can be used in various sable configurations such as those described under Yarders.When it is also equipped with a tower, it can be used in various ways, as shownin Figure 7.The configurations Shown in Figures 7b, 7c and 7d are described under Yarders, Mobile TowerYarders and Running Skyline Swing Yarders. An interlocked double drum winch whichoperates on the interlock principles described under Running Skyline Swing Yarders hasrecently been developed in Norway. These examples illustrate the great flexibility ofwinching and cable logging systems.
In the felling operation, the trees must be directed in a manner that will make thewinching operation as efficient as possible. This normally requires felling the treestoward or away from the direction in which they will be winched.
Figure 6 - Variations Using-a Single Drum Winch
a. Mounted on skidder with archCourtesy Eaton Yale Ltd
c. Mounted on forwarder crane armCourtesy Ostbergs Fabriks AB
b. Mounted on skidder with tiltable cranepost (with or without haulback drum)Courtesy Nordfor Teknik AB
- 7 -
Some variations are shown in Figure 6. When a winch is equipped with two or more drums t it can be used in various c,§l.ble configurations such as those described under Yarders. When it is also equipped with a tower, it can be used in various ways, as shownin Figure 7. The configurations shown in Figures Th, 7c and 7d are described under Yarders, Mobile Tower Yarders and Running Skyl ine Swing Yarders. An interlocked double drum winch which operates on the interlock principles described under Running Skyline Swing Yarders has recently been developed in Norway. These examples illustrate the great flexibility of winching and cable logging systems.
In the felling operation, the trees must be directed in a manner that will make the winching operation as efficient as possible. This normally requires felling the trees toward or away from the direction in which they will be winched.
Figure 6 - Variations Using: a Single Drum \'/inch
a. Mounted on skidder with arch Courtesy Eaton Yale Ltd
;;,
b. Mounted on skidder with til table crane post (with or without haulback drum) Courtesy Nordfor Teknik AB
/ ...... "._.- ._ ._ ._ ._ . C&'\ w"'\...J~.'" ~_:.r- -,-._ ._
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c. Mounted on forwarder crane arm Courtesy Ostbergs Fabriks AB
-8
Figure 7 - Some Variations using a Double-Drum Winch
Courtesy: Per Iglands Fabrik A/S
a. Standard Winching
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- 8 -
Figure 7 - Some Variations using a Double-Drum Winch
D. Standard Winching
b. Sianding Skyline
c. Running Skyline
d Live Skyi"me (Graviiyl
Courtesy: Per Iglands Fabrik A/S
2.3 Yarders
Yarders are the most commonly used cable logging machines. The equipment is used ina manner similar to the mobile tower yarders, discussed in Sectilon 2.5. A major differenceis that the yarding distance for this equipment can be greaterl/ than for the small mobiletower yarders used in Europe (Section 2.5.1).
Yarders can be transferred by trucks, trailers or tractors. Central Europeanyarders are mounted on sleds, as are the high-lead yarders (donkeys) still used in Asia,and these can move over the terrain under their own power. Some yarders are operatedwithout being unloaded from trucks, trailers or tractors and are used in a manner similarto the mobile yarders. In extremely difficult terrain they are sometimes transferred inpieces.
The yarder generally consists of 1 to 3 single drums, which are sometimes grooved(Figure 8), or endless pulleys, with an engine as a source of power. The number and typeof drums in a yarder should be selected carefully because these limit the variation of thecable configurations which can be used. A set of grooved drums or an endless pulley areused to power the circulating line in the so-called "continuous line" or "endless line"system.
Instead of using a prebuilt tower these systems use elevated blocks and intermediatesupports suspended from trees and poles to obtain the desired height and thus keep the loadfrom dragging on the ground. Examples of such supports are shown in Figure 9 and Figures16 to 22.
Maximum pulling power
MRximum line speed
Maximum drum capacity
"Tower" height
Engine power of base machine
Weight of winch
The general specifications for machine-mounted winches are given in Appendix 1.
Table 2 - Machine-mounted Winches for Ground Machines -General Specifications
Number of drums 1 to 4
10 to 735 kN(1 000 to 75 000 kp)
0.4 to 2.5 m/s
30 to 800 m
0 to 5.5 m
11 to 336 kW(15 to 450 hP)
100 to 2 000 kg
Because the drum capacity of yarders is generally greater and becpse ofthe greater stability of a sled-mounted yarder and its guying system.
- 9 -
The general specifications for machine-mounted winches are given in Appendix 1.
2.3 Yarders
Table 2 - Machine-mounted Winches for Ground ~!achines -General Specificat i ons
Number of drums 1 to 4
Maxirm.un pull ing power 10 to 735 kN (1 000 to 75 000 kp)
~!axirm.un line speed 0.4 to 2.5 mls Maxirm.un drum capacity 30 to 800 m
"Tower" height 0 to 5·5 m
Engine power of base machine 11 to 336 kW (15 to 450 hpj
We ight of winch 100 to 2 000 kg
Yarders are the most commonly used cable logging machines. The equipment is used in a manner similar to the mobile tower yarders, discussed in Sec~~on 2.5. A major difference is that the yarding distance for this equipment can be greaterll than for the small mobile tower yarders used in Europe (Section 2.5.1).
Yarders can be transferred by trucks, trailers or tractors. Central European yarders are mounted on sleds, as are the high-lead yarders (donkeys) still used in Asia, and these can move over the terrain under their own power. Some yarders are operated without being unloaded from trucks, trailers or tractors and are used in a manner similar to the mobile yarders. In extremely difficult t?rrain they are sometimes transferred in pieces.
The yarder generally consists of 1 to 3 single drums, which are sometimes grooved (Figure 8), or endless pulleys, with an engine as a source of power. The number and type of drums in a yarder should be selected carefully because these limit the variation of the cable configurations which can be used. A set of grooved drums or an endless pulley are used to power the circulating line in the so-called Itcontinuous line" or Hendless line" system.
Instead of using a prebuilt tower these systems use elevated blocks and intermediate supports suspended from trees and poles to obtain the desired height and thus keep the load from dragging on the ground. Examples of such supports are shown in Figure 9 and Figures 16 to 22.
V Because the the greater
drum capacity of yarders is generally greater and bec~use of stability of a sled-mounted yarder and its guying system.
Figure 8 - Example of Grooved Drums
Courtesy Kolpe-Patent AB
In general, it can be said that yarders are used in skyline systems mainly inEurope and Japan, and the highlead system which is still in use in its original form,especially in Southeast Asia, as shown in Figure 16. The highlead system is also stillin use in North America, but generally with mobile towers which are covered in Section 2.5.
The skyline systems with or without intermediate supports are classified as follows:
Single-span Skyline System
Multi-span Skyline System
These two systems have no fundamental mechanical difference. A multi-span skyline systemis considered to be a series of single-span skyline systems.
Intermediate supports are time-consuming and often expensive to rig up and to build.Construction of intermediate gupports is normally done with a three-man crew and requiresabout half a day or more per gupport, depending upon its complexity. The multi-spanskyline system is generally used for long transportation where no other methods aresuitable.
When intermediate supports are not enough to r;ntain the desired height or lift tokeep the load from dragging on the ground because of uneven terrain, a set of two ormore yarders is sometimes used, some for yarding and some for swiaging, instead of themulti-span skyline system. However, this use of more than one yarder is more time -consuming not only in moving, setting-up and taking down, but also in the loggingoperation itself.
In Japan, the multi-span skyline system, or the systems with a set of two or moreyarders, were once employed because of the steep and undulating terrain and the low densityof roads. With the development of more roads into forest areas, however, these systemsare seldom used now.
In the general operation of these systems, a crew consists of a minimum of threemen: one machine operator, at least one chokerman and at least one landing man (chaser).Communication between the crew is usually performed by hand or flag signals in short(visible) distances or by radio transmitter, or electric whistles over longer distances.
- 10 -
Figure 8 - Example of Grooved Drums
Courtesy KDlpe-Patent AB
In general, it can be said that yarders are used in skyline systems mainly in Europe and Japan, and the highlead system which is still in use in its original form, especially in Southeast ASia, as shown in Figure 16. The highlead system is also still in use in North America, but generally with mobile towers which are covered in Section 2.5.
The skyline systems with or without intermediate supports are classified as follows:
- Single-span Skyline System
Multi-Span Skyline System
These twa systems have no fundamental mechanical difference. is considered to. be a series of single-span skyline systems.
A multi-span skyline system
Intermediate supports are time-consuming and often expensive to rig up and to build. Construction of intermediate supports is normally done with a three-man crew and requires about half a day or more per support, depending upon its complexity. The nulti-span skyline system is generally used for long transportation where no other methods are suitable.
When intermediate supports are not enough to obtain the desired height or lif.t to keep the load from dragging on the ground because of uneven terrain, a set of two or more yarders is sometimes used, some for yarding and some for swinging, instead of the multi-span skyline system. However, this use of more than one yarder is more time-consuming not only in moving, setting'-up and taking down, but also in the logging operation itself.
In Japan, the multi-span skyline system, or the systems with a set of two or more yarders, were once employed because o~ the steep and undulating terrain and the low density of roads. With the development of more roads into. forest areas, however, these systems are seldom used now.
In the general operation of these systems, a crew consists of a mm~mum of three men: one machine operator, at least one chokerman and at least one landing man (chaser). Communication between the crew is usually performed by hand or flag signals in short (visible) distances or by radio transmitter, or electric whistles over longer distances.
Courtesy: Koller Seilbahnen
11
Figure 9 - Examples of Intermediate Ms-srline Supports
Tail Spar-Carriage can
pass over without
load
- 11 -
Figure 9 - Examples of Intermediate Skyline Supports
Courtes~ Koller Seilbahnen
Tail Spar.Carriage can pass over without load
- 1 2 -
In the felling operation the trees must be directed in a manner that will make theyarding as efficient as possible. This is especially important in thinnings and partialcuts. Independent bunching winches are sometimes used for pre-bunching the wood inthinnings. In clearcuts the felling direction is not as critical as in thinnings andpartial cuts, but felling if at all possible Should be to lead. Stumps should be as lowas possible to minimize hang-ups.
The planning and layout of skylines is based upon the principles of skyline tensionand deflection design. Long spans of over 1 000 metres in length are used in theEuropean Alps when the deflection is good. In multi-span skyline systems, yardingdistances of over 4 000 metres are possible and the layout is calculated for each spanusing the principles of skyline tension and deflection. These systems often employ skylinecranes, i.e. carriages that can yard laterally to the skyline. Examples of these carriagesare shown in Figures 39, 40, 41 and 42.
The number and type of drums on yarders enable or limit the type of yarding operationwhich may be carried out, for instance the interaction between a mainline and a haulbackallow for the use of a North Bend system (Figure 20), whereas a single drum winch would not.
The major cable configurations are also given in the section on large mobile toweryarders. Cable configurations can be placed in two main categories:
Gravity Systems
All-terrain Systems
Gravity systems are the "traditianal" systems of Central Europe. These systemsnormally require the placement of the yarder (Figure 13) at the upper end (Figure 10) of thelogging area. If there is no road close by, it can take considerable time to move theyarder to the back of the logging unit. The operator must walk out to the machine each dayor camp there and it can be difficult and time-consuming to get parts, equipment andpersonnel to the yarder for repair and maintenance work.
In the traditional use of gravity systems the load was lowered downhill and braked bythe yarder since the roads were located in the valley bottoms. There was no need for thepowerful yarders required for uphill yarding. Over the years there has been an increasingneed for uphill yarding. This has resulted in the development of more powerful yarderswith faster line speeds.
It is necessary fcr the slope of the skyline to be such that gravity will carry thecarriage to where it is needed, as shown in Figure 10.
All-terrain systems in Central Europe are basically a modification of the gravitysystems in which the operating cable is endless or is attached to either end of the skylinecrane and functions as a mainline and haulback line. Because of this the system isindependent of gravity and can be used for flat or adverse terrain as well as favourable(downhill with the load) terrain. The yarder can be located anywhere along the skyline.This is an advantage as the yarder can be located near the road where it is easily accessfblefor maintenance and repair, for fueling and for the operator. In addition, it does notrequire the long and sometimes dangerous operation of winching the yarder to the back end ofthe operating area (Figures 11 and 12).
- 12 -
In the felling operation the trees must be directed m a mamler that will make the yarding as efficient as possible. This is especially important m thinnings and partial cuts. Independent bunching wmches are sometimes used for pre-bunching the wood m thinnings. In clearcuts the felling direction is not as critical as m thinnmgs and partial cuts, but felling if at all possible should be to lead. Stumps should be as low as possible to minimize hang-ups.
The plannmg and laycut of sl<;ylmes is based upon the prmciples of sl<;yline tension and deflection design. Long spans of over 1 000 metres m length are used m the European Alps when the deflection is good. In multi-span sl<;ylme systems, yarding distances of over 4 000 metres are possible and the layout is calculated for each span using the prmciples of sl<;yline tension and deflection. These systems often employ sl<;yline cranes, i.e. carriages that can yard laterally to the sl<;yline. Emmples of these carriages are shown in Figures 39, 40, 41 and 42.
The number and type of drums on yarders enable or limit the type of yarding operation which may be carried out, for instance the interaction between a mainline and a haulback allow for the use of a North Bend system (Figure 20), whereas a single drum winch would not.
The major cable configurations are also given in the section on large mobile tower yarders. Cable configurations can be placed in two main categories:
Gravity Syatems
- All-terrain Systems
Gravity systems are the "traditional" systems of Central Europe. These systems normally require the placement of the yarder (Figure 13) at the upper end (Figure 10) of the logging area. If there is no road close by, it can take considerable time to move the yarder to the back of the logging unit. The operator must walk out to the machine each day or camp there and it can be difficult and time-consuming to get parts, equipment and personnel to the yarder for repair and maintenance work.
In the traditional use of gravity systems the load was lowered downhill and braked by the yarder since the roads were located m the valley bottoms. There was no need for the powerful yarders required for uphill yarding. Over the ysars there has been an mcreasmg need for uphill yarding. This has resulted in the development of more powerful yarders with faster line speeds.
It is necessary for the slope of the sl<;yline to be such that gravity will carry the carriage to where it is needed, as shown in Figure 10.
All-terram syatems in Central Europe are basically a modification of the gravity systems in which the operating cable is endless or is attached to either end of the sl<;yline crane and functions as a mainline and haulback lme. Because of this the system is independent of gravity and can be used for flat or ooverse terrain as well as favourable (downhill with the load) terram. The yarder can be located anywhere along the sl<;ylme. This is an advantage as the yarder can be located near the read where it is easily accessible for maintenance and repair, for fueling and for the operator. In addition, it does not require the long and sometimes dangerous operation of winching the yarder to the back end of the operating . area (Figures 11 and 12).
Figure 10 - Gre,vity Multispan SIgline System - Central Europe
40, Skyline30 Hauling and lifting He
0 Drive winchGrav.ity Carriage0 Intermediate support
Courtesy: Reinhold llinteregger
- 13 -
Hauling line blockSkyline anchoring
8Skyline tensioning deviceSkyline end block
- 13 -
Figure 10 - Gravity Multispan Skyline System - Central Europe
CD Skyline
® Hauling and lifting line
® Drive winch ® Grav"rty Carriage
® Intermediate support
Courtesy: Reinhold Hinteregger
® Hauling line block (j) Skyline anchoring
® Skyline tensioning device ® Skyline <'I ,d block
Skyline0 Circulating line0 Drive winch
All-terrain CarriageIntermediate supportCirculating line-tension towerwith tension weight
C) Circulating line-tail blockSkyline anchoringSkyline tensioning device
CD Skyline end block
Courtesy: Norwegian Forest Research Institute
14
Figure 11 AllTerrain Multispan Skyline System Central Europe
o
- 14 -
Figure 11 - All-Terrain f.!ultispan Skyline System - Central Europe
CD Skyline @ C ,'rculating line
® Drive winch
CD Ali-terrain Carriage
® Intermediate support ® Circulating line -tension tower
w"lth tension weight (J) Circulating line - tail block
@ Skyline anchoring ® Skylin~ tensioning device @ Skyline end block
Courtesy: Norwegian Forest Research Institute
Figure 12 - All-Terrain Multispan Sisyline System - Radio-controlled, Norway
Radio TransmittersRadio Receiver-Yarder Control
0 Carriage10 Internal Skidding Drum0 Skidding Line
- 15 -
Courtesy: Norwegian Forest Research Institute
Due to the endless line (continuous line) feature, in which the line is driven by aset of grooved drums or an endless pulley, drum capacity does not determine the yardingdistance. Since the grooved drums can be mounted onto an existing Central Europeangravity yarder, there is no need to acquire a special yarder for an all-terrain system(Figure 13).
In Japan, the gravity systems were first imported from Europe. However, there hasbeen increasing need for uphill yarding in complex terrain. Many cable configurations havebeen developed based upon the European ones. Two-or three-drum yarders are so designedas to be able to rig them with endless pulleys.
18
Carriage StopsSkyline
0 Endless Operating LineCD Grooved Drums on Yarder
- 15 -
Figure 12 - All-Terrain Multispan Skyline System - Radi<rcontrolled, Norway
Radio Transmitters Radio Receiver-Yarder Control
Carriage Internal Skidding Drum
Skidding Line
~ ® ®
Carriage Stops Skyr,ne
Endless Operating Line
Grooved Drums on Yarder
Courtesy: Norwegian Forest Research Inst itute
Due to the endless line (continuous line) feature, in which the line is driven by a set of grooved drums or an endless pulley, drum capacity does not determine the yarding distance. Since the grooved drums can be mounted onto an existing Central European gravity yarder, there is no need to acquire a special yarder for an all-terrain system (Figure 13).
In Japan, the gravity systems were first imported from Europe. However, there has been increasing need for uphill yarding in complex terrain. Many cable configurations have been developed based upon the European ones. Two- or three-drum yarders are so designed as to be able to rig them with endless pulleys.
- 16 -
Figure 13 - Central European Multispan Skyline System Yarders
a. Gravity yarder (single drum)
b. All-terrain yarder (gravityyarder with grooved drums)
Courtesy: Wyssen Skyline-Cranes
A Norwegian yarder is equipped with grooved drums as original equipment (Figure 14)and is not a modified gravity yarder.
There are radio-controlled systems with radio-controlled aarriages, or radio-controlled yarders. A self-release hook is also used to lower the number of crewrequired.
The general specifications for yarders are given in Table 3. Some selected examplesare given in Appendix 1.
Table 3 - Yarders - General Specifications
Maximum load capacity 900 to 12 000 kg
Maximum pulling power 10 to 150 kN(1000 to 15 000 kp)
Maximum line speed 2.0 to 10.0 m/s
Maximum drum capacity 600 to 4 200 m
Engine power 7 to 149 kW(10 to 200 hp)
Weight of yarder 500 to 7 000 kg
- 16 -
Figure 13 Central European Multispan Sl<;yline System Yarders
a. Gravity yarder (single drum)
b. All-terrain yarder ( gravity yarder with grooved drums)
Courtesy: Wyesen Skyline-Cranes
A Norwegian yarder is equipped with grooved drums as original equipment (Figure 14) and is not a modified gravity yarder.
There are radio-controlled systems with radio-controlled carriages, or radiocontrolled yarders. A self-release hook is also used to lower the number of crew required.
The general specifications for yarders are given in Table 3. are given in Appendix 1.
Table 3 - Yarders - General Specificat ions
Maximum load capacity 9JO to 12000 kg
Maximum puliing power 10 to 150 kN (1000 to 15 000 kp)
Maximum line speed 2.0 to 10.0 mls Maximum dl'Ultl capac i ty 600 to 4 200 m
Engine power 7 to 149 kW (10 to 200 hpj
Weight of yarder 500 to 7000 kg
Some selected examples
Truck mounted
Tractor mounted
- 17 -
Figure 14 - Yarder with Grooved Drums for All-TerrainApplication, Radio-controlled - Norway
Courtesy: Norwegian Forest Research Lnstitute
- 17 -
Figure 14 - Yarder with Grooved Drums for All-Terrain Application, Radio-controlled - No~y
Tract or mounted
Truck mounted
Courtesy: Norwegian Forest Research Institute
I
- 18-
Major cable systems are described below:
2.3.1 Ground Lead (Figure 15)
This system is the simplest of all cable configurations. Originally it consisted ofa power supply and an operating line. The power supply could be a gasoline or dieselengine while, in the more primitive form, an animal was used. Independent bunching winchesor machine-mounted winches can be used instead of yarders, as described in the respectivesections. This system is still popular and normally used on terrain too steep for the safeoperation of surface equipment. In the original form, power is supplied only for thehauling; therefore, since there is no haulback drum, the mainline must be hauled out bymanual means.
The major advantages are low initial cost and maintenance, simplicity and short set-upand take-down times. Main disadvantages are limited yarding distance, very low volume perturn and a great amount of soil disturbance.
Mainline(skidding/haul)
Ground Lead (original)With single operating drum
Figure 15 - Ground Lead (System)
Ground LeadWith haulback line & 2 operating drums
- 18 -
Major cable systems are described below:
2.3.1 Ground Lead (Figure 15)
This system is the simplest of all cable configurations. Originally it consisted of a power supply and an operating line. The power supply could be a gasoline or diesel engine while, in the more primitive form, an animal was used. Independent bunching winches or machine-mounted winches can be used instead of yardeoo, as described in the respective sections. This system is still popular and normally used on terrain too steep for the safe operation of surface equipment. In the original form, power is supplied only for the hauling; therefore, since there is no haulback drum, the mainline must be hauled out by manual means.
The major advantages are low initial cost and maintenance, simplicity and short set-up and take-down times. Main disadvantages are limited yarding distance I very low volume per turn and a great amount of soil disturbance.
Figure 15 - Ground Lead (System)
Mainline ( skidding/haul)
~ D i
Ground Lead (original) With single operating drum
...
,(
Mainline (skidding/haul~
\ ~--¥--::7''-----'"
\ o
Ground Lead With haulback line & 2 operating drums
- 19 -
2.3.2 High Lead (Figure 161
This system originated from the ground lead system. The difference is only an elevatGdblock which is installed on the head spar. It is normally used on a clearcut operation toyard uphill and downhill for relatively short distances. Because the haulback line runethrough a tailblock attached to a stump, the system does not provide much vertical litt onthe logs. The logs, therefore, are dragged on the ground with a vertical lift only at thefront end near the spar. While under certain soil and topograPhic conditions this sys.:;emcan cause extensive soil damage, it is popular for its simplicity and low capital investment.
An important modification to the yarder is an interlock mechanism which ties the mainand haulback drums, allowing the lines to work in unison, thus creating a tightline effect,providing additional lift. Thus an interlock will help to overcome drag and hang-ups andlessen damage to the soil.
Figure 16 - Highlead (System)
- 19 -
2 . 3.2 High Lead (Figure 16)
This system originated from the ground lead system. The difference is only an ele~tGd b lock which is installed on the head spar. It is normally used on a clearcut operat joon to yaxd uphill and odownhill for relatively short distances. Because the haulback line rune through a tailblock attached to a stump, the system does not provide much vertical lif t on the logs. ~e logs, therefore, are dragged on the ground with a vertical lift only at the front end near the spar. While under certain soil and topographic conditions this systerrl can C9,.use extensive soil damage, it is popular for its simplicity and low capital investment ..
An important modification to the yarder is an interlock meohanism which ties the maL,., and haulback drums, allowing the lines to work in unison, thus creating a tightline effect, providing additional lift. Thus an interl ock will help to overcome drag and hang'-ups and lessen damage t o the soil.
Figure 16 - Highlead (System)
Mainline ( skidding/haul)
\ ~ Tailblock
\ o
Highlead - Two operat ing droms
2.3.3 Snubbing (Flore 17)
This is a typical gravity system. While it can be used in clearcut, partial cut andthinnings, it is usually used for downhill gwinging over long distances. The yarder jsplaced at the upper end and a special gravity carriage is used. The single-operating drumyarder pulls the empty carriage up along the skyline to the logs, and when the carriage is
stopped it is locked to the skyline and the enubline is lowered down to the logs. When thelogs are lifted, the carriage lock disengages and then the carriage is lowered along to the
landing site by gravity, with the carriage and logs kept under control by snubbing.
Intermediate supports are frequently used for this system (see Figure 10). Numerousgravity carriages have been developed and are sold under various names - some are relativelysimple while others are quite complicated. A radio-controlled carriage is also used in someregions.
The major disadvantages are: relatively low daily production, long set-up and take-downtimes, esrecially the movement of the yarder to its operating position and thus the problems
with maintenance. In genral, it has a limited lateral yarding distance which must be done
manually or by use of other equipment. However, it has the advantage that only a one-drumyarder is needed and that it can be ueed for long swings when the road density is low.
Figure 17 - Snubbing (System)
L-
_>1
J.
Sleyline
- 20-
Shown with tailspar;stumps may also be used
Carriage stop
ravitycarriage
., Aalnline(snubline)
aaa,Snubbing (genaral form)Single operating drum, gravity carriage
- 20 -
2.3.3 Snubbing (Figure 11l This is a typical e,'Tavity system. While it can be used in clearcut, partial. cut and
thinnings, it is usually used for downhill mringing over long distances. The yarder is placed at the upper end and a special gravity carriage is used. The single-operating drum yarder pulls the empty carriage up a~ong thf:! sky-line to the logs, and when the carriage is stopped it is locked to the skyli"e and the enubl ine is lowered down to the logs. When the logs are lifted, the carriage l ock disengages and then the carriage is lowered along to the landing site by gravity, >lith. the carriage and logs kept under control by snubbing.
Intermediate supports are frequently used for this system (S8€" Figure 10). Numerous gravity carriages have been developed and are sold under various names - some are relatively simple while others are quite complicated8 A radio-controlled carriage is ~lso used in some regions.
The major disadvantages are: relat ively l ow daily production, l ong set-up and take-down times, especially the movement of the yarder to its operating position and thus the problems with maintenance. In gen ~ral, it haG a limited lateral yarding distance which must be done manually or by use of other equipment . However, it has the advantage that only a one-drum yardeI' is needed and that it can be ul:"'ed for long swings when the road density is low.
Figure 17 - Snubbing (System)
" J ~ ~-~~--'--_____ • __________________________ ...J
~ ~ /ShOWll w1th tailspar; ~ ~turnps may also be used
er __ ::~~ca~r~r~iage st op
--~~~~~r;a~v~ity • carriage
o Snubbing (genaral form) Single operating drum, gr~vity carriage
heeve iftime
Jiline
Tyler - Two operating drums
,a
Mainline(lifting line)
- 21 -
2.3.4 L2er System (Figure 18)
An uphill and downhill system hhilh uses a standing or tight skyline to provide ijfton the logs with the help of a lifting line. The system is often used to swing legs acrosscanyons and cut of tight situations.
The number of drums required on the yarder depends on whether the swing is uphill ordownhill. In Japan, the Tyler system has replaced the old snuobing system mainly becausethe yarder (two-drum) can be positioned at the roadside. For uphill ewinging a third drumhandles a sacotd mainline or skidding line which is used to pull the turn up the landing.This line may also be required in other situations.
The ordinary carriage is pulled along the skyline to the log pile or logs by thehaulback, the fall block with chokers is lowered to the logs by slacking off on the liftingline and once the logs are choked they are lifted by tightening the lifting line. Thecarriage with logs is either lowered or pulled to the landing, depending on he uphill/downhill nature of the settingn The hamlback may be used for lateral yarding if IJquired.
However, this system is less suitable fbr long swings in Japan because of the limited lineholding capacity of the haulback drams in use.
18- N.711E_LalEt_ET)
2nd Main t\(skiddirig\lin,e)
V_
Sky ine
ler - Three operatinf drums
Shac
Fall block
nere
WIting line)
Haulback
1-q1 ine
ve-3"
- 21 -
2.3.4 'l;yler System (Figm'e 18)
An uphill and downhill system "hi~h uses a standmg or tight skylme to provido Uft on the logs with the help of a lifting line. Th.e system is eften used t o swing logs across canyons and out of tight situations.
Th.e number of drums required on the yarder depends on whether the swing i s uphill or downhill. In Japan, the ~yler system has replaoed the old snuDbing system mamly because the yarder (two-d.rl>rn) can be positioned at the roadsi.de. For uphill swingmg a third drum handles a secolld mamlme or skidding 1m', which is used to pull the turn up the landmg. Th.is line ~ also be required m other situations.
Th.e ordinarJ carriage is pulled along the skylme to the log pile or logs by the haul back, the fall block with chokers is lowered to the logs by slacking off on the lifting lme and once the logs are choked they are lifted by tightening the lifting lme. Th.e carriage with logs is either lowered or pulled to the landmg, depending on the uphill/ downhill nature of the setting. Th.e haulback l!l!\Y be used for lateral yardmg if IV.quired . However, this system is lese suitable for long swmgs m Japan because of the limited lme holdmg capacity of the halllback d.rl>rns muse.
!':..igure 18 - !,tear (Syete"ll
Fall blC'ck
..--------'-------, Skyline
~'--Io--,
n 0'" 'l;yler - Two operating drums
Haulback lme-~
drums
M W
O H
o
a
m
Guylines have been omittéaTe..--
c-
el a
oo
Lifting(--line
Wu
allblock
ac me-'
Continuon-8 line
ler - Three operating drums
Fallblock
Continuous line
Endless Tyler - Two operating drums
e
re
-22 -
2.3.5 Endless System (Figure 11)
This is one of the all-terrain systems and is generally used for long distancetransportation. It employs a continuous line (endless line) operated from a yarder witha grooved arum (or endless pulley). The carriage is moved by the continuous line andthe skidding line is lowered or raised by an internal drum fitted inside the carriage(see Figures 39 and 40). Por lateral yarding the skidding line must be pulled outmanually.
2.3.6 Endless Tyler (Figure 19)
This system is based on the Tyler system. In Japan it is the most common systemused in clearcut operations and many versions have been devised. The system employs acontinuous line instead of the 2nd mainline and the haulback line as in the Tyler. Theso-called continuous line is not endless, but is interconnected through tha fallblock andcarriage. In general, the continuous line moves the carriage along the skyline and thefallblock moves laterally to the logs. The fallblock is controlled by tensioning andslackening of the lifting line.
This system has advantages and disadvantages similar to those of the Tyler. However,it haz a big advantage in that it is suitable for all types of terrain. This system needsgreat engineering and planning skills and a lot of set-up and take-down time is required,
Figure 19 - Endless Tyler (System),
Skyline
Endless
- 22 -
2.3.5 Endless System (Figure 11)
This is one of the all-terrain systems and is generally used for long distance transportation. It employs a ccntinuous line (endless line) operated from a yarder with a grooved dl~m (or endless pulley). The carriage is moved by the continuous line and the skidding line is lowered or raised by an internal ~ fitted inside the carriage (see Figures 39 and 40), For lateral yarding the skidding line must be pulled out manually.
2.3.6 Endless TYler (Figure 19) This system is based on the T,yler system. In Japan it is the most common system
used in clearcut operations and many versions have been devised. The system employs a continuous line instead of the 2nd mainline and the haulback line as in the Tyler. The so-called continuous line is not endless, but is interconnected through the. fallblock and carriage. In general, the continuous line moves the carriage along the sk;yline and the fallblock moves laterally to the logs. The fallblock is controlled by tenSioning and slackening of the lifting line.
This system has advantages and disadvantages similar to those of it has a big advantage in that it is suitable for all types of terrain. great engineering and planning skills and a lot of set-up and take-down
the Tyler. However, This system needs
time is required ~
Figure 19 - Endle ss TYler (System)
Guylines have been om~~~::~~~--~------~==~;:;;~~ Sk;yline
o \
Lifting ~line
Fallblock
Gant inuous 1 ine
Endless Tyler - Two operating ~s
Sk;yline
allblock
<!rau~~aicnu~>n;-el~~::~~1 COnt · lllUous line
Endless Tyler - Three operating ~s
•
Guylines have been omitted
Skyline,......_--...A
----L
/ezr------------t--------41
Haulback ,1
............__
1 line---I
I
MainlineV
LNosIll_E214.- Two o eratin drums
23 -
2.3.7 North Bend (LI,Cure 221This is one of the most commonly used standing skyline systems. It is useful (or
logging uphill, level or moderate downhill slopes. The yardirg distance can be up to 500 mwhen deflection is suitable,
The carriage and the fallblock are controlled by the main and haulback lines. At
least one end of the logs is dragged along the ground but when obstacles are encountered thefallblock can be raised by braking the haulback drum, (tightening), thereby lifting the turnupward until the obstacle is cleared. It is more advantageous than Highlead, since it canavoid hang-ups more easily and thus reach further; however it requires a tailspar. Its
advantages over other skyline systems are that the same two-drum yarder can be used forHighlead, and that it has the simplest rigging of any standing skyline system.
Them is a modified North Bend system called. "South Bend" or "Falling Block" system.It differs from the conventional North Bend in that the mainline doubles back between thecarriage and the fallblock. This gives a greater lift on the turn of logs than in theconventional North Bend system and thus better control. It is used for yarding uphill ordownhill on steep slopes where the regular North Bend system would not provide sufficientlift to free the tarn from obstacles, and since ground friction can be lowered and obstaclesavoided, better production can be obtained.
Figure 20 - North Bend (Systm)
Haulbackline
EL South Bend (Falling Block)Two operating drums
- 23 -
2.3.7 North Bend (Figure 20)
'Inis i s aIle of the most c ommonly us ed s t anding skylL.'"1e systems. l ogg ing uphill, l evel or moderate downhill s l opes. The yarding distance when deflection is suitable .
It is useful for can be up t o 500 m
The carriage and t he fa llblock a re contr olled by the main and haulback lines. At l east one end of the l ogs i s dragged along t he ground but when obstacles are encountered the fallb l ock can be ra ised by braking the haulback drum, (tightening), thereby lifting the turn upward until t he obstac le is cleared. It i s more advantageous than Highlead, since it can avoid hang-ups more easily and thus reach further; however it requires a tailspar. Its advantages over other skyline systems are that the same two-drum yarde r can be used for Highlead, and that it has the simplest rigging of any standing skyline system.
There is a modified North Bend system called "South Bendll or "Falling Bl ock" system. It differs from the conventional North Bend in that the mainline doubles back between the carriage and the fallblock. This gives a greater lift on the turn of l ogs than in the conventional North Bend system and thus better control. It i s used f or yarding uphill or do.mhill on steep slopes where the regular North Bend system would not provide suffiCient lift to free the turn from obstacles, and since ground friction can be l owered and obstacles avoided , better product i on can be obtained.
Figure 20 - North Bend ·(System)
Guylines have been omitted
Skyline '-~--~----~J-----------'
r----..aJ.i-' Fallb l ock
I
Haulback4 I l ine
Two 0 eratin drums
Skyl ine..,.
o
,..Fallblock
I Haulback_ j line
-24 -
2.3.8 Slackline System (Ff.gure 21)
This system is generally considered to be the best skyline system for yarding and iswidely used for this purpose where the slope is downhill. It is also useful for swingingfrom piles and fur moving logs across canyons and major obstacles.
Thi.s system, also sometimes referred to as a live skyline system, differs essentiallyfrom other skyline systems in that one end of the skyline is wound on a large drum on theyarder and is lowered to hook up logs, and then raised by winding on the skyline drum tolift the logs above the obstacles. The far end of the skyline is anchored to a stump(s)as in othel. skyline systems.
An additional drum is therefore required on the yarder to hold the skyline, and a largeand expensive braking system.is needed for the skyline arum. Advantages of the Slacklineare: greater control of the log since it can be instantly elevated or lowered to accommodateground conditions by tightening or slackening the skyline; the logs can be raised clear ofthe ground to minimize 5urface damage; and a skyline "road" can be changed mo-.* quickly thanin the stending skyline systems since the skyline is reeled in with tne skyline drum.
Figure 21 -
G4ylines have been omitted
Sky-line
(japanese version)
Slackii5-Tgravity) 2 operating drumst
Skyline
1Haulbaok
line
Mainline
cy
a 00Slack line -Threotimntpru
-24 -
2.3. 8 Slackline System (F:gure 21)
This system is generally considered t o be the best skyline system for yarding and is widely used for this purpose where the slope is downhill. It is also useful for swingin~ from piles and fur moving logs a.cr oss canyons and major obstacles.
'ntis system, also somet imes referred to as a live skyline system, differs essentially from other skyline ,ystems in that one end of the skyline is wound on B large drQ~ on the yarder and is lowered to hook up logs, and then raised by winding on the skyline drum to l ift the logs above the obstacles . The far end of the skyline is anchored to a stump(s) as in other skyline systems.
An additional drum is therefore require~. on the yarder to hold the skyl ina, and a large and expensive braking system .is needed for the skyline drum. Advantages of the Slackline are: greater control of the log since it can be instantly elevated or lowered to accommodate ground conditions by tightening or slackening the skyline; the lcgs can be raised clear of the ground to minimize surface damage; and a akyli',e "road" can be changed mo· .... quickly than in the stmdirig skyline sy .. tems since the skyline is reeled in with tne s!cyline drum.
Figure 21 - Slaokl ine (System)
~lines have been omitted
Skyline
!? I Heel blocks Haulbac~
Skyline control line _-line
I' no6tJapanase version)
Sl~gravity) 2 operating drums Slack 1 ine - '!bree 0 d.t"UtnB
The left-hand inset drawiag in Figure 21 shows the Japanese method of controllingthe skyline using a two-drum machine for gravity swinging.
Yarding distances are dependent upon deflection. Where ground conditions warrant,distancea of up to 500 m are possible.
2.3.9 Rucinir_i_c Skyline (Figure 221
This system can be used in a variety of ways and can be used in clearcut as well aspartial cuts or thinnings. The system differs from highlead in that the haulback line isused as a running skyline, thus its position is revers,ld on the spars). Figure 22 showsa tailspar, but if deflection is suitable stumps may be used as the back end.
The normal method employs a two-aram yarder; hoWever acIl.ded lift is provided bybraking tha haulback as the mainline is brought in. Drum interlocks facilitate correcttensioning.
Figure 22 - R=ning Skyline (System)
Butt rigging
*--,-Malnline
Haulback line
Rider block
Running Skyline (original
Two operating drums
- 25 -
Continous line
Mainline
Running Skyline (with
continuous line)- Two operating drums
- 25-
n,e left-hand inset drawing. in Figure 21 shows the Japanese method of controlling the sk;yline using a two-drum machine foI' g'L'avity swinging.
Yarding distances are dependent upon deflection. distances of up to 500 rn are possible.
Where ground conditione warrant,
2.3.9 RUl'ning Sk;yl ine (Figure 22)
This system can be used in a variety of ways and can be used in elearout as l'isll as partial cuts or thinnings. The system differs from highlead in that the haulback line is ueed as a running sk;yline, thus its position is revers'ld on the sparts). Figure 22 shows a tailspar, but if deflection is suitable stumps may be used as the back and.
The normal method employs a two-drum yarder; braking the haulback as the mainline is brought in. tensioning.
however ad.ded lift is provided by Drum L~terlocks facilitate correct
Figure 22 - il"mning Skyline ( Syatem)
Haul back 1 ine
"" ~ Rider block
Butt rigging
D= Running Sk;yline (original Two operating drums
,~~~~-;
\ (Mainline .
n b Running Sk;yline (with co;;';inUOU; line) - Two operating drums
- 26 -
Another version uses a three-drum interlock yarder and grapples are often used insteadof chokers.
An important advantage is the short set-up/take-down time as in highlead if no tail-spar is used. The narrow strip which can be logged is advantaaeous for thinning.
As in any skyline system attention must be paid to the stresses placed on the anchorstumps at the back end to ensure against failure.
2.3.10 Continuous Mainline (Figure 23).
This system is unique among cable configurations and is based on the ground lead
system. It is designed for thinning at yarding distances of up to 400 metres and employsa special openfaced block. The logs are attached by chain or hemp rope to the mainline,A control line is used to tension the mainline. Single or double drum winches are used,as shown in the units of Figure 23.
Figure 23 - Continuous Mainline - Monocable (System)
rOpen-facedblock Mainline
,EL___7 Continuous Main ineSin le..o.atatirx drum
- 26 -
Another version uses a three-drum interlock yarder and grapples are often used instead of chokers.
An important advantage is the short eet-up/take-down time as in highlead if no tailspar is used . The narrow strip which can be logged is adv?ntageous for thinning~
As in any skyline system attention must be paid to the stresses placed on the anchor stumps at the back end to ensure against failure.
2.3.10 Continuous Mainline (Figure 23)
This system is unique among cable configurations and is based on the ground lead system. It is designed for thinning at yarding distances of up to 400 metres and employs a speCial open-faced block • . The logs are attached by chain or hemp rope to the mainline. A control line is used t o tension the mainline. Single or double drum winches are used, as shown in the units of Figure 23.
Figure 23 - Continuous Mainline - Monocable (System)
Open-faced
bloc ~~ ____ ------~~
Continuous Main me Sin le 0 rat· drum
2.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System
The yarding trailer for a continuous mainline system is a relatively new Austriandevelopment. The commercial manufacture of this trailer was begun in 1975. The systemis unique in that it provides a "continuous flow" of trees or logs to the yarder (Figure 24)and is basically groundlead, being designed for thinning at yarding distances of up to 400metres with a 10 meter spacing between the yarding strips.
Chain is used for the mainline although the original versianJused cable. The chokersare suspended from the chain and are moveable along each 20 meter section of the chain.Trees are yarded top first. When a turn of trees reaches the yarder the operator stops thechain, releases the turn and attaches it to an auxiliary line which is then used to yard theturn out of the way into a pile. The turn on the auxiliary line is released by remotecontrol. While the chain is stopped, the chokerman attaches a turn of trees to the nextchoker. The chokerman and the yarder operator coordinate their activities through the useof a radio system. Trees are limbed and bucked at the road.
-27 -
There are many other cable configurations which have been or are currently in use.However, the basic problem is to determine which system to use in order to collect andtransport logs efficiently under each set of conditions, having due regard to environmentaland silvicultural factors.
Cable configurations are classified according to several factors, such as: gravity orall-terrain, skyline or non-skyline, standing skyline (tight skyline) or live skyline, usingcontinuous lines or not, etc.
A classification of the major cable configurations is given in Table 4.
Table 4 - Classification of Cable Configurations
Usually or always employs continuous line
Some versions employ continuous line
'.........---------------------------s---"--,.
SkylineNon- skyline
Standing Live
Gravity(downhill)
Snubbing
Tyler
(Slack line)
Uphill Tyler(3 drums)
All-terrain
Slack line Ground lead
High lead
Running skyline
1Didless 1
ess
Tyler 1
North bend 'Continuous mainline I
- 27 -
There are many other cable configurations which have been or are currently in use. However, the basic problem is to determine which system to use in order to collect and transport logs efficiently under each set of conditions, having due regard to environmental and silvicultural factors.
Cable configurations are classified according to several factors, such as: gravity or all-terrain, skyline or non-skyline, standing skyline (tight skyline) or live skyline, using continuous lines or not, etc.
A classification of the major cable configurations is given in Table 4.
Table 4 - Classification of Cable Configurations
~ Skyline
Non-skyline Standing Live
Gravity Snubbing (Slack line) (downhill) Tyler
Uphill Tyler (3 drums)
I Endless I Slack line Ground lead
All-terrain I ;t;~!;BS I High lead
Runn~ skyline
North bend I Continuous mainline I
Usually or always employs continuous line
Some vereions employ continuous line
2.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System
lJhe yarding trailer for a continuous mainline system is a relatively new Austrian development. The commercial manufacture of this trailer was begun in 1975. The system is unique in that it provides a "cont inuous flow" of trees or logs to the yarder (Figure 24) and is basically groundlead, being designed for thinning at yarding distances of up to 400 metres with a 10 meter spacing between the yarding strips.
Chain is used for the mainline although the original version -used cable. The chokers are suspended from the chain and are moveable along each 20 meter section of the chain. Trees are yarded top first. When a turn of trees reaches the yarder the operator stops the chain, releases the turn and attaches it to an auxiliary line which is then used to yard the turn out of the way into a pile. The turn on the auxiliary line is released by remote control. While the chain is stopped, the chokerman attaches a turn of trees to the next choker. The chokerman and the yarder operator coordinate their activities through the UBe of a radio system. Trees are limbed and bucked at the road.
Figure 24 - Continuous Mainline System with a Yarding Trailer
Wm'
.,
\ ik
)1 \.1,I4 i T 'I I
\ A A 11/4,
,\\''t * ?\, .II; ]\.c A h \ )l /\ Ì \
; \ 4 k 4 i\
f , \ 1 o
,k f\ .4. \ A. 'I' ,' V\'4` A ). \ \tV1(
À, k \.1, A 1 " .11\'`YIN! , A 7
\ t1 \1 k
. 't.,), ,ikf
! i
A \\,:k 4I
AtSi\ ''k"OCA
k
4' \ \ .
r( Ifi"011
V.il.1 !... .1
;A -\- 1
O' A
' \ i;k ii\ 1 : . y: - ' \d'k;:'¡.#1 )11
'k 1 1/).kAk t k 4
5 ,
\ ',Y.i: ),'.,1 \ /,',,;
A( A \ l k ,.\ ;O. f-', A \ A','W.6
\ )(k,\ \ ., 1 )' . \
i. \ 1 i \ q .'k 111 ok., \ '['
,i
T
.k S ''` , \ ,,..''A` ' \k \ /44 1
\'r" ./l ;'(k ,<C1. k l k " \ v s'AA, 4 !
' I ..- ,
A \. Felling in progresk
Y&rding in progres_Activities coMpleted ¡\ 4:
.1 3-e
Courtesy Steyr Forsttechnik
1;3q
-28 -
Figure 24 - Continu~us Mainline System with a Yarding Trailer
I ,~ , IOm \ lOm \ 10m '
\.. .. \
·i. I ,1 ., ;
1. Fe 11 ing in p~ogre s . 1-2. Yl!.rding in progres __ 3. Activities completed t, . ,1:
Courtesy Steyr Forsttechnik
,
- 29 -
The crew consists of a minimum of two men: a machine operator and a chokerman. Anadditional chokerman is sometimes needed for setting chokers and/or for working with theauxiliary line decking operation. In the felling operation, the trees must be directedinto or close to the yarding strip, the tope Should point in the direction that the treeswill be yarded (to lead) so that the yarding operation is as efficient as possible.
The general specifications for a yarding trailer are given in Table 5 and inAppendix 1.
Table 5 - Specifications for a Yarding Trailer for ContinuousMainline System (based upon Timber-veyor)
Maximum pulling power
Maximum line speed
Maximum yarding distance
"Tower" height
Engine power
Weight of complete unit
2.5 Mobile Tower Yarders
60 kN(6 000 kp)
1.4 m/s
400 m
4m
88 kW(120 hp)
14 000 kg
Mobile tower yarders were developed about 20 years ago as an improvement on thewooden spar and yarder system in use on the west coast of North America at that time.Since their introduction, the mobile tower yarders have received wide acceptance due totheir increased mobility and faster set-up and take-down time as compared to the old spartree system.
More recently, European mobile tower yarders have been developed for cable cranescommonly used in Europe. Some European systems incorporate North American methods as well.Since the European systems are basically designed for smaller wood and lighter loads thanNorth Ameriaan systems, some of the European systems are being tried in North America forthinning in steep terrain. Smaller North American units have also been developed.
The systems described in this section have been classified as follows:
Small Mobile Tower Yarders - Maximum mainline pulling powerup to 100 1d (10 200 kp)
Medium Mobile Tower Yarders - Maximum mainline pulling powerover 100 kN .(10 200 kp) and up to 300 (30 600 kp)
Large Mobile Tower Yarders - Maximum mainline pulling powerover 300 kN (30 600 kp)
All these systems consist of three main components:
the tower
the yarder
the carrier
Although these three main components are common to all mobile tower yarders, there arealso certain differences between these three classifications as regards design and applicatianof this equipment. Therefore the main features for each classification have been describedseparately.
- 29 -
The crew consists of a mm:lJnum of two men: a machine operator and a chokerman. An additional chokerman is sometimes needed for setting chokers ~~d/or for working with the auxiliary line decking operation. In the felling operation, the trees must be directed into or close to the yarding strip, the tops should point in the direction that the trees will be yarded (to lead) so that the yarding operation is as efficient as possible.
'ilie general specifications for a yarding trailer are given in Table 5 and in Appendix 1. '
Table 5 - Specifications for a Yarding Trailer for Continuous Mainline System (based upon Timber-veyor)
Maximum pulling power
Maximum line speed
Maximum yarding distance
IITower" height
Eng ine power
Weight of complete unit
2.5 Mobile Tower Yarders
60 kN (6000 kp)
1.4 mls 400 m
4 m
88 kW (120 hpj
14000 kg
Mobile tower yarders were developed about 20 years ago as an improvement on the wooden spar and yarder system in use on the west coast of North America at that time. Since their introduction, the mobile tower yarders have received wide acceptance due to their increased mobility and faster set-up and take-down time as compared to the old spar tree system.
More recently, European mobile tower yarders have been developed for cable cranes commonly used in Europe. Some European systems incorporate North American methods as well. Since the European systems are basically designed for smaller wood and lighter loads than North American systems, some of the European systems are being tried in North America for thinning in steep terrain. Smaller North American units have also been developed.
'ilie systems described in this section have been classified as follows:
Small Mobile Tower Yarders - Maximum mainline pulling power up to 100 kN (10 200 kp)
Medium Mobile Tower Yarders - Maximum mainline pulling power over 100 kN "( 10 200 kp) and up to ))0 kN (~ 600 kp)
- Large Mobile Tower Yarders - Maximum mainline pulling power over ~O kN (~ 600 kp)
All these systems consist of three main oomponents:
- the tower
the yarder
the carrier
Although these three main components are COI!lllOIl to all mobile tower yarders, there are also certain differences between these three classifications as regards design and applioation of this equipment. 'ilierefore the main features for each classification have been desoribed separately.
-30-
2.5.1 Small Mobile Tower Yarders (Figures 25 and 26)
General features
General features of the small mobile tower yarders are as follows:
The tower and yarder usually come as a unit.
The tower is laid down over the carrier for easy transport and is sometimeshinged to shorten its length.
The tower is normally stabilized with two or three guylines.
The yarder usually has three operating drums plus a strawline drum. Thestrawline is normally only used for laying out and changing the operatinglines.
When the carrier is a trailer, the power for the yarder may be includedwith the trailer unit or it may be provided by the machine which towsthe unit.
When the carrier is a truck, the power for the yarder is usually providedby the truck (power take-off).
The general specifications for small mobile tower yarders are gven in Table 6 on
Page 41. Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
Usage
The small mobile tower yarders are designed for single or multispan skyline usagewith a carriage (skyline crane), for lateral yarding. These systems are commonly usedin thinnings and partial cuts. Present emphasis is on yarding distances of 300 to 600metres and a minimum of intermediate supports.
The crew consists of two or more men depending upon the equipment and the operatingconditions. The first two men required on the crew are a machine operator and achokerman. The third man is usually a landing man, and the fourth is usually anadditional chokerman.
The felling operations are the sane as those described under Yarders (see Page 9).
Small mobile tower yarders are designed for temporary use at one or more landingsin or at the edge of an operating area. The landing is normally at a truck road.However, some types of these yarders can be used off the road to log isolated patchesof forest on steep terrain, which lie within areas which are to be logged with groundequipment. In such situations the wood is yarded and bunched for subsequent transportto the roadside by ground equipment. In this way road construction can be reduced.
- 30 -
2.5.1 Small Mobile Tower Yarders (Figures 25 and 26)
General features
General features of the small mobile tower yarders are as foll ows:
- The tower and yarder usually Come as a unit.
The tower is laid down over the carrier for easy transport and is sometimes hinged to shorten its length.
- The tower is normally stabilized with two or three guylines.
- The yarder usually has three ope rat ing drums plus a strawl ine drum. The strawline is normally only used for laying out and changing the operating lines.
When the carrier is a trailer, the power for the yarder may be included with the trailer un i t or it may be provided by the machine which tows the unit.
- When the carrier is a truck, the power for the yarder is usually provided by the truck (power take-off).
The general specifications for small mobile tower yarders are g' ven in Table 6 on Page 41. Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
The small mobile tower yarders are designed for single or multispan skyline usage with a carriage (skyline crane), for lateral yarding. These systems are commonly used in thinnings and partial cuts. Present emphasis is on yarding · distances of 300 to 600 metres and a miniTmlm of intermediate supports.
The crew consists of two or more men depending upon the equipment and the operating conditions. The first two men required on the crew are a machine operator and a chokerman. The third man is usually a landing man, and the fourth is usually an additional chokerman.
The felling operations are the same as those described under Yarders (see Page 9).
Small mobile tower yarders are designed for temporary use at one or more landings in or at the edge of an operating area. The landing is normally at a truck road. However, some types of these yarders can be used off the r oad to l og isolated patch~s of forest on steep terrain, which lie within areas which are t o be logged with ground equipment. In such situations the wood is yarded and bunched for subsequent transport t o the roadside by ground equipment. In this way road c onstruction can be reduced.
Working Position
_ 31 _
Figure 25 - Small Mobile Tower Yarder - Trailer Mounted
Travel Position
Courtesy James Jones & Sons Limited
- 31 -
Figure 25 - Small l~obile To>ler Yarder - Trailer l~ounted
--. --------~.
Working Posijion
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Travel Position
Courtesy James Jone s & Sons Limited
Figure 26 - Small Mobile Tower Yarders - Truck Mounted
Travel Position
Courtesy Reinhold Hinteregger
-32 -- 32 -
Figure 26 - Small Mobile Tower Yarders - Truck Mounted
Travel Position Working Position
hinge
Top vl'ew
Travel Position Warking Poa!tion
Side view I
Top vi_
Courtesy Reinhold Hinteregger
Figure 27 - Medium Mobile Tower Yarders
Courtesy Steyr Forstteohnik
Tank Mounted
Side view
Courtesy S. Madill Limited
- 33 -
Froni view
- 33 -
Figure 27 - Medium Mobile Tower Yarders
Truck Mounted
Side vi .....
Courtesy Steyr Forstteohnik
Tonk Mounted
Side view
• •
Courtesy S. Madill Limited
Sk,dder Mounted
Side view
Front view
34
2.5.2 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders (Figure 27)
General features
General features of the medium mobile tower 'yarder are as follows:
The tower and yarder usually come as a unit.
The tower can be laid down over the carrier for easy transport.
The tower is normally stabilized with three to six guylines dependingupon the tower height, tower design and the forces exerted upon thetower.
The yarder usually has two to four operating drums plus a strawlinearum. The strawline is normally only used for laying out and changingthe operating lines.
The self-propelled carrier can be a skidder, truck, or the bases ofcrawler or tank units.
- The carrier and yarder usually are powered by the same engine.
The general specifications for medium mobile tower yarders are given in Table 7on Page 42. Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
Usage
The medium mobile tower yarders are basically designed for highlead and skylineusage which is common on the west coast of North America. This is described below, under"Large Mobile Tower Yarders". Some of these yarders are also designed for the usagedescribed above under small mobile tower yarders.
2.5.3 Large Mobile Tower Yarders (Figure 28)
General features
General features of the large mobile tower yarders are as follows:
The steel tower can be telescoping or non-telescoping.
The tower is normally stabilized with three to eight guylines althougt sometowers can use up to twelve guylines. The number of guylines used isdependent upon the tower height, tower design and the forces exerted uponthe tower.
The carrier (Figure 29) is available as a trailer unit or as a self-propelledrubber-tyred or tracked unit.
The yarder (Figure 301) is available with two to four operating drums plus astrawline drum. The strawline is normally only used for layout out andchanging the operating lines.
The carrier and yarder are powered by the same engine, except when the carrieris a trailer.
The general specifications for large mobile tower yarders are given in Table 8 on
Page 42. Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
- 34 -
2.5.2 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders (Figure 27)
General features
General features of the medium mobile tower yarder are as follows:
- The tower and yarder usually Come as a unit.
- The tower can be laid down over the carrier for easy transport.
The tower is normally stabilized with three to six guylines depending upon the tower height, tower design and the forces exerted upon the tower.
The yarder usually has two to four operating drums plus a strawline drum. The strawline is normally only used for laying out and changing the operating lines.
- The self-propelled carrier can be a skidder, truck, or the bases of crawler or tank unite.
The carrier and yarder usually are powered by the same engine.
The general specifications for medium mobile tower yarders are given in Table· 7 on Page 42. Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
The medium mobile tower yarders are basically designed for highlead and skyline usage which is common on the ~est coast of North America. This ie described below, undar "Large Mobile Tower Yarders!'. Some of these yarders are also designed for the usage described above under small mobile tower yarders.
2.5.3 Large Mobile Tower Yarders (Figure 28)
General features
General featu.res of the large mobile. tower yarders are as follows:
- The steel tower can be telescoping or non-telescoping.
- The tower is normally stabilized with three to eight guylines although some towers can use up to twelve guylines. The number of guylines used is dependent upon the tower height, tower design and the forces exerted upon the tower.
The carrier (Figure 29) is available as a trailer unit or as a self-propelled rubbel'-tyred or tracked unit.
- The yarder (Figure ~) is available with two to faur operating drums plus a strawline drum. The strawline is normally only used for l~out out and changing the operating lines.
The carrier and yarder are powered by the same engine, exoept when the carrier is a trailer.
The general specifications for large mobile tower yarders are given in Table 8 on Page 42. Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
Rear
Side view
Travel position
-35 -
Figure 28 - Large Mobile Tower Yarder - Telescoping Steel Tower andYarder on Self-Propelled Rubber-Tyred Carrier
Working position
Courtesy Washington Iron Works
Front
- 35 -
F1gure 28 - Large Mobile Tower Yarder - Telescoping Steel Tower and Yarder on Self-Propelled Rubber-TY!ed Carrier
Working position _
Rear Front
Side view
Courtesy Washington Iron Works
Rubber-Tired, Self-Propelled
Trailer
Irwir CnIT:511IL /AL I
Tracked, Self-Propelled
Courtesy Skagit Corporat ion
Figure 29 - Carriers for Large Mobile Tower Yarders
01.040010 -r
1111111114-111.111
HIGHLEAD YARDER -2 OPERATING DRUMS
Side view
Top view
Haulback Straw- MainDrum line Drum
Drum
SLACKLINE OR SLACKPULLING YARDER -3 OPERATING DRUMS
Top view
HaulbackDrum
Straw-Skyline Skiddingline or Main or Slack-Drum Drum pulling
Drum
Crawler Tank
Figure 30 - Yarders for Large Mobile Tower Yarders
Figur e 29 - Carriers f or Large Mobi l e Tower Yarders
Rubber-Tired. Self- Propelled
~ Trailer
( oX o) A
Tracked. Self-Propelled
Crawler Tank
Figure 3D - Yarders f or Large Mobile Tower Yarders
HIGHLEAD YARDER-2 DPERATING DRUMS
Side view
Top view
Haulback Straw- Main Drum rlne Drum
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
SLACKLINE DR SLACKPULLING YARDER -3 OPERATING DRUMS
Side view
Haulback Straw-Skyline Skidding Drum line or Main or Slack-
Drum
\
Drum pulling
Top view
2.5.4 Highlead (Figure 32)
This system, the most common on the west coast of North America, requires only a two-drum yarder to handle the mainline and haulback lines. This is basically an uphill yardingsystem for use in clearcuts (haul line) but is also used for downhill yarding. The loggingpattern shown in Figure 31 is typical for highlead logging. No carriage is used. Themainline and haulback line are connected with a set of swivels and chain, called butt rigging(Figure 43 on Page 53), which is designed to accommodate two or three chokers. Maximumyarding distance is normally about 300 meters. The logs being yarded usually drag on theground.
The crew consists of four or more men: one machine, operator, one landing man (chaser),one man who oversees the yarding activities, and one or more chokermen.
-37-
and the loading machine in order to keep the operations as synchronized as possible. In
such cases, the productivity of the loader is limited to the productivity of the yarder.
There are so many different cable configurations used with the large mobile toweryarders that it is impractical to try to describe them all. However, since the highlead,live skyline (slackline versions) and standing skyline (north bend version) configurationsgive a good cross section of the various alternatives, these configurations will bedescribed below, and these have also been described in the section an Yarders.
Figure 31 - Logging Pattern for Most Large (and Medium) Mobile Tower Yarders
-. 1=11=cesp :
- 31 -
and the loading machine in order to keep the operations as synchronized as possible. In such cases, the productivity of the loader is limited to the productivity of the yarder.
There are so many different cable configurations used with the large mobile tower yarders that it is impractical to try to describe them all. However, since the highlead, live skyline (slackline versions) and standing skyline (north bend version) configurations give a good crOSB section of the various alternatives, these configurations will be described below, and these have also been described in the section on Yarders.
Figure 31 - Logging Pattern for Most Large (and Medium) ~Iobile Tower Yarders
Roo
/~~ I --
Landing
\-~I/
/~ ~\I I I I \ \ ~p \ 4.6
' ..... -------
2.5.4 Highlead (Figure 32)
-- .-' -.......... // ....... _--
\ \ \
Lancflng Road
This system, the most Common on the west coast of North America, requires only a twodrum yarder to handle the mainline and haul back lines. This is basically an uphill yarding system for use in clearcuts (haul line) but is also used for downhill yarding. The logging pattern shown in Figure 31 is typical for highlead logging. No carriage is used. The mainline and haul back line are connected with a set of swivels and chain, called butt rigging (Figure 43 on Page 53), which is designed to accommodate two or three chokers. Maximum yarding distance is normally about 300 meters. The logs being yarded usually drag on the ground.
The crew consists of four or more men: one machine. operator, one landing man (chaser), ane man who oversees the yarding activities, and one or more chokermen.
Usage
The large mobile tower yarders being manufactured today are basically designed forclearcut logging of the large timber in the steep terrain found on the west coast of NorthAmerica. Since these systems are designed to handle large, heavy wood, they have foundacceptance in other parts of the world where such wood is found in terrain which requiresthe use of cable systems. Yarding distancesof 2400 to 400 metres are most common, althoughthis can vary greatly depending upon the equipment, terrain and other conditions, and thecable configuration used. A description of the major cable configurations for large mobiletower yarders is given later on in this section.
The crew normally consists of three to seven men depending upon the cable configurationand/or carriage used. More details are given in the descriptions of the differentconfigurations.
In the felling operations in large timber it is important to fell the trees in amanner that will minimize breakage and the resultant value loss. In partial cuts andthinnings it is also necessary to direct the trees so that the lateral yarding to theskyline strip is as efficient as possible. In clearcuts the most common felling patternis to direct the trees parallel with the contour as long as the terrain allows it. Whensharp ridges occur across the slope, it is normally necessary to change the fellingdirection to avoid excessive breakage. The trees should be felled parallel with each otherto minimize breakage. In felling operations in small timber, breakage is normally lesssince the small stems are more resilient. In addition, the value loss when breakage occursis normally less in a small stem. Exceptions can be special products such as poles andpilings.
When using chokers, the felling direction, in relation to the yarding direction, isnot as critical to productivity as when using a grapple2/. However, it is advantageous(although not always possible) for the felling direction to be parallel with the yardingdirection, especially when little or no lift can be applied to the leading ends of the logssince hang-ups will be reduced.
When using grapples with mobile towers it is most desirable that the trees are felledat right angles to the direction of yarding because this allows a greater number of logs anda greater portion of each log to be exposed to each yarding strip. This permits the yardingstrips to be farther apart and thereby reduces the nuMber of yarding strips required peroperating area.
An important difference between using chokers and grapples is the effective width ofthe yarding strips. The chokermen can pull the chokers out to either side of the yardingstrip to get logs. This increases the effective width of each yarding strip. A grapplecan only pick up logs which lie under the grapple.
The effective width of a grapple yarding strip is relatively limited. However, thewidth of a yarding strip can be increased by side blocking. The yarding strips usuallyradiate out from the landings as shown in Figure 31.
Large mobile tower yarders are designed for temporary location at one or more landingsin or at the edge of an operating area. Since the yarding machines are somewhat fixed inposition and have no swing capabilities, the incoming logs are all placed in the samelocation on the landing. When the landing is on a truck road, a loader is normally keptat the landing to keep it open for incoming logs and to load logs on to trucks. In planningthe operations it is important to consider the difference in productivity between the yarderand the loading machine in order to keep the operations as synohonized as possible. In suchcases, the productivity of the loader is limit ed to the productivity of the yarder.
38
2/ A grapple/carriage combination is shown in Figure 47b,
- 38-
The large mobile tower yarders being manufactured today are basically designed for clearcut l ogging of the large timber in the steep terrain found on the west coast of North America. Since these systems are designed to handle large, heavy wood, they have f ound acceptance in othe r parts of the world where such wood is found in terrain which requires the use of cable systems. Yarding distances of 200 to 400 metres are most common, although this can vary greatly depending upon the equipment, terrain and other conditions, and the cable configuration used. A descri ption of the major cable configurations for large mobile tower yarders is given later on in this section.
The crew norrrally consists of three to seven men depending upon the cable configuration and/or carriage used. More details are given in the descriptions of the different c onf igura t ions.
In the felling operations in large timber it is important to fell the trees in a manner that will minimize brea.ka€e and the resultant value loss. In partial cuts and thinnings it is also necessary to direct the trees so that the lateral yarding to the skyline strip is as efficient as possible. In clearcuts the most common felling pattern is to direct the trees parallel with the contour as long as the terrain allows it. When sharp ridges occur across the slope, it is normally necessary to change the felling direction to avoid excessive breakage. The trees should be felled parallel with each other to minimize brea.ka€e. In felling operations in small timber, brea.ka€e is normally less since the small stems are more resilient. In addition, the value loss when breakage occurs is normally less in a small stem. Exceptions can be speCial products such as poles and pilings.
When using chokers, the felling direction, in re!~tion to the yarding direction, is not as critical to productivity as when using a grapple1i. However, it is advantageous (although not always possible) for the felling direction to be parallel with the yarding direction, especially when little or no lift can be applied to the leading ends of the logs since han~upe will be reduced.
When using grapples with mobile towers it is most desirable that the trees are felled at right angles to the direction of yarding because this allows a greater number of logs and a greater portion of each l og to be exposed to each yarding strip. This permits the yarding strips to be farther apart and thereby reduces the number of yarding strips required per ope rat ing area.
An important difference between using chokers and grapples is the effective width of the yarding strips. The chokermen can pull the chokers out to either side of the yarding strip to get logs. This increases the effective width of each yarding strip. A grapple can only pick up logs which l ie under the grapple.
The effective width of a grapple yarding strip is relatively limited. However, the width of a yarding strip can be increased by side blocking. The yarding strips usually radiate out from the landings as shown in Figure 31.
Large mobile tower yarders are designed for temporary location at one or more landings in or at the edge of an operating su-ea. Since the yarding machines are somewhat fixed in position and have no swing capabilities, the incoming logs are all placed in the same l ocation on the landing. When the landing is on a truck road, a loader is normally kept at the landing to keep it open for incoming l ogs and to load logs on to trucks. In planning the operations it is important to consider the difference in productivity between the yarder and the loading machilUl in order to keep the operatiollJ!l as synohollized .... possible. In such 0 ....... , the produotivity of the loader is limit ed to the productivity of the yarcler.
Y A grapple/oarriage combination is ahow in Figure 47b,
A MainLineBHaulbackLine
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
2.5.5 Live Skyline (Figure 33)
These systems use a carriage and require a yarder with two or more drums dependingupon the configuration used. If the carriage used is such that the chokers are attached toit, as in Figure 44, the mainline must be lowered in order to reach the logs, therefore thesystem is best suited for a clearcut operation.
If the skidding line can be pulled out of the carriage (Figures 45, 46 and 47a onPages 54 and 56 respectively), this system is better adapted for thinning, or partialcutting. When using two-drum yarders the system is normally only for uphill yarding withthe carriage returning to the operating area by gravity (Figure 33a). When using yarderswith three or more operating drums, the system can be used for uphill and downhill yarding(Figure 33b). Maximum yarding distance is about 750 metres.
Compared to the highlead system, skyline systems have the advantage of being able tolift the leading end of the logs, or the entire logs, clear of obstacles on the ground. In
addition, using gravity to return the carriage to the operating area has the advantage of ashort cycle time due to the rapid return (can exceed 25 m/s) of the carriage to theoperating area.
The crew for live skyline yarding with a radio controlled grapple carriage can be asfew as three men (including a man to take care of yarding strip changes) since there is noneed to have a man at the landing or for setting chokers. The crew for live skylineyarding using a choker carriage normally consists of five or more men.
_ 39 _
Figure 32 - Highlead with a Large (or Medium)MobileTower Yarder - Two Operating Drums
_ 39_
Figure 32 - Highlead with a Large (or Medium) Mobile Tower Yarder - Two Ope rat ing Drums
A- Main line B -Haulback LIne
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
2.5.5 Live Skyline (Figure 33)
These systems use a carriage and require a yarder with two or more drums depending upon the configuration used. If the carriage used is such that the chokers are attached to it, as· in Figure 44, the mainline must be lowered in order to reach the logs, therefore the system is best suited for a clearcut operation.
If the skidding line can be pulled out of the carriage (Figures 45, 46 and 47a on Pages 54 and 56 respectively), this system is better adapted for thinning, or partial cutting. When using two-drum yarders the system is normally only for uphill yarding with the carriage returning to the operating area by gravity (Figure 33a). When using yarders with three or more operating drums, the system can be used for uphill and downhill yarding (Figure 33b). Maximum. yarding distance is about 750 metres.
Compared to the highlead system, skyline systems have the advantage of being able to lift the leading end of the logs, or the entire logs, clear of obstacles on the ground. In addition, using gravity to return the carriage to the operating area has the advantage of a short cycle time due to the rapid return (can exceed 25 m/s) of the carriage to the operating area.
The crew for live skyline yarding with a radio controlled grapple carriage can be as few as three men (including a man to take care of yarding strip changes) since there is no need to have a man at the landing or for setting chokers. The crew for live skyline yarding using a choker carriage normally consists of five or more men.
-40 -
Figure 33 - Live Skyline with a Large (or Medium) MobileTower Yarder
a. Gravity - Two Operating Drums
AMain LineBHaulbeck Line
b. Slack Line - Three Operating Drums
zg,
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
A SkylineB Haulback LineC Skidding Line
-40 -
Fie¥re 33 - Live Skyline with a Large (or Medium) Mobile Tower Yarder
a. Gravity - Two Ope rat Lng Drums
A-Main Line 8-Haulback Une
b. Slack Line - Three Operating Drums
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
A-Skyline 8-Haulback Line C - Skidding Li ne
2.5.6 Standing Skyline (Figure 34)
These systems usually require a yarder with two or more drums depending upon theconfiguration used. If the skyline is not controlled by one of the yarder drums, onlyone drum is required to operate some standing skyline systems (gravity). These systemsuse a carriage (Figures 45 and 46 on Page 54, and can be used for thinning, and forpartial cutting or clearcutting with the same limitations as in the live skyline systems.Some standing skyline systems, such as the north bend system shown in Figure 34, are usedfor swinging decked logs. Maximum yarding distance is normally about 600 metres, althoughsome yarders can yard up to 1 200 metres.
The crew for a standing skyline system usually consists of five or more men.
Figure 34 - Standing Skyline Yarding with a Large (or Medium)Mobile Tower Yarder - Two Operating Drums plusSkyline (North Bend configuration)
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
Table 6 - Small Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications
Maximum load capacity 600 to 2 500 kg
Maximum pulling power - Skyline 20 to 200 kN
Maximum line
Maximum line
Maximum line
Maximum drum
Maximum drum
Maximum drum
Tower height
Engine power
41°
Maximum pulling power - Mainline
Maximum pulling power - Haulback
speed - Skyline
speed - Mainline
speed - Haulback
capacity - Skyline
capacity - Mainline
capacity - Haulback
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier)
AMain LineBHaulback LineCSkytine
(2 000 to 20 400 kP)
10 to 70 kN(1 000 to 7 100 kp)
10 to 60 kN(1 000 to 6 100 kp)
0.5 to 5.0 m/s
3.5 to 8.0 m/s
4.5 to 8.0 m/s
300 to 800 m
300 to 1 200 m
600 to 1 600 m
4.5 to 10.0 m
19 to 186 kW(25 to 250 hp)
2 000 to 20 000 kg
- 41 -
2.5.6 Standing Skyline (Figure 34)
These systems usually require a yarder with two or more drums depending upon the configuration used. If the skyline is not controlled by one of the yarder drums, only one drum. is required to operate some stand~ skyline systems (gravity). These systems use a carriage (Figures 45 and 46 on Page 54, and can be used for thinning, and for partial cutting or clearcutting with the same limitations as in the l ive skyline systems. Some standing skyline systems, such a s the north bend system shown in Figure 34, are used for swinging decked logs. Maximum yarding distance is normally about 600 metres, although some yarders can yard up to 1 200 metres.
The crew for a standing skyline system usually consists of five or more men.
Figure 34 - Standing Skyline Yarding with a Large (or Medium) Mobile Tower Yarder - Two Operating Drums plus Skyline (North Bend configuration)
A-Main Line 8 - Hautback Line C-Skytine
Courtesy Skagit Corporat ion
Table 6 - Small }.lobile Tower Yarders - General SEecifications
Maximum load capacity 600 to 2 500 kg
Maximum pulling power - Skyline 2D to 200 kN (2 000 to 20 400 kp)
Maximum pulling power Mainline 10 to 70 kN (1 000 to 7 100 kp)
Maximum pulling power - Haulback 10 to 60 kN (1 000 to 6 100 kp)
Maximum line speed - Skyline 0.5 to 5.0 mi. Maximum line speed - Mainline 3.5 to 8.0 mls Maximum line speed - Haulback 4.5 to 8.0 m/s Maximum drum capacity - Skyline 300 to BoO m
Maxinru.m drum capacity - Mainline 300 to 1 200 m
Maxinru.m drum capacity - Haulback 600 to 1 600 m
Tower height 4.5 to 10.0 m
Engine power 19 to 186 kW (25 to 250 hpj
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier) 2000 to 20 000 kg
- 42 -
Table 7 - Medium Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications
Maximum pulling power - Skyline
Maximum pulling power - Mainline
Maximum pulling power - Haulback
Maximum line
Maximum line
Maximum line
Maximum drum
Maximum drum
Maximum drum
Tower height
Engine power
speed - Skyline
speed - Mainline
speed - Haulback
capacity - Skyline
capacity - Mainline
capacity - Haulback
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier)
170 to 500 kN(17 300 to 51 000 kp)
110 to 280 kN(11 200 to 28 500 kp)
100 to 240 kN(10 200 to 24 500 kP)
4.0 to 10.0 m/s
4.0 to 16.0 m/s
5.0 to 16.0 m/s
200 to 1 500 m
150 to 1 300 m
350 to 1 300 m
7.5 to 20.0 m
45 to 261 kW(60 to 350 hP)
14 000 to 50 000 kg
Table 8 - Large Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications
Maximum pulling power - Skyline 340 to 1 600 kN(34 700 to 163 100 kP)
Maximum pulling power - Mainline 310 to 1 300 kN(31 600 to 132 500 kp)
Maximum pulling power - Haulback 110 to 880 kN(11 200 to 89 700 kp)
Maximum line speed - Skyline 4.0 to 10.0 m/s
Maximum line speed - Mainline 4.0 to 13.0 m/s
Maximum line speed - Haulback 9.0 to 30.0 m/s
Maximum drum capacity - Skyline 500 to 900 m
Maximum drum capacity - Mainline 300 to 900 m
Maximum drum capacity - Haulback 900 to 1 BOO m
Tower height 15 to 37 m
Engine power 224 to 485 kW(300 to 650 hp)
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier) 30 000 to 120 000 kg
2.6 Running Skyline Swing Yarders
Running skyline swing yarders (Figure 35) have received rapid acceptance since theirintroduction in the Pacific Northwest region of North America at the end of the 1960's.
This system has the advantage of being very mobile, has a swinging boom and normallyuses a slackpulling carriage with chokers (Figure 47a on Page 56), or with a grapple(Figure 47b on Page 56).
- 42 -
Table 7 - Medium Mobile Tower Yarders - General S~cifications
Maximum pulling power - Skyline 110 to 500 kN (17 300 to 51 000 kp)
Maximum pull ing power - Mainline 110 to 280 kN (11 200 to 28 500 kp)
Maximum pull ing power - Haulback 100 to 240 kN (10 200 to 24 500 kp)
Maximum line speed - Skyline 4.0 to 10.Q m/s Maximum line speed - Mainline 4.0 to 16.0 m/s Maxinru.m line speed - Haulback 5.0 to 16.0 m/s Maxirm.t.m drum capacity - Skyline 200 to 1 500 m
Maximum drum capacity - Mainline 150 to 1 300m
Maximum drum capacity - Haulback 350 to 1 300 m
Tower height 7.5 to 20.0 m
Engine power 45 to 261 kW (60 to 350 hp)
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier) 14 000 to 50 000 kg
Table 8 - Large Mobile Tower Yarders - General S~cifications
Maximum pulling power - Skyline
Maximum pulling power - Mainline
Maximum pulling power - Haulback
Maximum line speed - Skyline
Maximum line speed - Mainline
Maxinnlm line speed - Haulback
Maximum drum capacity - Skyline
Maximum drum capacity - Mainline
Maximum drum capacity - Haulback
Tower height
Engine power
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier)
2.6 Running Skyline Swing Yarders
340 to 1 600 kN (34 700 to 163 100 kp)
310 to 1 300 kN (31 600 to 132 500 kp)
110 to88okN (11 200 to 89 700 kp)
4.0 to 10.0 m/s 4.0 to 13.0 m/s 9.0 to 30.0 m/s 500 to 5(J0 m
300 to 5(J0 m
5(J0 to 1 800 m
15 to 37 m
224 to 485 kW (300 to 650 hJl)
30 000 to 120 000 kg
Running skyline awing yarders (Figure 35) have received rapid acceptance since their introduction in the Pacific Northwest region of North America at the end of the 1960's.
This system has the advantage of being very mobile, has a swinging boom and normally uses a slackpulling carriage with chokers (Figure 47a on Page 56), or with a grapple (Figure 47b on Page 56).
43
Running skyline swing yarders are designed in the following way:
The three main components (tower, yarder and carrier) come asa complete unit.
The leaning steel tower is normally of lattice construction.
The leaning steel tower is normally stabilized with twoguylines.
The yarder has three operating drums:
- 2 mainline drums (or a mainline drum and aslackpulling drum)
- 1 interlocked and tensioned haulback drum.
In addition the yarder has a strawline drum. The strawlineis normally only used for laying out and changing theoperating lines.
The yarder and the leaning steel tower are mounted on a swingassembly on the carrier and the entire unit is self-propelled.
The self-propelled carrier is either rubber-tyred or tracked.
The carrier and yarder are powered by the same engine.
The general specifications for running skyline swing yarders are given in Table 9on Page 46.
Some selected examples are given in Appendix
To take advantage of the mobility of this yarding system, the harvestingoperations can be planned so that the running skyline swing yarder can move along the roadand pile the yarded logs on the road behind it as shown in Figure 36. This is especiallyapplicable when using a grapple carriage in a clearcut area. Note that the trees areshown to be felled at right angles to the yarding direction for grapple yarding. Yardingcan be uphill or downhill.
Piling the logs on the road eliminates the need for large landing areas. Thisalso eliminates the need to keep a loading machine at the landing as compared to thesituation when stationary cable systems are used. With a running skyline swing yarderthe loader can move in after the yarder has finished the area, and load the logs out ona continuous basis (progressing from B to A as shown in Figure 36).
If the road system is such that logs can be hauled out in the opposite direction,the loading and transportation can begin before the yarder has finished in the operatingarea (in this case progressing from A to B as shown in Figure 36).
In either case the loading and transportation is not affected by the yarder'sproductivity and these activities do not, therefore, interfere with each other. Thispermits better equipment utilization and productivity than the situation described forlarge mobile tower yarders (see Page 35).
- 43-
Running skyl ine swing yarders are designed in the following way:
The three main components (tower, yarder and carrier) come as a complete unit.
The leaning steel tower is normally of lattice construction.
The leaning steel tower is normally stabilized with two guylines.
The yarder has three operat ing drums:
2 mainl ine drums (or a mainl ine drum and a slackpulling drum)
1 interlocked and tensioned haulback drum.
In addition the yarder has a strawline drum. The strawline is normally only used for laying out and changing the operating lines.
The yarder and the leaning steel tower are mounted on a swing assembly on the carrier and the entire unit is selfpropelled.
The self-propelled carrier is either rubber-tyred or tracked.
The carrier and yarder are powered by the same engine.
llie general specifications for running skyline swing yarders are given in Table 9 on Page 46.
Some selected examples are given in Appendix 1.
To take advantage of the mobility of this yarding system, the harvesting operations can be planned so that the running skyline swmg yarder Can move along the road and pile the yarded logs on the road behmd it as shown in Figure 36. This is especially applicable when using a grapple carriage in a clearcut area. Note that the trees are shown to be felled at right angles to the yardmg direction for grapple yarding. Yardmg can be uphill or downhill .
Piling the logs on the road eliminates the need for large landing areas. This also eliminates the need to keep a loadmg machine at the landing as compered to the situation when stationary cable systems are used. With a running skyline swing yarder the loader can move in after the yarder has fmished the area, and load the logs out on a continuous basis (progressing from B to A as shown m Figure 36).
If the road system is such that logs can be hauled out in the opposite direction, the loading and transportation can begm before the yarder has finished in the operating area (in this case progressing from A to B as shown m Figure 36).
In either case the loading and transportation is not affected by the yarder's productivity and these activities do not, therefore, interfere with each other. This permits better equipment utilization and productivity than the situation described for large mobile tower yarders (see Page 35).
AHaulback LineBMain Lines (2)
b. Slackpulling Carriage with Grapple
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
..., 44
Figure 35 - Running Skyline Swing Yarders
a. Slackpulling Carriage with Chokers
Slackpulling Carriage
Slackpulling Carriage
Grapple
A Haulback LineB Main Lines (2)
_44 _
Figure 35 Running Skyline Swing Yarders
a. Slackpulling Carriage with Chokers
A-Haulback Line B-Maln lines (2)
b. Slackpulling Carriage with Grapple
Grapple
Courtesy Skagit Corporation
A-Haulback Line B - Mal" Lines (2)
Logs deckedon road I"-
0-0 0 0 00 0 o 0
00 0 0000 0 0 0 0
0 o OYarding
direcfion o o o 0 o o
Yarded areao
o o oo
o o o oLinesoo o o o
o 0 0 0 °o o oo°
\
Tail holds
Although a running skyline system need only consist of an interlocked mainline andhaulback, in practice it consists of two mainlines (a mainline and slack-pulling line) anda haulback line. The haulback is tensioned to provide lift. By employing two mainlinesit is possible to control the slackpulling operations from the yarder. The load issupported by the running skyline (which is also the haulback) plus the haulback and themainline(s). Since the load is supported by the equivalent of two lines, these lines canbe lighter than any single line required to support the load. The best and most efficientmeans of maintaining the tension between the mainlines and haulback and at the same timeconserving as much as possible of the power used in maintaining this tension, is throughthe use of an interlock. This tension system allows the deflection of the lines to increasewith an increased load, rather than increasing the tension of the lines. This minimisesoverloading the lines and the running skyline anchors.
As with all skyline systems, running skylines require proper deflection. Deflectionis affected by topography but can be improved by the proper location of the harvesting road.Once the road has been located, the only means of increasing deflection is to elevate thesingle tail block, since intermediate supports are not used.
Since this system uses a slackpulling carriage with chokers or a grapple, it can beused for thinning, partial cutting and clearcutting. When using a grapple in a clearcut,the machine operator handles all yarding and decking operations from the cab of the yarder.When the operator has a good view of the harvesting area he positions the grapple over thelogs, picks up the logs, yards them to the decking area, places them in the deck by openingthe grapple and returns the grapple to the logging area to pick up the next log(s).
- 45 -
Figure 36 - Running Skyline Swing Yarder Using a Grapple in a Clearcut
A Guylines
Direction1 of travel/
7-,"et
===,)
Logs to be yarded
000
Road
direction
- 45 -
Figure 36 - Running Skyline Swing Yarder Using a Grapple in a Clearcut
A 8
• + Log& di?cked Direction on rood ----.. of travel --... Road
--lrl ~o~_~o~o~oUJlollUJl~~'~~~~ __ ~~~~~~~~------------------------:I-------I 0 0 0 0 , \ ==~~== = I I J a 0 0 0 0 0 \\c:: = = I I =~===,== I 100000 = I
i Yarding _.t. ~ 0 0 0 0 c::=::=:::::> = ~ _. ~. _ Yarding dlrection-r -~- 0 0 0 0 0 ~ ---r--
I direction I = ___ ~
i I:: ~oardoedooar;ao 0 0 == = = ==----:: r Logs to be yarded o Lin~s ------y--' =
looooo~ ~ I I 0 0 =
00 0 ~== = I \ 0 - ~ /
'...... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / ------------ ---------- ----'"
\ , t TaH holds
Although a running skyline system need only consist of an interlocked mainline and haulback, in practice it consists of two mainlines (a mainline and slack-pulling line) and a haulback line. The haul back is tensioned to provide lift. B,y employing two mainlines it is possible to control the slackpulling operations from the yarder. The load is supported by the running skyline (which is also the haulback) plus the haulback and the mainline(s). Since the load is supported by the equivalent of two lines, these lines Can be lighter than any single line required to support the load. The best and most efficient means of maintaining the tension between the mainlines and haulback and at the same time conserving as much as possible of the power used in maintaining this tension, is through the use of an interlock. This tension system allows the deflection of the lines to increase with an increased load, rather than increasing the tension of the lines. This minimises overloading the lines and the running skyline aI'lOhors.
As with all skyline systems, running skylines require proper deflection. Deflection is affected by topography but can be improved by the proper location of the harvesting road. Once the road has been located, the only means of increasing deflection is to elevate the single tail block, since intermediate supports are not used.
Since this system uses a slackpulling carriage with chokers or a grapple, it can be used for thinning, partial cutting and clearcutting. When using a grapple in a clearcut, the machine operator handles all yarding and decking operations from the cab of the yarder. When the operator has a good view of the harvesting area he positions the grapple over the logs, picks up the logs, yards them to the decking area, places them in the deck by opening the grapple and returns the grapple to the logging area to pick up the next loges).
-=_
_
_46_
The cycle is repeated until it is necessary to move the yarder or the tailhold. If theoperator cannot see the logs to be picked up, the man in the logging area guides him to thelogs by giving him directions over a radio.
When using a grapple the workers do not need to get near the operating lines.Because of this it is possible to safely operate the grapple system at night by illuminatingthe operating area with lights. This greatly increases the available operating time whichis advantageous, due to the high investment cost of the yarder.
The crew consists of two or three men in a grapple operation: one yarder operator,two or more men in the logging area, and one man at the landing. The men in the loggingarea are responsible for making the tailhold changes. A mobile tailhold, normally mountedon an old crawler tractor, is often used in a grapple operation in a clearcut area. Thisallows the tailhold to be moved quickly and easily.
The felling operations are the same as described under Large Mobile Tower Yarders.
There are running skyline swing yarders which are capable of yarding distances of
more than 650 metres. However, in the Pacific Northwest it is common practice to use ayarding distance of 200 to 225 metres.
Running skyline swing yarders can also be used in other cable configurations, suchas highlead, gravity, etc.
Some running skyline yarders are used with the carriers and towers described underLarge Mobile Tower Yarders.
Table 9 - Running Skyline Swing YardersGeneral Specifications
Maximum pulling power - Mainlines
Maximum pulling power - Haulback
Maximum line speed - Mainlines
Maximum line speed - Haulback
Maximum drum capacity - Mainlines
Maximum drum capacity - Haulback
Tower height
Engine power
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier)
220 to 550 kN(22 400 to 56 100 kp)
70 to 530 kN(7 100 to 54 000 kp)
4.0 to 15.0 m/s
4.0 to 16.0 m/s
450 to 850 m
700 to 1 500 m
13.5 to 19.0 m
142 to 343 kW(190 to 460 hp)
40 000 to 90 000 kg
_ 46 _
The cycle is repeated until it is necessary to move the yarder or the tailhold. If the operator cannot see the logs to be picked up, the man in the logging area guides him to the logs by giving him directions over a radio.
When using a grapple the workers do not need to get near the operating lines. Because of this it is possible to safely operate the grapple system at night by illuminating the operating area with lights. This greatly increases the available operating time which is advantageous, due to the high investment cost of the JlaI'der.
The crew consists of' two or three men in a grapple operation: one yarder operator, two or more men in the logging area, and one man at the landing. The men in the logging area are responsible for making the tailhold changes. A mobile tailhold, normally mounted on an old crawler tractor, is often used in a grapple operation in a clearcut area. This allows the tailhold to be moved quickly and eaSily.
The felling operations are the same as described under Large Mobile Tower Yarders.
There are running skyline swing yarders which are capable of yarding distances of more than 650 metres. However, in the Pacific Northwest it is common practice to use a yarding distance of 200 to 225 metres.
Running skyline swing yarders can also be used in other cable configurations, such as highlead, gravity, etc.
Some running skyline yarders are used with the carriers and towers described under Large Mobile Tower Yarders.
Table 9 - Running Skyline Swing Yarders General Specifications
Maximum pulling power - Mainlines 220 (22 400
Maximum pulling power - Haulback 70 (7 100
Maximum ~in. speed - Mainlines 4.0
Maximum line speed - Haulback 4.0
Maximum drum capacity Mainlines 450
Maximum drum capacity Haulback 700
Tower he ight 13.5
Engine power 142 (19J
Weight (tower, yarder and carrier) 40000
to 550 kN to 56 100 kp)
to 53:> kN to 54 000 kp)
to 15.0 mls to 16.0 mls to 850 m
to 1 500 m
to 19.0 m
to 343 kW to 460 hll)
to 9JOOOkg
Weight (tower, yarder & carrier) 2 000 to 20 000 kg 14 000 to 50 000 kg 30 000 to 120 000 kg 40 000 to 90 000 kg
Table 10 - Comparison of the Different Cable Yarding System Classifications - General Specifications
Summary of Tables 1 through 9 (excluding Table 4)
'Classification Independent BunchingWinches
Machine-mountedWinches
Yarders Yarding Trailers for Con-tinuous Mainline System
Maximum pulling power 5 to 45 kN 10 to 735 kN 10 to 150 kN 60 kN(500 to 4 500 kiD) (1 000 to 75 000 kp) (1 000 to 15 000 kp) (6 000 kp)
Maximum line speed 0.4 to 1.5 m/s 0.4 to 2.5 m/s 2.0 to 10.0 m/s 1.4 mis
Maximum drum capacity 50 to 25 m 30 to 800 m 600 to 4 200 m 400 m
"Tower" height 0 to 5.5 m 4mEngine power 4 to 37 kW 11 to 336 kW 7 to 149 kW 88 kW
(5 to 50 hp) (15 to 450 hP) (10 to 200 hp) (120 hp)
Weight 40 to 750 kg 100 to 2 000 kg 500 to 7 000 kg 14 000 kg
Classification Small Mobile Tower Medium Mobile Tower Large Mobile Tower Running Skyline SwingYarders Yarders Yarders Yarders
Maximum pulling power - Skyline 20 to 200 kikr 170 to 500 kN 340 to 1 600 kN(2 000 to 20 400 kp) (17 300 to 51 000 kp) (34 700 to 163 100 kp)
Maximum pulling power - Mainline 10 to 70 kN 110 to 280 kN 310 to 1 300 kN 220 to 550 kN(1 000 to 7 100 kp) (11 200 to 28 500 kp) (31 600 to 132 500 kp) (22 400 to 56 100 kP)
Maximum pulling power - Haulback 10 to 60 kN 100 to 240 kN 110 to 880 kN 70 to 530 kN(1 000 to 6 100 kp) (10 200 to 24 500 kP) (11 200 to 89 700 kp) (7 100 to 54 000 kP)
Maximum line speed - Skyline 0.5 to 5.0 mis 4.0 to 1000 m/s 4.0 to 10.0 m/s
Maximum line speed - Mainline 3.5 to 8.0 m/s 4.0 to 16.0 m/s 4.0 to 13.0 m/s 4.0 to 15.0 m/s
Maximum line speed - Haulbaok 4.5 to 8.0 m/s 5.0 to 16.0 mis 9.0 to 30.0 m/s 4.0 to 16.0 m/s
Maximum drum capacity - Skyline 300 to 800 m 200 to 1 500 m 500 to 900 m
Maximum drum capacity - Mainline 300 to 1 200 m 150 to 1 300 m 300 to 900 m 450 to 850 m
Maximum drum capacity - Haulback 600 to 1 600 m 350 to 1 300 m 900 to 1 800 m 700 to 1 500 m
Tower height 4.5 to 10.0 m 7.5 to 20.0 m 15.0 to 37.0 m 13.5 to 19.0 m
Engine power 19 to 186 kW 45 to 261 kW 224 to 485 kW 142 to 343 kW
(25 to 250 hp) (60 to 350 hP) (300 to 650 hp) (190 to 460 hP)
Table 10 - Comparison of the Different Cable Yarding System Classifioations - General Speoifioations
Summary of Tables 1 through 9 (eEluding Table 4)
Classifica.tion
Maximum pulling power
Maxirmun 1 ine speed
Maximum drum capaoi ty
"Tower" height
Engine power
Weight
Classification
Independent Bunohing Winches
5 to 45 kN (590 to 4 500 kP)
0.4 to 1.5 m/s 50 to 25 m
4 to 37 kW (5 to 50 hpj
40 to 750 kg
Small Mobile Tower Yarders
Maximum pull ing power - Skyline 20 to 200 kN (2 000 to 20 400 kp)
Maximum pulling power - Mainline 10 to 70 ldf (1 000 to 7 100 kp)
Maximurn pull1ng power - Haulback 10 to 60 leN (1 000 to 6 100 kp)
Maximum line speed - Skyline
Maxinru.m line speed - Mainline
Maximum line speed - Haulbaok
Maximum drum capacity - Skyline
Maximum drum capacity - Mainline
Maximum drum capacity - Haulback
Tower height
Engine power
0 . 5 to 5.0 mi. 3.5 to 8.0 mi. 4.5 to 8.0 mi. 300 to 800 m
300 to 1 200 m
600 to 1 600 m
4.5 to 10.0 m
19 to 186 kW (25 to 250 hpj
Weight (tower, yarder & carrier) 2000 to 20 000 kg
Machin~maunted Winches
10 to 735 kN (1 000 to 75 000 kp)
0 . 4 to 2.5 mls 30 to 800 m
o to 5.5 m
11 to 336 klI (15 to 450 hpj
100 to 2 000 kg
Medium Mobile Tower Yardere
Yarders
10 to 150 kN (1 000 to 15 000 kp)
2.0 to 10.0 mls 600 to 4 200 m
7 to 149 kW (10 to 200 hpj
500 to 7 000 kg
Large Mobile Tower Yarders
170 to 500 kN 340 to 1 600 kN (17 300 to 51000 kp) (34 700 to 163 100 kp)
110 to 280 kN (11 200 to 28 500 kp)
100 to 240 kN (10 200 to 24 500 kp)
4.0 to 10.0 mi. 4.0 to 16.0 mi. 5.0 to 16.0 mi. 200 to 1 500 m
150 to 1 300 m
350 to 1 300 m
7.5 to 20.0 m
45 to 261 kW (60 to 350 hpj
14 000 to 50 000 kg
310 to 1 300 kN (31 600 to 132 500 kp)
110 to 880 kN (11 200 to 89 700 kp)
4.0 to 10.0 m/s 4 .0 to 13.0 mi. 9.0 to 30 .0 mi. 500 to 900 m
300 to 900 m
900 to 1 800 m
15.0 to 37.0 m
224 to 485 kW (300 to 650 hpj
30 000 to 120 000 kg
Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System
60kN (6 000 kp)
1.4 m/s 400 m
4 m
88 kW (120 hpj
14000 kg
Running S}l;yline Swing Yarders
220 to 550 kN (22 400 to 56 100 kp)
70 to 530 kN (7 100 to 54 000 kp)
4.0 to 15.0 mi. 4.0 to 16.0 mi.
450 to 850 m
700 to 1 500 m
13.5 to 19.0 m
142 to 343 kW (190 to 460 hpj
40 000 to 90 000 kg
!; I
3. CARRIAGES AND ACCESSORIES
Carriages are available in many different designs. Carriage design must becompatible with the harvesting conditions and requirements and with the cable logging systemwhich will be used. These design features are important in the classification of carriagesin accordance with the types of application for which the aarriage can be used.
Some important factors which determine the type of application for a carriage are:
whether or not the carriage can pass over intermediate skyline supports
whether the aarriage is held in position on the skyline with a carriagestop, carriage clamp or operating lines
whether or not the carriage is dependent upon gravity to carry it in onedirection along the skyline
whether or not the aarriage has skidding capabilities
the cable logging systems with which the carriage can be used.
Since most carriages have a combination of operating features and the same carriagecan often be used in different ways, modified for different applications and used withdifferent cable logging systems, it is impossible to classify each Garriage into a singlecategory.
The major carriage features and some modification possibilities are described below.
3.1 Single-Span Skyline Carriage
Such carriages cannot pass over intermediate skyline supports and therefore arelimited to single span usage. See the examples in Figures 37 (below), 44, 45, 46 and 47on Pages 53, 54 and 56 respectively.
It should be noted that some of these carriages can be modified for multispanskyline usage.
Figure 37 - Single Span Carriage
Held in position with operating lines, Non--gravity, Skidding Capability.(Normally used with double drum Machine-mounted Winches and Small MobileTower Yarders)
- 48 -
Mainline(Skidding Line)
Skyline
Haulback
Courtesy James Jones & Sons Limited
Mainline(Skidding Line)
- 48 -
3. CARRIAGES AND ACCESSORIES
Carriages are available in many different designs. Carriage design must be compatible with the harvesting conditions and requirements and with the cable logging system which will be used. These design features are important in the classification of carriages in accordance with the types of application for which the carriage can be used.
Some important factors which determine the type of application for a carriage are:
- whether or not the carriage can pass over intermediate sk;yline supports
whether the carriage is held in positior. on the sk;yline with a carriage stop, carriage clamp or operating lines
whether or not the carriage is dependent upon gravity to carry it in one direction along the sk;yline
- whether or not the carriage has skidding capabilities
the cable logging systems with which the carriage can be used.
Since most carriages have a combination of operating features and the same carriage can often be used in different w~, modified for different applications and used with different cable logging systems, it is impossible to ClaSSify each carriage into a single oategory.
The major carriage features and some modification possibilities are described below.
3.1 Single-Span Skyline Carriage
Such carriages cannot pass over intermediate sk;yline supports and therefore are limited to single span usage. See the e:mrnples in Figures 37 (below), 44, 45, 46 and 47 on Pages 53, 54 and 56 respectively.
It should be noted that some of these carriages can be modified for multispan sk;y I ine usage.
Figure 37 - Single Span Carriage
Held in pos1tion with operating lines, Non-graVity, Skidding Capability. (Normally used with double drum Machine-mounted Winches and Small Mobile Tower Yarders)
Mainline (Skidding Line I
Skyline
Haulback __ -yI'
Courtesy James Jones & Sons Limited
3.2 Multispan Skyline Carriage
Such carriages are designed to pass over intermediate skyline supports and thereforecan be used on multispan skylines. See the examples in Figures 38, 39, 40, 41 and 42.
Figure 38 - MultisPan Carriage
Held in position with operating lines, Non-gravity, Skidding Capability,(Normally used with Small Mobile Tower Yarders)
- 49 -
Carriage Stop(Landing)
Skyline
OperatingLine(Endless)
Mainline(Skidding Line)
Courtesy Reinhold Hinteregger
SkiddingLine
ChokerHook
Carhage
Skyline
Haulback
Courtesy James Jones & Sons Ltd
3.3ri tosCaa
Carriage stops are ane means of holding the carriage in position on the skyline. Anexample of a carriage used with carriage stops is shown in Figure 39. Carriage stops can bemoved to any location along the skyline and locked in place by a man on the ground. When thecarriage comes into contact with the carriage stop it is automatically locked in place. Thechoker hook can then be lowered by letting the operating line feed through the carriage (gravitysystem) or by feeding out the skidding line from an internal skidding drum (non-gravity system).When the turn of the logs is brought into the carriage, the carriage is automatically released.
Figure 39 - Carriage Stops
Multispan carriage, heliin position with carriage stops, Non-gravity,Skidding Capability (Normally used with Yarders and Small Mobile TowerYarders)
InternalSkidding Drum
Carriage Stop
r(Loading)
- 49-
3.2 Multispan Skyline Carriage
Such carria<;es are designed to pass over intermediate skyline supports and therefore can be used on multispan skylines. See the examples in Figures 38, 39, 40, 41 and 42.
Figure 38 - Multispan Carriage
Held in position with operating lines, Non-gravity, Skidding Capability, (Normally used with Small Mobile Tower Yarders)
r---~Skylin.
Haulback
Mainline __ -'-___ J
ISkidding Line) Courtesy James Jones &: Sone Ltd
3.3 Carriage Stops
Carria<;e stops are one means of holding the carriage in position on the skyline . An example of a carria<;e used with carria<;e stops is shown in Figure 39. Carria<;e stops Can be moved to any location along the skyline and locked in place by a man on the ground. When the carria<;e comes into contact with the carria<;e stop it is automat ically locked in place. The choker hook can then be lowered by letting the operating line feed through the carria<;e (graVity system) or by feeding out the skidding line from an internal skidding drum (non-gravity system). When the turn of the logs is brought into the carriage, the carriage is automatically released.
Figure 39 - Carriage Stops
Multispan carria<;e, heldin position with carriage stops, Non-gravity, Skidding Capability (Normally used with Yarders and Small Mobile Tower Yarders)
Carriage Stop ILanding) t Sky line ~_..../...:.!!..:..).......J.~::":-)---IZ~
Operating ~ Line IEndless)
Courtesy Reinh old Hinteregger
Line
Choker Hook
C;kidd'ina Drum
-50 -
3.4 Load Beam
Such units (Figure 40) consist of a set of blocks and bars which are attached tocarriages of the type shown in Figures 39 and 41.
Load beams increase the load capacity of the carriage by 50 percent and allow theload to be transported horizontally.
Figure 40 - Load Beam
Multispan Carriages, held_ in position with Carriage Stops orClamps, Non-gravity or Gravity, Limited Skidding Capability(Normally used with Yarders)
Courtesy ReinhOld Hinteregger
3.5 Clamping Carriage
Such carriages employ one or more carriage mounted clamps to hold the carriage inposition on the skyline. The clamps are activated by a timer, by radio or manually whenthe carriage is stopped. The skidding line is fed out in the manner described above underCarriage Stop. When the turn of logs is brought up to the carriage the clamp is releasedautomatically or by radio.
Examples of the most common types of clamping carriages used with yarders are shownin Figure 41. These carriages employ one clamp. Another clamping carriage construction,which is used with yarders, is shown in Figure 42. This type of carriage uses two clamps:one on the skyline and one on the haulback line.
The mainline, haulback line and skidding line are connected at a squirrel carriagewhich runs on the skyline. The lines can also be connected with a three-way swivel. Theclamps function in such a manner that when the skyline clamp is open, the haulback clamp isclosed. In this situation the carriage can be moved an the skyline by moving the operatingline. When the carriage is positioned and the skyline clamp is closed, the haulback clampis opened and the skidding line can be let out and pulled in by moving the operating lines.
Clamping carriages such as the one shown in Figure 45 on Page 54 return to theoperating area by gravity, are positioned in the skyline with the mainline, the clamp isactivated manually or by radio and the skidding line can then be pulled out. The type ofcarriage 6hown in Figure 46 an Page 54 is operated in the sane manner as the carriage inFigure 45, with the exception of the skidding line which is operated by a radio-controlledmotor in the carriage.
-so -
3.4 Load Beam
Such units (F~ 40) consist of a set of blocks and bars which are attached to carriages of the type shown in FigUres 39 and 41.
Load beams increase the load capacity of the carriage by 50 percent and allow the load to be transported horizontally.
Figure 40 - Load Beam
Multispan Carriages, held in position with Carriage Stops or Clamps, Non-gravity or Gravity, Limited Skidding Capability (Normally used with Yarders)
Courtesy Reinhold Hinteregger
3.5 Clamping Carriage
Such carriages employ one or more carriage mounted clamps to hold the carriage in position on the skyline. The clamps are activated by a timer, by radio or manually when the carriage is stopped. The skidding line is fed out in the manner described above under Carriage Stop. When the turn of logs is brought up to the carriage the clamp is released automatically or by radio.
Examples of the most conmon types of clamping carriages used with yarders are shown in Figure 41. These carriages employ one clamp. Another clamping carriage construction, which is used with yarders, is shown in Figure 42. This type of carriage uses two clamps: one on the skyline and one on the haulback line.
'!he mainline, haulback line and skidding line are connected at a squirrel carriage which runs on the skyline. The lines can also be connected with a three-way swivel. The clamps function in such a manner that when the · skyline clamp is open, the haulback clamp is closed. In this situation the carriage can be moved on the skyline by moving the operating line. When the carriage is positioned and the skyline clamp is closed, the haulback clamp is opened and the skidding line can be let out and pulled in by moving the operating lines.
Clamping carriages such as the one shown in F~ 45 on Page 54 return to the operating area by gravity, are positioned in the· skyline with the mainline, the clamp is activated manually or by radio and the skidding line can then be pulled out. The type of carriage shown in Figure 46 on Page 54 is operated in the same manner as the carriage in Figure 45, with the exception of the skidding line which is operated by a radio-controlled motor in the carriage.
Figure 41 Clam-ping Carria.ges, Single Clamp Design
Multispan Carriages, held in position with CarriageClamp, Skidding Capability(Normally used with Yarders and Small Mobile TowerYarders)
a. Gravity with Load
b. Nongravity
Courtesy BACO Seilbahnen
Clamp
Skyline
Choker Hook
Skyline
Operating Line(Skidding Line'
OperatingLine(Endless )
Internal SkiddingDrum
Skidding Line
_ 51 _
Figure 41 - Clamping Carriages, Single Clamp Design
Multispan Carriages, held in position with Carriage Clamp, Skidding Capability (Normally used with Yarders and Small Mobile Tower Yarders)
a. Gravity with Load
. Line / (Skidd ing line
Choker Hook
b. Non-gravity
i ~ (Endless)
\Inlernal Skidding Drum
Skidding Line
Courtesy BACD Seilbahnen
Clamps
3.6 Operating Lines
When carriage stops or clamps are not employed, the operating lines are used to holdthe carriage in position on the Skyline. In the examples shown in Figures 37 and 38, thecarriage is retunied to the operating area with the haulback line and is positioned alongthe skyline with the mainline and haulback line. In these examples the mainline alsoserves as the skidding line.
The type of carriage shown in Figure 44 returns to the operating area by gravity andis positioned on the skyline with the mainline. Some carriages of this design also have askyline clamp. Since there are only chokers and no skidding line, the skyline must belowered in order for the chokers to be connected around the logs.
Carriages of the type Shown in Figure 47 are returned to the operating area with thehaulback line which also serves as the running skyline. The carriage is positioned with themainlines and haulback line. The skidding line shown in Figure 47a (on Page 56), isoperated with the mainlines (mainline and slackpulling line) as is the grapple line inFigure 47h (on Page 56). The grapple line opens and closes the grapples. Since thegrapple is attached to the carriage and cannot be lowered, it is necessary to lower thecarriage in order for the grapple to grab any logs. However, the skidding line can usuallybe extended out to 40 m or more with such carriages.
3.7 Gravity Carriage
Such carriages depend upon gravity to carry the carriage down the skyline. Europeangravity carriages, such as that shown in Figure 41a, normally use gravity to transport thecarriage when loaded.
The North AmeriGan gravity carriages, such as those shown in Figures 44, 45 and 46 on
Pages 53 and 54 normally use gravity to transport the carriage without a load.
Skidding line
-52 -
Figure 42 - Clamping Carriage - Two-Clamp Design
Multispan Carriage, held in position with Carriage Clamp, Non-gravity,Skidding Capability (Normally used with Yarders and Small Mobile Tower
Yarders)
C.arriage Squirrel carriage
Haulback line
=.Gg01
V. Swivel
-Skyline
. Mainline
or
-52 -
Figure 42 - Clamping Carriage - Two-Clamp Design
Multispan Carriage, Skidd~ Capability Yarders)
held in position with Carriage Clamp, Non-gravity, (Normally used with Yarders and Small Mobile Tower
L Squirrel carnage
____ ~::~~~~~;t::::::::~H:a:u:lba::C:k::li:ne::::::::c/;1J , rj
Clamps or
,h,SWivel 'VI
Skidding line
, / --
3.6 Operating Lines
When carriage stops or clamps are not employed, the operat:i118 lines are used to hold the carriage in position on the skyline. In the examples shown in Figures 37 and )8, the carriage is ,returned to the operating area with the haulback line and is positioned along the skyline with the mainline and haulback line. In these examples the mainline also serves as the skidding line.
The type of carriage sh own in Figure 44 returns to the operating area by gravity and is positioned on the skyline with the mainline. Some carriages of this design also have a skyline clamp. SinM there are only chokers and no skidding line, the skyline must be lowered in order for the chokers to be connected around the l ogs.
Carriages of the type shown in Figure 47 are returned to the operatillg area with the haulback line which also serves as the runnillg skyline. The carriage is positioned with the mainlines and haulback line. The skiddillg line shown in Figure 47a (on Page 56), is operated with the mainlines (mainline and slackpullillg line) as is the grapple line in Figure 47b (on Page 56). The grapple line opens and closes the grapples. Since the grapple is attached to the carriage and cannot be lowered, it is necessary to lower the carriage in order for the grapple ,to grab any logs. However, the skiddillg line can usually be extended out to 40 m or more with such carriages.
3.7 Gravity Carriage
Such carriages depend upon gravity to carry the carriage down the skyline. European gravity carriages, such as that shown in Figure 41a, normally use gravity to transport the carriage when loaded.
The North American gravity carriages, such as those shown in Figures 44, 45 and 46 on Pages 53 and 54 normally use gravity to transport the carriage without a load.
Houlbock
line
3.8 Non-gravity Carriage
Such carriages use operating lines to move the carriage in either direction alongthe sXyline. The term "all-terraie is used in the European Alps to describe cable craneswhich do not depend upon gravity for transporting the loaded carriage. The carriages forthese systems (Figures 39, 40, 41b and 42) are designed for uphill or downhill yarding as wellas for use over flat terrain.
The carriages shown in Figures 37, 38 and 39 can be used for uphill and downhilloperations. If a haulback line is attached in addition to the mainline, carriages of thetypes shown in Figures 44, 45 and 46 can also be used for uphill and downhill operations.
Figure 44 - Single-Span Carriage, No Skidding Capability
Held in position with operating lines, Gravity without Load(Normally used with Medium and Large Mobile Tower Yarders)
Swivel
Swivel
Butt hook
Choker
- 53 -
Figure 43 - Highlead Butt Rigging - Two-Choker Design
Single-span from Tower to Tailblook, Non-gravity, Heldin position with Operating Lines; No Skidding Capability(Normally used with Medium and Large Mobile Tower Yarders)
Swivel oinline
Swivel
ShocklEs
Haulback line
- 53 -
Figure 43 - Hi/ll11ead Butt Rigging - 'l'w<r-Choker Design
Single-span from Tower to Tailblook, Non-gravity, Held in position with Operating Lines; No Skidding Capability (Normally used with Medium and Large Mobile Tower Yarders)
Swivel Swivel
Shack In --'---"", Jotc-----'- Shackles
\.I;;r-- Swivel
But! hook
Chok~r
3.8 Non-gravity Carriage
Such carriages use operating lines to move the carriage in either direction along the skyline. The term "all-terrain" is used in the European Alps to describe cable Cranes which do not depend upon gravity for transporting the loaded carriage. The carriages for these systems (Figures 39, 40, 41b and 42) are designed for uphill or downhill yarding as well as for use over flat terrain.
'lhe carriages shown in Figures 37, 38 and 39 can be used for uphill and downhill operations. If a haulback line is attached in addition to the mainline, carriag"s of the types shown in Figures 44, 45 and 46 Can also be used for uphill and downhill operations.
Figure 44 - Single-Span Carriage. No Skidding Capability
Held in position with operating lines, Gravity without Load (Normally used with Medium and Large Mobile Tower Yarders)
Skyline
- Chokers
Main line
Skiddingdrum
Radio
Main line(skidding line
Skyline Clamp
Clamp
Motor
-54 -
3.9 Butt Rigging
Thi3 is not a carriage but is actually a set of gwivels and chain which is used toconnect the mainline and haulback line together (Figure 43). Chokers are fastened to thebutt rigging. The butt rigging is returned to the operating area with the haulback lineand is positioned with the mainline and haulback line. Since there is no skidding line,the butt rigging must be lowered in order for the chokers to be connected around the logs.
Figure 45 - Single Span Carriage, Skidding Capability
Held in position with Carriage Clamp, Gravity withoutLoad (Normally used with Medium and Large Mobile TowerYarders)
Chokers
Skyline
3.10 Skidding Capability
With a carriage which has skidding (later yarding) capability it is possible for askidding line to be extended out from and gulled into the carriage. The skidding line isusually either an operating line which is pulled through the carriage (Figures 37, 38, onPages 48 and 49; Figure 41a, Page 51; and Figure 45, above); a separate skidding linewhich is pulled through the carriage (Figures 42 and 47a); or a separate skidding linewhich is contained on a carriage-mounted skidding drum (Figure 39 on Page 49; Figure 41b,Page51 ; and Figure 46, below).
Figure 46 - Single-Span or Multispan Carriage, Radio-Controlled
Held in position with Carriage Clamp, Gravity without Load orNon-gravity, Skidding Capability (Normally used with Medium orLarge Mobile Tower Yarders)
Skidding line
Chokers
- 54 -
3. 9 ~ Rigging
111iJ is not a carriage but is actually a set of swivels and chain which is used to connect the mainline and haulback line together (Figure 43). Chokers are fastened to the butt rigging. 111e butt rigging is returned to the operating area with the haul back line and is positioned with the mainline and haulback line. Since there is no skidding line, the butt rigging must be lowered in order for the chokers to be connected around the logs.
Figure 45 - Single Span Carriage, Skidding Capability
Held in position with Carriage Clamp, Gravity without Load (Normally used with Medium and ~ge Mobile Tower Yarders)
Clamp
Skylire
~-- Chokers
3.10 Skidding Capability
With a carriage which has skidding (later yarding) capability it is possible for a skidding line to be extended out from and pulled into the carriage. The skidding line is usually either an operating line which is pulled through the carriage (Figures 37, 38, on Pages 48 and 49; Figure 41a, Page 51; and Figure 45, above); a separate skidding line which is pulled through the carriage (Figures 42 and 47a); or a separate skidding line which is contained on a carri~mounted skidding drum (Figure 39 on Page 49; Figure 41b, Page 51; and Figure 46, below).
Figure 46 - Single-Span or Multispan Carriage, Radio-Controlled
Held in position with Carriage Clamp, Gravity without Load or Non-gravity, Skidding Capability (Normally used with Medium or Large Mobile Tower Yarders)
Mo'",line
II---Sk,dding line
drum Motor r--- Chokers
55 -
A carriage which can be used for skidding is often called a "slaekteelling earriage"in North Ameriaa.
Carriages that have skidding cseability can be ueed in thinning and eartial outtiagoperations as well as clearcat operations. Carriages which do not have akidding eapability(Figures 44 and 47t, and the butt rigging shown in Figure 43) are decigned for cIearoutoperations. The use of nonskidding earriages for thinning and partial out operatiansusually results in unnecessary damage to the remainiag trees as well as a greater nuMber ofyarding strips when compared to the uss of skidding carriages in the ea m sitastion.
The general specifications for carriages are given in Table 11 an Page 57, and someselected examples are given in Appendix 1.
3.11 Cable Logging System Combirations
The possible carriage and cable logging system combinations are numerous and appearto be infinite in number. Each of the captions for Figures 37 through 47 includee a commentregarding the cable logging system(s) with which the illustrated tyTe of carriage isnormally used. These are usually the systems for which the carriages were originallyaesigned. This does not, however, mean that usage is limited to the systems mentioned.
The types of carriages shown in Figures 37 through 42 are commonly used in Europe.The butt rigging shown in Figure 43 and the types of oarriages Shown in Figures 44 through
47 are commonly used in North America.
The important oarriage features and the cable logging system(s) with which thesefeatures are most commanly employed are shown in Table 12.
3.12 f.y..211.he Load Cuacity
An aspect of carriage design that has an important influence upon the load capacityof a live or standing skyline is whether the carriage is unclamped or clamped to the Skyline.Except for a chord slope of 0 percent the load carrying capability of a Skyline with aclamped carriage will be less than for an unclamped carriage. This difference in loadcapability can take on important proportians. With a very steep slope and a largedeflection (refer to Figure 48), e.g. 80 percent chord slope and 15 pereent midspandeflection, an unclamped carriage can have an allowable payload that is more than )D peeeentgreater than for a clamped carriage. This is due to the assistance that the skyline receivesfrom the mainline when the mainline helps aapport the load. The difference in load carryingcapability is valid only for the time during which the carriage is clamped.
For the purpose of describing the effect upan skyline load capacity, carrieges can bedivided into the two following categories:
Clamped carria02
This includes all clamped earriagee (carriage stope have the same function as aclamp) which do not have an active mainline pulling towards the upper end ofthe skyline. In other words, the mainline in assumed to be slack or pullingtoward the lower end of the skyline.
Unolmyed carrita
This includes not only unclamped aarriages, but aleo clamped oarrieges with anactive mainline pulling toward the upper end of the akyline.
-55 -
A carriage lih ich can be used for skidding is of·~en called G\ "alackpulling oe.rris.gell in North America.
Ca.rriages that have ekiddirig cs..pability ca."'! be uEed in thimlir.g a.~d pa.rl;ial cuttL1'lg operations as .. "ell as cleaI'cll.t operations* Carriagea which do !.loi; h9.vS akidding capability (Figures 44 and 4Th, and the butt rigging shown in F;igu:re 43) s:ra Q.esil[ned for c lca.:!'cut operations, '!'he u se of non-skiddi~ oarriags" for thim!.i\'lg and ,artie.! .,...;~ opemt iana usually results in unnecessary damage ·to the remainir.g trees "e well a s '" gl'""ter number of yarding s trips when compared to the use of skiddL'lg carri ages in the """"" situation.
The general specifications for carriages are given in Table 11 on Page 57, and some selected examples are g iven in Appendix 1 .
3.11 CaITiage and Cable Logging System Combinations
The possible carriage and cable logging system combinat ions are numerous and appear to . be infinite in ntl'Tlber . Each of the captions for Figures 37 through 47 includes a comment regarding the cable logging system( s) with which the illustrated type of carriage is normally used. Taese are usually the systems for which the carriages were originally designed. This does not, however, mean that usage is limited to the B,Ysteme mentioned.
The types of carriages shown in Figures 37 through 42 are commonl y used in Europe. Th.e butt r igging shown in Figure 43 and the types of carriages shown in Figures 44 through 47 are commonly used in North America.
'ilie important carriage features and the cable logging system( s) with which these features are most commonly employed are shown in Table 12.
3.12 Sk;yline Load Capacity
An aspect of carriage design that has an important influenoe upon the load capacity of a live or standing skyline is whether the carriage is unclamped or clamped to the skyline. Except for a chord slope of 0 percent the load ""-"Tying capability of .. skyline with a clamped carriage will be less than for an unclamped carriage. ~is diffeI'llnoe in load capability can take on important proportions. With a very steep slope and a large deflection (refer to Figure 48), e.g. 80 percent chord slope and 15 percent midspan deflection, an unclamped carriage can have an allowable payl9ad. that is more than )) peftlent greater than for a clamped carriage. 'iliis is due to the assistance that the skyli"e receives from the mainline when the mainline helps support the load. 'ilia difference in load carrying capability i8 valid only for the time during which the oa:rriage is clamped.
For the purpose of describing the effect upon sk;y:line load capacity, carriages can be divided into the two following categories:
a) Clamped carriages
This includes all clamped carriages (oarriage stops have the same funotion as a clamp) 1<hich do not have an active mainline pulling towards the upper end of the skyline. In other words, the mainline is aSElWllBd to be slack or pulling toward the lower end of the skyline .
b) Unclamped carriages
'iliis includes not only unclamped carriages, but also clamped carriages with an active mainline pulling toward the upper end of the el:yline.
Table 12 - Carriage and Cable Logging System Combinations Commonly Used Together
Carriage FeaturesrCable Logging Systems
Maehine-mountedWinches
Yarders Mobile Tower YardersRunning SkylineSwing ',CardersSingle Multispan Small Medium Large
Single-Span Design X X X X X X
Multi-Span Design--I
X X X X
Carriage Stop Control X X X
Carriage Clamp Control X X X X X
Operating Line Control ,A X X X X X
Gravity with Load
__X X
Gravity without Load X X X
Non-gravity X X X X X X X
Load Beam Attachment X X
Skidding Capability X X X X X X ' X
No Skidding Capability X X X X
Butt Rigging X X X
Table 12 - Car "i"P," and cable LOgging Syst em Comb ina tions COl1l1lonly Used Togethe>:
--Cable Loggine Syst ems
- -- -Carri age Features
Machine-mounted Yarders I-Iobile Tower Yarders
Rtunling Sk;yline ;,Tjnches Single Multispan Small Iledium Large Sl<lhig Yal'ders
-- _. Single--S!"'n Design X X X X X X
- -I~ulti-Span Design X X X X
---,,- --_._--carriage Stop Cont ro l X X X
- -carriage Cl amp Cont r ol X X X X X
I
~ Operating Line Control v X X X X X J.
Gravity with Load X X
- -Grav i t y wi thout Load X X X _ .. N on-gra,vi ty X X X X X X X
- ..
Load Beam Attachment X X
1----
Ski dding Capability X X X X X X X
--No Skidding capab ility X X X X
r-- -- ---Butt Rigg ing X X X
I 1
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4. PRODUCTIVITY
401 Factors which affect Productivity
The productivity of cable logging systems is highly diverse due to the great variabilityin the natural and the developed (man-made) conditions to be found in forests and forest areas.
Generally, each harvesting plan is determined by the prevailing natural forest conditionsand the silvicultuxal regime to be practiced, taking into consideration environmental factors.Natural and developed conditions will affect each other at the primary stage of harvestingplanning.
It is logical to assume that there are certain stands that can best be harvested withtractors, whereas others, in more difficult terrain, can best be harvested by cables. Inother words, more than one system may be applicable for a set of natural conditions. It isoften a question of creating the right set of developed conditions to meet those in existingforests.
If the wrong set of developed conditions is adopted for use in natural forests,productivity will never reach its potential level. Similarly, a cable logging system may beemployed in a set of both existing natural and developed conditions, even though, if thesituation was thoroughly analyzed, it would be advantageous to change the developed conditicns.A change in developed conditions can improve the productivity of the system employed, or canallOw for the introduction of a system more suited to the modified conditions.
Although productivity is an important consideration when selecting a cable loggingsystem, the final choice must be based primarily upon the economics of the forest operationsafter having considered the environmental impact of the proposed system. It could be that,even though the productivity of a cable logging system reaches acceptable levels, it still maynot be the most appropriate or the most economical one for use in natural forest. Because ofthe great number of variabilities which exist in forest areas, each case must be judged entirelyan its awn merits.
Important natural variables are:
Weight, size and form of trees and logs
Distribution, size and location of forest stands
- Size class distribution of trees and logs within a stand
Volume per ha
- Topography
Length of slopes
- Density of obstacles and vegetation
Climate
ImpsTtant develo.ped variables are:
Road location, standards and spacing
- Terrain transportation distance (a function of road spacing)
Lift and deflection
Cutting, limbing, bucking, decking, loading and hauling conditions
Capability, experience and organization.of personnel
- Type of harveet, i.e. silvicultural treatment: clearaut, partial cut, thinning etc.
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4. PRODUCTIVITY
4.1 Factors which affect Productivity
The productivity of cable logging B?stems is highly diverse due to the great variability in the natural and the developed (man-made) conditions to be found in forests and forest areas.
Genera~ly, each harvesting plan is determined by the prevailing natural forest conditions and the silvicultural regime to be practiced, taking into consideration environmental factors. Natural and developed conditions will affect each other at the primary stage of harvesting planning.
It is logical to assume that there are certain stands that can best be harvested with tractors, whereas others, in more difficult terrain, can best be harvested by cables. In other words, more than one system may be applicable for a set of natural conditions. It is often a question of creating the right set of developed conditions to meet those in existing forests.
If the wrong set of developed conditions is adopted for use in natural forests, productivity will never reach its potential level. Similarly, a cable logging system m~ be employed in a set of both existing natural and developed conditions, even though, if the situation was thoroughly analyzed, it would be advantageous to change the developed conditions. A change in. developed conditions can improve the productivity of the system employed, or can allOw for the introduction of a system more suited to the modified conditions.
Although productivity is an important consideration when selecting a cable logging system, the final choice must be based primarily upon the economics of the forest operations after haVing considered the environmsntal impact of the proposed system. It could be that, even though the productivity of a cable logging system reaches acceptable levels, it still may not be the most appropriate or the most economical one for use in natural forest. Because of the great number of variabilities which exist in forest "",eas, each Case must be judged entirely on its own merits.
Important natural variable s are:
Weight, size and form of trees and logs
Distribution, size and l ocation of forest stands
Size class distribution of trees and logs within a stand
- Volume per ha
Topography
Length of slope s
. - Density of obstacles and vegetation
- Climate
Important developed variables are:
Road location, standards and spe.cing
Terrain transportation distance (a function of road spe.c1ng)
Lit't and deflection
CUtting, limbing, bucking, decking, loading and hauling conditions
capability, experience and organization . of personnel
Type of harvest, i.e. silvicultural treatment: clearcut, partial cut, thinning eto.
_60
The above variables not only influence productivity but are also instrumental indetermining which cable logging system should be selected for harvesting a forest resource.Only after an appropriate system (or systems) haz been selected, with consideration to theabove variables, is it possible to forecast the levels of productivity which can be expectedunder the existing natural conditions and under the conditions to be created in thedevelopment of the forest.
4.2 Mechanical Specifications
According to the natural and developed conditions, an appropriate cable logging system(or systems) would be selected. Each system generally consists of a power supply, wire rope,carriage and other accessories. One or more machines Should be selected from amongst theavailable ones.
Each madhine has both mechanical and/or economical advantages and disadvantages.Therefore, the mechanical specifications of each machine are important as factors which mustcorrespond to the natural and developed conditions.
Important mechanical specifications are:
Maximum pulling power of each operating line
- Maximum line speed of eaoh operating line
Maximum drum capacity of each operating line
Engine power (or engine power required)
Number and type of drums (including options)
Tower height
Weight (of complete unit)
4.3 Available Productivity Data
A great deal haz been written about the productivity of cable logging operatione.Unfortunately, anly a very small port ion of the available information contains enough of theimportant background data which is necessary to make meaningful comparisons with other cablelegging operations. When the important variables are not known, comparisons can be mis-leading, and can lead to incorrect conclusions and thus increased costs, especially when thecable logging system chosen is not the most appropriate for the existing forest conditions.
The only produotivity data presented in this report is that 10hioh has been derivedfrom studies and analysis of cable logging operations conducted in different parts of theworld. This is only a small portion of the productivity data which has been publishedthroughout the world. Even though there is much more available, very little of it meetsthe data criteria established for this report. These criteria are:
The data must be based upan field measurements
As many measurements as possible must be taken, over a sufficient period of time,in order to arrive at tolerable average results, i.e. the data presented must befor average production results, not exceptional production results
Data must be given on the variables listed below:
Volume per ha
- Number of pieces per ha
Volume per piece
Harvesting system (full-tree, tree-length or shortwood)
Type of cut (olearout, partial cut, thinning, etc.)
Uphill or downhill
Average yarding distance in mainline and lateral
_ 60 _
The above variables not only influence productivity but are also instrumental in determining which cable logging system should be selected for harvesting a forest resource. Only after an appropriate system (or systems) has been selected, with consideration to the above variables, is it possible to forecast the levels of productivity which can be expected under the existing natural conditions and under the conditions to be created in the de,·elopment of the forest. '
4.2 Mechanical SpeCifications
According to the natural (or systems) would be selected. carriage and other accessories. available ones.
and developed conditions, an appropriate cable logging system Each system generally consists of a power supply, wire rope, One or more machines should be selected from amongst the
Each machine has both mechanical and/or economical advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the mechanioal specifications of each machine are impOrtant as factors which must correspond to the natural and developed conditions.
Important mechanical speoifications are:
- Maximum pulling power of each operating line
- Maximum line speed of eaoh operating line
- Maximwn drum capacity of each operating line
- Engine power (or engine power required)
- Number and type of drums (including opt ions)
- Tawer hei8ht
- Weight (of complete unit)
4.3 Available Productivity Data
A great deal has been written about the productivity of cable logging operations. Unfo~unately, only a very ~mall portion of the available information contains enough of the important background data ·whioh is necessary to maJoa meaningful comparisons with other cable logging operations. When the important variables are not known, comparisons can be misleading, and oan lead to inoorrect oonclusions and thus increased oosts, especially when the oable logging system chosen is not the most appropriate for the existing forest conditions.
'1!le only prodllotivity data presented in this report i. that which haa been derived from studies and analysis of oable logging operations conducted in different parts of the world. This is only a small port ion of the produotivi ty data which has been published throughout the world. Even though there is much more aVailable, very little of it meets the data criteria established for this report. These criteria are:
- The data must be based upon field measurements
- As many measurements as possible must be taken, over a sufficient period of time, in order to arrive at tolerable average results, i.e. the data presented must be for average produotion T<lsults, not exceptional production results
- Data must be given on the variables listed below:
- Volume per ha
- Number of pieces per ha
- Volume per pieoe
- Harvest ing system (full-tree, tree-length or shortwood)
- Type of cut (olearcu,t, partial cut, thinning, etc.)
- Uphill or downhill
- Average yarding distance in mainline and lateral
_61 -
Useful data on the variables would be:
Area
Topography
Density of obstacles and vegetation
Weather and temperature
Indispensable mechanical and operational data must be:
Maximum pulling power of the mainline
Type of cable configuration
Useful mechanical and. operational data would be:
Capability, experience and organization of personnel
Data should be presented as slioWn below, or in such a manner that it can beconverted into this form for comparative parooses:
- Volume in solid cubic metres
Productivity per 8-hour shift
Number of yarding cycles/turns per 8-hour shift
Moving, set-up and take-down times
The data presented in Table 13 gives the average productivity in cubic metres (solid)per 8-hour shift, segregated within each category of cable logging system according to themaximum pulling power of the mainline.
It is important to note that over shorter periods of time, for example one day, therecan and will be great deviations from average productivity. There are exceptionaloperating days in which production can be much more or less than the average productivity.Such exceptional days cannot be used as a guide to the productivity that Should be expectedfrom a cable logging system.
4.4 Productivity of Different Cable Logging Operations
Productivity will vary greatly from region to region and from logging unit to loggingunit. The information presented here gives a fairly. representative picture of thevariations which occur in average production. The reasons for these variations are manyand can be better understood by examining the data given for each example in Table 13 (onPage 68). Figure 49, given at the end of Table 13, shows productivity related to pullingpower for all the cable logging system examples given in Table 13. It should be notedthat the average maximum yarding diOance has been rounded to the nearest 5 m and productivityhas been rounded to the nearest 5 mi in Table 13.
Variability in productivity is described, by cable logging system, in the followingsections:
4.4.1 :S_nd_.edentBunchina. Winches
The productivity of independent bunching winches varies primarily with:
Pulling power
- Yarding distance
Terrain conditions (i.e. boulders)
- Piece size
Volume per ha
_ 61 _
- Us~ful data on the variables would be:
- Area
Topography
- Density of obstacles and vegetation
Weather and temperature
Indispensable mechanical and operational data must be:
- Maximum pulling power of the mainl ine
TYPe of cable configuration
- Useful mechanical and operational data would be:
- Capability, experience and organization of personnel
Data should be presented as shown below, or in such a manner that it can be converted into this form for comparative purposes:
- Volume in solid cubic metres
- Productivity per 8-hour shift
- Number of yarding oycles/turns per 8-hour shift
- l~oving, set-up and take-down times
The data presented in Table 13 gives the average product ivity in oubic metres (solid) per 8-hour shift, segregated within each category of cable logging system according to the maximum pulling power of the mainline.
It is important to note that over shorter periods of time, for example one day, there can and will be great devi&tions from average produotivity. Thel~ are exceptional operating daye in which production can be much more or less than the average productivity. Suoh exoeptional days cannot be used as a guide to the productivity that should be expected from a cable logging system.
4. 4 Productivity of Different Cable LOgg ll1g Operations
Productivity will vary greatly from region to region and from logging unit to l ogging unit. The information presented here gives a fairly' representative picture of the variations which occur in average production. The reasons for these variations are many and can be better understood by examining the data given for each example in Table 13 (on Page 68). Figure 49, given at the end of Table 13, shows productivity related to pulling power for all the cable logging system examples given in Table 13. It should be noted that the average maximum yarding di~tance has been rounded to the nearest 5 m and productivity has been rounded to the nearest 5 m in Table 13.
Variability III productivity is described, by cable logging system, in the following sections:
4.4 .1 Independent Bunchll1g Winohes
The productivity of independent bunohing winches varies primarily with:
Pulling power
Yarding distance
- Terrain conditions (i.e. boulders) Piece size
Volume per ha
z
- _ - ---.5
- 62 -
These winches are usually used in ground lead and are mainly designed for use in
thinnings where the logs may be quite small. In forest stands with larger tree and log
sizes, bunching is of less importance.
Productivity can also be improved by hanging the blocks at a height that will give
some lift to the leading end of the turn.
The maximum yarding distance is quite short - usually between 10 and 50 m.
Table 13 presents data from some operations in which the productivity of independent
bunching winches was measured.
Table 13 indicates that the correlation between mainline pulling power and
productivity is relatively consistent, which indicates that the winches in these examples
are rather well suited to the conditions in which they were used, and were employed in
a relatively efficient manner. For example, in the 8 kN class the small volume per piece
and per turn in one operation was compensated for by increasing the number of turns.
This indicates that the ability to yard faster with a smaller turn was utilized.
Whether the machines are radio-controlled or not is not directly related to the
productivity. In other words, the volume per turn is not affected by the number of
operators. Costs due to the machine prices (depreciation), wages, or other costs would
decide which type is better in each case. Radio-controlled machines are usually more
expensive.
4.4.2 Machine-Mounted Winches
Machine-mounted winches are unique among the cable logging systems in that, other thanfor some special exceptions, their productivity is directly related tothe capacity and travelspeed of the base machine upon which the winch is mounted. This is due to the fact that theterrain transportation is done primarily with the machine, and the winch is normally only usel
for short distance movement of logs. Consequently, pulling power and productivity are not
directly related for machine-mounted winches.
4.4.3 Yarders
The productivity of yarders varies primarily with:
Pulling power
Line speed
Mainline load capacity (for non-skyline configurations)
Skyline load capacity (for skyline configurations)
Yarding distance (for highlead; skyline length and lateral skidding distance)
Piece size
Volume per ha
Number of pieces per ha
Type of harvest (clearcut etc.)
Harvesting system (full-tree etc.)
Cable configuration
In a skyline configuration, an increase in line speed will increase productivity;however, this generally requires an increase in engine power. In highlead or other cableconfigurations in which logs are dragged along the ground, line speed may have less effecton productivity than in the skyline configuration, since ground obstacles might preventsmooth yarding. Therefore in highlead, pulling power is more important than line speedsince it is necessary to pull more load at slower speeds. In other words, the productivityin a skyline configuration will be due to both the pulling power and the line speed; the
former affects the size of the turn and the latter affects the number of turns; however,productivity Un the highlead system will be mostly due to pulling power since the line speedwill be slow and the number of turns will be more or less constant.
- 62 -
These winches are usually used in ground lead and are mainly designed for use in thinnings where the l ogs may be quite small. In forest stands with larger tree and log sizes, bunching is of less importance.
Productivity can also be improved by hanging the blocks at a height that will give some lift to the leading end of the turn.
'ilie maximum yarding distance is quite short - usually between 10 and 50 m.
Table 13 presents data from some operations in which the productivity of independent bunching winches was measured.
Table 13 indicates that the correlat ion between mainline pulling power and productivity is relatively consistent, which indicates that the winches in these examples are rather well suited to the conditions in which they were used, and were .employed in a relatively efficient manner. For example, in the 8 kN class the small volume per piece and per turn in one operat ion was compensated for by increasing the number of turns. Th is indicates that the ability to yard faster with a smaller turn was utilized.
Whether the machines are radio-controlled or not is not directly related to the productivity. In other words, the volume per turn is not affected by the number of operators. Costs due to the machine prices (depreciation), wages, or other costs would dec ide which type is better in each case. Radio-controlled machines are usually more expensive.
4.4.2 Machine-Mounted Winches
lolachine-mounted winches are un i que among the cable logging systems in that, other than for some special exceptions, their productivity is directly related to the capacity and travel speed of the base machine upon which the winch is mounted. This is due to the fact that the terrain transportation is done primarily with the machine, and the winch is normally only usel for short distance movement of logs. Consequently, pulling power and productivity are not directly related for machine-mounted winches.
4.4.3 Yarders
The productivity of yarders varies primarily with:
- Pull ing powe r
- Line speed
- Mainline load capacity (for non-skyline configurations)
Skyline load capaCity (for skyline configurations)
- Yarding distance (for highlead; skyline length and lateral skidding distance)
- Piece size
- Volume per ha
- Number of pieces per ha
- Type of harvest (clearcut etc.)
- Harvesting system (full-tree etc.)
- Cable configuration
In a skyline configuration, an increase in line speed will increase product ivity; however, this generally requires an increase in engine power. In highlead or other cable configurations in which l ogs are dragged along the ground, line speed may have less effect on productivity than in the skyline configuration, since ground obstacles might prevent smooth yarding. Therefore in highlead, pulling power is more important than line speed since it is necessary to pull more load at slower speeds. In other words, the productivity in a skyline configuration will be due to both the pulling power and the line speed; the former affects the size of the turn and the latter affects the number of turns; however, productivity in the highlead system will be mostly due to pulling power since the line speed will be slow and the number of turns will be more or less constant.
63
An increase in load capacity will allow an increase in load size, but the number ofturns per productive hour may decrease since the time required to assemble an adequate load
may tncrease. Log size and weight are an important function of productivity along with pre-treatment such as topping, limbing and bucking (i.e. harvesting system).
As yarding distance increases, productivity per shift decreases. However, as theyarding distance increases and the productivity decreases, the number of hours available forproduction will increase, since less time is spent on setting-up. In normal cases, higherproductivity'is obtained from shorter yarding; however, overall costs may not be reduced ifadditional road costs are taken into account.
Generally speaking skyline configurations are used for longer yarding distancesrather than highlead. Optimal yarding distances are in the order of 200 to 250 m inhighlead and 400 to 600 m in skyline configurations. A cable configuration which issuitable for the yarding distance should be Selected.
As lateral yarding distance increases, productivity will decrease, and this will beeven greater when the lateral yarding (skidding) is done in thinnings or partial cuts. Oneadvantage of lateral yarding is that it increases the effective width of each road with aresultant decrease in the number of roads which are required to harvest an area. This meansthat a smaller proportion of the time will be spent for moving.
However, longer lateral distances generally require a more complex cable configurationwhich therefore consumes more time in installation and removing. With simple cableconfigurations, for instance highlead, longer lateral distances will lower productivity, dueto the likelihood of more hang-ups; therefore the advantage of wider roads will be diminishedbecause of the short setting-up and taking-down time of the system.
The higher the skyline or mainline, the easier the lateral yarding, because of theadded lift.
When log size is small, more time will be required to collect the logs required foran adequate load. The same thing is true when tha volume per ha is low. In such cases,
if the logs to be harvested are not pre-bunched, it will be necessary to collect the logswith the cable logging system in order to get large enough loads. If logs are not pre-bunched, either loads will be undersized or too much time will be spent assembling anadequate one. In either case productivity will decrease.
In such situations productivity can be improved by complementing the system with theuse of independent bunching winches. This is especially applicable in situations where thelog size is smaller and the volume per ha is lower than is desirable for the equipment beingused.
In thinning and partial cut operations productivity is lower than for clearauts sincelateral yarding is slow, due to the need to negotiate the logs between the standing trees.In addition, the volume per ha removed in thinnings and partial cuts is lees than the volumesremoved in clearcuts.
Maximum yarder yarding distances vary from 300 to 1 500 m depending upon drumcapacity, type of yarder, and cable configuration.
Table 13 presents data from some operations in which the produativity of yarderswas measured.
- 63 -
An increase in load capacity will allow an increase in load size, but the number of turns per productive hour may decrease since the time required to assemble an adequate load ~ increase. Log size and weight are an important function of productivity along with pretreatment such as topping, limbing and bucking (i.e. harvesting system).
As yarding distance increases, productivity per shift decreases. However, as the yarding distance increases and the productivity decreases, the number of hours available for production will increase, since les8 time is spent on Betting~up. In normal cases, higher productivity I ie obtained from shorter yard.ing; however, overall costs m~ not be reduced if additional road costs are taken into account.
Generally speaking skyline configurations are rather than highlead. Optimal yarding distances are highlead and 400 to 600 m in skyline configurations. suitable for the yarding distance should be selected.
used for longer yarding distances in the order of 200 to 250 m in A cable copfiguration which is
As lateral yarding distance increases, productivity will decrease, and this will be even greater when the lateral yarding (skidding) is done in thinnings or partial cuts. One advantage of lateral yarding is that it increases the effective width of each road with a resultant decrease in the number of roads which are required to harvest an area. lhis means that a smaller proportion of the time will be spent for moving.
However, longer lateral distances generally require a more complex cable configuration which therefore consumes more time in installation and removing. With simple cable configurations, for instance highlead, longer lateral distances will lower productiVity, due to the likelihood of more hang-ups; therefore the advantage of wider roads will be diminished becallse of the short setting-up and taking-down time of the system.
The higher the skyline or mainline, the easier the late~al yarding, because of the added lift.
When log size is small, more time will be required to collect the logs required for an adequate load. The same thing is true when the. volume per ha is low. In such cases, if the logs to be harvested are not pre-bunched, it will be necessary to collect the logs with the cable logging system in order to get large enough loads. If logs are not prebunched, either loads will be undersized or too much time will be spent assembling an . adequate one . In either case productivity will decrease.
In such situations productivity can be improved by complementing the system with the use of independent bunching winches. This is espeCially applicable in situations where the log size is smaller and the volume per ha is lower than is desirable for the equipment being used.
In thinning and partial cut operations productivity is lower than for clearcuts since lateral yarding is slow, due to the need to negotiate the logs between the standing trees. In addit ion, the volume per ha removed in thinnings and part ial cuts is less than the volumes removed in clearcuta.
Maximum yarder yarding distances vary from ):)0 to 1 500 m depending upon drum capaCity, type of yarder, and cable configuration.
Table 13 presents data from some operations in which the productivity of yarders was mea.sured.
-64 -
4.4.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline Systems
The productivity of yarding trailers for continuous mainline systems variesprimarily with:
Yarding distance
Terrain
Piece size
Volume per ha removed
Number of pieces per ha
This system is designed for use in thinning operations. At present there is onlyone commercial manufacturer which produces only rne model of this system.
When the tree size and volume per ha removed remain fairly constant, and the systemis operated at the recommended maximum yarding distance of 250 to 350 m, productivity willnot show much variation. When the yarding distance is short or the volume per ha removedis low, a large proportion of the time will be spent in moving the system and productivitywill decrease.
Table 13 presents data from some operations in which the productivity of yardingtrailers continuous mainline system was measured (see Page 68).
Productivity is strongly influenced by the volume per piece since this is usually thesame as volume per turn.
4.4.5 Small Mobile Tower Yarders
The productivity for small mobile tower yarders varies primarily with:
Pulling power
Line speed
Mainline or skyline/carriage load capacity
Yarding distance (skyline and lateral)
Piece size
Volume per ha
Number of pieces per ha
Type of harvest
Harvesting system
Cable configuration
Since small mobile tower yarders are designed for the same type of single and multi-span skyline yarding as yarders, productivity varies in the mame manner as is described inthe section for yarders. The main difference between these two systems is that a small mobiletower yarder is mounted on a carrier with a tower for quick setting-up and taking-down timesand is normally used for shorter yarding distances.
Table 13 (on Page 68) presents data from some operations in which the productivity ofsmall mobile tcwer yardcrs was measured.
An examination of the data in Table 13 reveals the fact that the correlation betweenmainline pulling power and productivity for these different operations is not very consistent.This ind,cates that other factors or conditions have had an important influence uponproductivity. This also indicates that the capabilities of these systems are not always wellmatched to the forest conditions or that these capabilities are not fully utilized.
- 64 -
4.4.4 Yarding T::-ailers f or Continuous IIIai n l irie Systems
The productivity of yarding trailers for continuous mainline systems varies primaril y with:
- Yarding distance
- Terrain
- Piece size
- Volume per ha removed
- NUmb>ar of pieces per ha
Thi s syste~ is designed for use in thinning operations. At present there is onl y one commercial manufaoturer wh i ch produces only ~ne model of this system.
vlhen the tree size and volume per ha r emoved remain fairly constant, ~'1d the system is ope rated at the recommended maximum yarding distance of 250 to 350 m, pr oductivity will not show ~uch variation. \fuen the yarding distance is short or the volume per ha re moved is 1m-I, a large proportion of the t i me will be spent in moving the system and product ivity 'v/ill decrease .
Table 13 presents data from so~e operations in which the productivity of yar ding trailers continuous mainline system was measured (see Page 68 ).
Product ivity is strongly influenced by the v olume per piece since this is usual l y the same as volume per turn.
4 .4 . 5 Small I-Iobile Tower Yarders
The product ivity for emaI l mob i le tower yarders varies pr i~rily with:
- Pull ing power
- Line speed
- f~ainline or skyl me/carriage l oad capacity
- Yard i ng distonce (skyline and lateral)
- Piece size
- Volume per ha
- Number of piece s per ha
- T-Jpe of hll.rve st
- Harvest i ng system
- Cable configuration
Since small mobil e tower yarde r s a r e designen for the same type of single and mult i span skyline yard ing as yarders, product ivity varies in the same manner as is de scribed in the sect ion for yarders. The mrl.,in difference beth'een these tw o systems i s that 9. small mobile tower yarder i s mounte d on a carr ier with a tower f or quick setting- up and taking-down times and i s n ormally used for shorter yarding distances.
Table 13 ( on Page 68) presents data from s ome operat i ons in wh i ch t he productivity of small mob ile tower yarders was measured .
An examination of the data in Tab le 13 reveals the fact that the c orrelat ion between mai.nl ine pull ing power and pr oductivity for these different operations is not very consistent. This indicates that othe r factors or conditions have had an important influence upon product ivity. This also ind i cates that the capabilit i es of these systems are not a hlay5 well matched t o the forest conditions or that these capabilities are not fully utilized.
- 65-
The apparent good utilization of the system capabilities in the 15 kN class is greatlyinfluencei by the short yarding distance.
The two operations in the 49 kN class which produced 20 m3 in an 8-hour shift wereinfluenced by the relatively long yarding distances. The productivity would be 14igher witha shorter yarding distance. The operation in the same class which produced 55 m was greatlyinfluenced by the fact that a clearcut was made within a relatively short yarding distancefrom the machine.
Except for the operations which have been commented upon, productivity is relativelyconsisteni for the operations presented here.
4.4.6 Medium Mobile Tcwer Yarders
The productivity of medium mobile tower yarders varies primarily with:
Pulling power
Line speed
Load capacity
Yarding distance
Piece size
Volume per ha
Number of pieces per ha
Type of harvest
Harvesting aystem
- Cable configuration
When using a skyline configuration, line speed will affect productivity. When usinga highlead (non-skyline) configuration, line speed will have less effect on productivity thanwith skylines since the turns of logs will often encounter obstacles on the ground which willslow or even stop the yarding process. In addition, logs which are being dragged an theground can break if they are dragged too fast. To avoid damaging the equipment and the logsit is necessary to pull the load at a reasonably slow speed. Consequently, with the highleadconfiguration, where pulling power is more important than line speed, the turn will usuallybe pulled at a speed which is far below the capability of the yarder.
Pulling power is a key factor with a highlead configuration, since to counteract theslow speeds mentioned above, it is necessary to pull as large a load as possible. Thelarger and heavier the load, the greater the likelihood that the load will encounter Obstacleson the ground. Therefore it is important that the pulling power ia great enough to pull theload through or over Obstacles. For skyline configurations the load capacity of the skylineand carriage are important.
Yarding distanee has the sane basic effect upon skyline configurations as is describedunder yarders. However, in clearcutting operations side blocking is sometimes used toincrease the effective width of the yarding road. This can be used in highlead as well aslive skyline operations. Increased yerding distance has an additional negative effect upona highlead configuration in that lift is reduced and the loads will encounter more obstacles.This is the main reason why highlead yarding distance does not normally exceed 300 m.
Log size and volume per ha have the same effect upon productivity as is deseribedunder yarders.
Table 13 presents data from some operutions in which the productivity of medium mobiletcwer yarders was measured (see Page 68).
- 65-
~'he apparent good utilization of the system capabilities in the 15 kN class is greatly influenced by the short yarding distance.
The two operations in thc 49 kN class which produced 20 m3 in an 8-hour shift were influenced by the relatively long yarding distances. The productivity would be ~igher with a shorter yarding distance. The operation in the same class which produced 55 m was greatly influenced by the fact that a clearcut was made within a relat i vely short yarding distance . from the machine.
Except f or the operations which have been com~ented upon, productivity is relatively consisten~ for the operations presented here.
4.4.6 Medium ~!obi le Tower Yarders
The productivity of medium mobile tower yarders varies primarily with:
- Pull w.g powe r
- Line speed
- Load capacity
- Yarding distance
- Piece size
- Volume per ha
- number of pieces per ha
Type of harve s t
Harvesting aystem
- Cable configuration
When using a skyline configuration, line speed will affect productivity. When uaing a highlea:i (non-skyline) configuration, line speed will have leas effect on productivity than with akylinea since the turns of logs will often encounter obstacles on the ground which will slow or even stop the yarding process. In addition, logs which are being dragged on the ground can break i f they are dragged too faat. To avoid damaging the equipment and the logs i t is necessary to pull the load at a reasonably slow speed. Consequently, with the highlead configuration, where pulling power is more important than line speed, the turn will ~sually be pulled at a speed which i s far below the capability of the yarder.
PullL~ power is a key factor with a highlead configuration, since to counteract the slow Bpe~dB mentioned above, it is necessar,y to pull as large a load as possible. The larger and heavier the load, the greater the likelihood .that the load will encounter obstacles on the ground. Therefore i t is important that the pulling power is great enough to pull the load through or over obstacles . For skyline configurations the load capacity of the skyline and carr iage are important.
Yarding distance has the same basic effect upon skyline configurations as is described under yarders. However, in clearcutting operations side blocking is sometimes used to increase the effective width of the yardL~ road. Thia can be used in highlead as well as live skyline operations. Increased yarding distance has an additional negative effect upon a highlead configuration in that lift is reduced and the loads will encounter more obstacles. This is the main reason why highlead yarding distance does not normally exceed )00 m.
Log size and volume per ha have the same effect upon productivity as is descri~ed unde r yarde rs.
Table 13 presents data from aome operations in which the productivity of medium mobile tower yarders was measured (aee Page 68).
_66-
Table 13 shows that the correlation between mainline pulling power and productivityfor these different operations is not very consistent. One key factor is that although apowerful yarder is needed to handle large and heavy pieces, this capability is not alwaysneeded and therefore cannot always be utilized. Consequently the yarder is, and must be,overpowered for its average use. Another key factor is that there is more than one typeof cable configuration employed in the examples given here. Since there are (as explainedabove) different factors that affect the productivity of these different configurations, itis to be expected that productivity will be different.
The figures for the highlead configurations given in Table 13 Show much lower levelsof productivity than the various skyline configurations. As described above, one mainreason is because skyline systems operate at faster line speeds. A compensating factor isthat the setting-up and taking-down time is normally greater for a skyline- system than fora highlead system. Moving in, setting-up and taking-down times are not included in theproductivity data for medium mobile tower yarders.
The volume per turn in these skyline operations was usually considerably larger thanfor the highlead operations. This, together with the travel speed of the turn, resultedin much higher productivity for the skyline configurations, even when yarding distance wasconsiderably greater than for the operations which used a highlead configuration.
It is of interest to ncte that the maximum yarding distances used in the operationsshown here are considerably less than the capabilities of the yarders.
4.4.7 Large Mobile Tower Yarders
The productivity of large mobile tower yarders varies primarily with the samefactors as for medium mobile tower yarders. These variables affect the productivity oflarge mobile tower yarders in the same way as they affect medium mobile tower yarders.This is explained in the previous section on medium mobile tower yarders.
Table 13 on Page 68 presents data from some operations in which the productivityof large mobile tower yarders was measured.
The correlation between mainline pulling power and productivity for these differentoperations is similar to the correlation for medium mobile tower yarders. This is Lo beexpected since these two categories have the same operating characteristics.
The 377 kN yarders were employed in operations where mahogany was selectively loggedfrom the forest. The volume per ha removed in these operations is considerably leas thanin the other large mobile tower yarder operations. The yarding distances are also muchlonger than for the other highlead operations. These two operations used wooden spars.
The 364 kN operation is interesting in that the productivity was high even thoughthe maximum yarding distance was greater than the other operations. This operationemployed a gravity line system which, with the high speed with which the carriage canreturn to the operating area, compensates for the relatively long yarding distance.Additionally, the large volume per turn is clearly an important factor in achieving thishigh level of productivity.
4.4.8 Running Skyline Swing Yarders
The productivity of running skyline swing yarders varies primarily with:
Pulling power
Line speed
Load capacity
Yarding distance
_ 66 _
Tab l e 13 shows t hat the correlation between mainline pulling power and productivity for these diff erent operations is not very consistent. One key factor is that although a power ful yarder is needed to handle large and heavy pieces, this capability is not always needed and therefore cannot always be utilized. Consequently the yarder is, and must be, overpowered for its average use. Another key factor is that there is more than one type of cable configuration employed in the examples given here. Since there are (as explained above) differ ent fac t ors that affect .the productivity of these different configurations, it is to be expected that pr oductivity will be different.
The figures for the highlead configurations given in Table 13 show much l ower levels of productivity than the various skyline configurations. As described above, one main reason is because skyline systems operate at faster line speeds. A compensating factor is that the setting-up and taking-down time is normally greater f or a skylin& system than for a highlead system. Moving in, setting-up and taking-down times are not included in the productivity data for medium mobile tower yarders.
The volume per turn in these skyline operations was usually considerably larger than fo r the highlead operations. This, together with the travel speed of the ttun, resulted in much higher productivity f or the skyline configurations, even when yarding distance was considerably greater than for the operations which used a highlead configuration.
It is of interest to note that the maximum yarding distances used in the operations shown here are considerably less than the capabilities of the yarders.
4.4.7 Large Mobile Tower Yarders
The productivity of large mobile tower yarders varies primarily with the sa.me factors as for medium mobile tower yarders. These variables affec t the productivity of large mobile tower yarders in the same way as they affect medium mobile tower yarders. This is explained in the previous section on medium mobile tower yarders.
Table 13 on Page 68, presents data from some operations in which the productivity of large mob i le tower yarders was measured.
The correlat ion between mainline pulling power and productivity for these different operations is similar to the correlation for medium mobile tower .yarders. This j.B to be expected since these two categories have the same operating characteristics.
The 377 kN yarders were employed in operations where mahogany was selectively logged from the forest. The volume per ha removed in these operations is considerably lees than in the other large mobile tower yarder operations. The yarding distances are also much longer than for the other highlead operations. These two operations used wooden spars .
The 364 kN operation is interesting in that the produativity was high even though the maxi~~ yarding distance was greater than the other operations. This operation employed a gravity line system which, with the high speed with which the carriage can return to the operating area, compensates for the relatively long yarding distance. Additionally, the large volume per turn is clearly an important factor in achieving this high level of pr oductivity.
4.4.8 Running Skyline Swing Yarders
The productivity of running skyline swing yarders varies primarily with:
- Pull ing powe r
- Line speed
- Load capacity
- Yarding distance
_67 -.
Deflection
Piece size
Volume per ha
These variables affect the productivity of running skyline swing yarders in the sameway as they affect medium mobile tower yarders and large mobile tower yarders. In addition,log size can have a dramatic impact upon productivity when a grapple carriage is being used.This is due to the fact that, when a grapple is used, each turn will usually consist of onlyone log.
Adequate deflection is imnortant in order that the turn of logs being yarded intothe landing are not slowed down< If the carriage or logs come into contact with the groundor obstacles on the ground, the line speed must be reduced with a direct negative effectupon production. Deflection is especially important when using a grapple carriage.Without proper deflection the grapple cannot be positioned over the logs.
Table 13 presents data from some operations in which the productivity of runningskyline swing yarders was measured.
In Table 13 (Page 68), the correlation between mainline pulling power and productivityfor these different operations is relatively consistent, with the exception of the 428 kNyarder which produced only 140 m3 per 8 hour shift. Even so, the increase in productivityis not proportionate to the increase in the pulling power. The capabilities of the morepowerful yarders cannot always be utilized with the result that they are quite often lessproductive than could be expected. This situation is somewhat evident in the volume perpiece for these running skyling swing yarder operations.
The 249 kN yarder with a productivity of 155 m3 is interesting in that productivitywas good even though it was operating in a partial cut with a relatively long yardingdistance (as compared to the other 249 kN yarder). The ability to average two logs perturn when using chokers is advantageous as compared to an average of a little more than onelog per turn for the grapple operation.
The two 428 kN yarders were operated on the basis of two shifts per day with theresult that approximately half of their operating time wagat night. The yarder with the140 m3 productivity had, in addition to the smaller volume per piece, a relatively largeamount of mechanical problems.
The maximum yarding distances for the running skyline swing yarder operations shownhere are, as is also common for most of the other cable logging systems, considerably lessthan the capabilities of these yarders.
Figure 49 (on Page 72), gives a comparison of productivity related to pulling powerfor each of the operations shown in Table 13.
- 67 _.
Deflection
- Piece size
- Volume per ha
These variables affect the productivity of running skyline swing yarders in the same way as they affect medium mobile tower yarders and larg~ _mobile tower yarders. In addition, l og size can have a dramatic impact upon productivity when a grapple carriage is being used. This is due to the fact that, when a grapple is used, each turn will usually consist of only one log.
Adequate deflection is important in order that the turn of logs being yarded into the landing are not slowed downc If the carriage or logs come into contact with the ground or obstacles on the ground, the line speed must be reduced with a direct negative effect upon production. Deflection is especially important when using a grapple carriage. Without proper deflection the grapple cannot be positioned over the logs.
Table 13 presents data from some operations in which the productivity of running skyline swing yarders was measured.
In Table 13 (Page 68), the correlat i on between mainline pulling power and product ivity for t hese different operations is relatively consistent, with the exception of the 428 kN yarder which produced only 140 m3 per 8 hour shift. Even so, the increase in productivity is not proportionate to the increase in the pulling power. The capabilities of the more powerful yarders cannot always be utilized with the result that they are quite often less productive than could be expected. This situation is somewhat evident in the v olume per piece for these running skyling swing yarder operations.
The 249 kN yarder with a productivity of 155 m3 is interesting in that productivity was good even though it was operating in a partial cut with a relatively long yarding distance (as compared to the other 249 kN yarder). The ability to average two logs per turn when using chokers is advantageous as c ompared to an average of a little more than one log per turn for the grapple opeI""dotion.
The two 428 kN yarders were operated on the basis of two shifts per day with the result that approximately half of their operating time was· at night. The yarder with the 140 m3 productivity had, in addition to the smaller volume per piece, a relatively large amount of mechanical problems.
The maximum yarding distances for the running skyline swing yarder operations shown here are, as is also common for most of the other cable logg ing systems, considerably lese than the capabilities of these yarders.
Figure 49 (on Page 72 ), gives a comparison of productivity related to pulling power for each of the operations shown in Table 13.
Table 13 - Comparison of Productivity Data
Average Maximum
Mainline Pul- Yarding Distance Volume/ Z;ctare Volume/ Turns/ Volume/ Productivity/
ling Power Mainline Lateral Total Removed Piece Shift Turn 8 Hour Shift Location Notes
KN m3 m m m3 3 3
m3
INDEPENDENT BUNCHING WINCHES
8 50 270 58
50 130 36
0.20
0.14
45
55
0.38
0.29
15
15
Scandinavia
15 50 70 0.30 20
40 25 495 178 0.45 79 0.59 45 North America T
West Coast
YARDMS N
20 700 _ _ _ _ 39 1.3 50 European Alps CD700 _ _ -
300 _ _ -
_ 4945
1.2
0.9
60
40
t, CD
Cu
39 1000 - _ _ 0.18 _ _ 20 Scandinavia CDCu
900 - _
1200 50 - 200
0,36
0.60
31
16
1.3
1.8
4530
i,
Asia
CDCu
PD
49 900 15 - - - 33 1.5 50 European Alps CD
80 1200 73 233 233 1.34 21 4.0 85 North America CD
West Coast
YARDING TRAILERS FOR CONTINUOUS MAINLINE SYSTEM I
59 300 - - - 0.2 150 0.2 10 European Alps TU
250 - - - 0.05 320 0.05 15 It TU
Table 13 - Comparison of Product ivi ty Data
Average Maximum Mainline Pul- Yarding Distance Volume/ H~ctare VolUlfle/ Turns/ VOlwne/ Productivi ty/ lin,&;! Power Mainline Lateral ~ Re:noved Piece ~ Turn 8 Hour Shift Location ~
KN 3 3 3 3 3 m '" m m m m m
INDEPE%iIlE2lT BUIICHING WINCHES I
8 50 270 58 0.20 45 0.38 15 Scandinavia T
50 130 36 0.14 55 0.29 15 " T
15 50 70 0.30 20 " T
40 25 495 178 0.45 79 0.59 45 North America T West Coast
YAIUlERS N
20 700 39 1.3 50 European Alps CD I
'" 700 49 1.2 60 " CD ())
300 45 0.9 40 " CU
39 1000 0.18 20 Scandinavia CDCu
900 0.36 31 103 45 " CDCu 1200 50 200 0.60 16 1.8 30 Asia PD
49 900 15 33 1.5 50 European Alps CD
80 1200 75 233 233 1034 21 4.0 85 North America CD \iest Coast
YARDING TRAILERS FOR CONTINUOUS MAINLINE SYSTEM I
59 300 0.2 150 0.2 30 European Alps TU 250 0.05 320 0.05 15 " TU
TABLE 13: Contad
Average Maximum
Mainline Pul- Yarding Distance Volume/Hectare Volume/ Turns/ Volume/ Productivity/
1111E_E2Yer Mainline Lateral Total Removed Piece Shift Turn 8 Hour Shift Location Notes
m m mKM m m3 3 3 3 3
SMALL MOBILE TOWER YARDERS N
15 80 15 97 97 102 0.5 45 European Alps CU
165 20 181 181 89 0.9 80 IV CU
205 15 273 273 66 0.7 45 I/ CU
21 280 320 30 0.60 37 1.3 50 :I TU
39 300 15 0.5 30 United Kingdom TUT
49 555 510 510 0.62 19 1.0 20 Scandinavia CUD
530 209 209 0.55 9 2.1 20 II CUD
240 30 0,43 55 North America CTU1
West Coast300 0.55 - 40 II TU
0,\o
300 25 150 38 1.0 40 Central D1
Americz:300 20 503 503 1.27 24 1.7 40 European Alps CU
MEDIUM MOBILE TOWER YARDMS N
111 115 238 238 0.62 68 1.2 100 North America CUR
West Interior
152 220 40 1.9 52 3.1 160 European Alps CUL
251 85 252 252 0.79 45 1.9 85 North America CUM
West Interior
125 210 210 0.86 35 2.5 loo It CUM
276 260 490-1050 490-1050 1.2 105 2.6 280 North America CUR
West Coast
299 160 490-1050 490-1050 0.7 88 1.6 145 CDH
120 490-1050 490-1050 1,4 90 2.8 265 CUB
TABLE 13. Cont'd
Average 'Maximum
Mainline Pul- Yarding Distance Volume/Hectare Volume/ Turns/ Volume/ Producti vi ty / linR' Power Mainline Lateral ~ Removed Piece Shift Turn 8 Hour Shift Location Notes
KN 3 3 3 3 3 m m m m m m m
SMALL MOBILE TOWER YARDERS N
15 80 15 97 97 102 0.5 45 European Alps CU 165 20 ,81 181 89 0.9 80 " CU 205 15 273 273 66 0.7 45 " CU
21 280 320 30 0. 80 31 1.3 50 " TU
39 300 15 0.5 30 United Kingdom TIm
49 555 510 510 0.62 19 1.0 20 Scandinavia CUD 530 209 209 0.55 9 2.1 20 " CUD 240 30 0.43 55 North America CTU
West Coast '" 300 0.55 40 " TU "" 300 25 150 38 1.0 40 Central D I
America 300 20 503 503 1.27 24 1.7 40 European Alps CU
MEDIUM MOBILE TOWER YARllEllS N
111 115 238 238 0.62 68 1.2 100 North Arneri ca CUH West Interior
152 220 40 1.9 52 3. 1 160 European Alps CUL
251 85 252 252 0.79 45 1. 9 85 North America CUH West Interior
125 210 210 0.86 35 2.5 100 " CUH
276 260 490-1050 490-1050 1.2 105 2.6 280 North America CUR West Coast
299 160 490-1050 490-1050 0.7 88 1.6 145 " CUH 120 490-1050 490-1050 1.4 90 2.8 265 " CUS
TABLE 13: Cont'd
Average MaximumMainline Pul Yarding Distance Volume/Hectare Volume/ Turns/ Volume/ Productivity/ling Power Mainline Lateral Total Removed Piece Shift Turn 8 Hour Shift Location Notes
1LN3
m m3 m33
m3
m
LARGE MOBILE TOWER YARDERS N
364 460 490-1050 490-1050 1.96 66 3.8 250 North America QUO
West Coast
377 400 86 55 Southeast Asia Sell
400 130 120 If Sell
428 120 560 560 1.08 39 2.8 110 North America CUH
West Interior135 378 378 0.79 70 1.6 115 it CUH
717 230 - 200-1000 200-1000 0.83 180 North America CUH
West Coast
RUNNING SINE WING YARD=
234 150 402 402 0.88 135 North America CUDGr
West Interior
249 185 10 879 0.92 87 1.8 155 North America PUCh
West Coast100 420 420 0.85 191 0.98 190 North America CUTGr
West Interior
428 180 250-950 250-950 0.97 215 North America CUDGrNi
West Coast170 250-950 250-950 0074 140 If CUDGrNi
TABLE 13: Cont'd
Average llaximum Jlainline Pul- Yarding Distance VOlume/Hectare Volume/ Turns/ Volume/ Producti vi tY/ ling Power Jlaj.nliJ,e lateral ~ Removed Piece Shift Turn 8 Hour Shift Location !21!!!
KIf 3 3 3 3 3 .. m m m m m m
LARGE XOBILE TOIlER naIlERS Ii
364 460 490-1050 490-1050 1.96 66 3. 8 250 North America CUG West Coast
311 400 86 55 Southeast Asia SeH 400 130 120 " SeH
428 120 560 560 · 1.08 39 2.8 110 North America CUH West Interior
135 378 378 0.79 70 1. 6 115 " CUH 717 230 200-1000 200-1000 0.83 180 North America CUH
West Coast cl
I!UIIlfm a SKILmE WmG YJ.RDE!lS I
234 150 402 402 0.88 135 North America CUDGr West Interior
249 185 10 879 0.92 87 1.8 155 North America: PUCh West Coast
100 420 420 0.85 191 0.98 190 North America CUDGr West Interior
428 180 250-950 250-950 0.97 215 N Qrth America CUDGrNi West Coast
170 250-950 250-950 0.74 140 " CUDGrNi
-71 -
Explanation of "Notes" Abbreviations in Table 13
I . Including moving time within the operating unit
- Not including moving, set-up and take-down time
T = Thinning
P = Partial Cut
Se . Selective Cut
C = Clearcut
U = UPhill yarding
- Downhill yarding
. Highlead
R = Running skyline
S = Standing skyline
L = Live skyline
. Live skyline (Gravity)
Ch = Chokers
Gr = Grapple
Ni s. Night logging included in about 50 % of shifts
Cu = Cutting and limbing are included in the operations
(cutting and limbing are not included in other examples)
- 71 -
Explanation of "Notes" Abbreviations in Table 13
I - Including moving time within the operating unit
N - Not including moving, set-up and ta.k&-down time
T Thinning
P - Partial Cut
Se Selective Cut
C Clearcut
u = D •
H -
R -S •
L
G = Ch •
Gr •
Ni •
Uphill yarding
Downhill yarding
Highlaad
Running skyline
Standing skyline
Live skyline
Live skyline (Gravity)
Chokers
Grapple
Night logging included in about 50 % of shifts
Cu Cutting and limbing are included in the operations
(cutting and limbing are not included in other examples)
Maximum PUlling Power-Skyline
" -Mainline 8 kN 8 kV 12 kN 15 kW
(80o kp) (800 kp) (1 200K0) (1 500 kp)
" -Haulback -
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline
-Mainline 0.8 m/s 0.6 m/s 0.6 m/s 0.6 m/s
n u n -Haulback - -Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline -
fl n n -Mainline 120m x 7.5mm 150m x 6.0mm 165m z 7.0mm 125m x 6.5mm
n u " -Haulback _ -Tower Height -
Ehgine Power 4.4kW (6hp) 4.4a (6hp) 6kW (8hp) 12iM (16hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 70 kg 150 kg 270 kg 450 kg .
Radio control Radio control Radio control
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: INTEPENDENT BUNCHING WINCHES
Manufacturer: KMF Egger GmBH Kolpe-Patent Kolpe-Patent Nordfor
Model: Ack'a 21 Radio-Tir 0 Radio-Tir Al in Fi in Saucer
ElWlPLES OF Cjj!LE LOGGiliG EJ;<UIPIIE2IT
Ciusification. IInlEPEJlIlDI'l' BUliCHiliG WllICHES
llanufactur8r: KJIlI' Egger GmBH Kolpe-Patent Kolpe-Patent Nordfor
110481: Ackja 421 Radio-Tir 740 Radio-Tir Alpin Flying Saucer
lIaxillWD Pulling Pow8l'-Sk;yline
" .. " -Jlainlino 81a1 81a1 12 klI 15 ldI
(800 kp) (800 kp) (1 200J(p) (1 500 kp)
.. .. .. -Hanl b!1.Ck
llazimum Line Speed -Sk;yline
" " " -Jlainline 0.8 m/s 0.6 m/s 0.6 m/s 0.6 m/s
.. .. " -Haulback
lIaxillll1ll Drwa eapaci ty-Sk;yline .. .. " -IIaWine 120m x 7.5- 150m x 6.Omm 165m x 7.0_ 125m x 6.5mm . ... .. • .. .. -Baulback
'l'ower Hei!ht
Engine Power 404ldl (6hp) 4.4kl1 (6hp) 6Jd1 (8hp) 12kl1 (16hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 70 kg 150 kg 270 kg 450 kg
Radio control Radio control Radio control
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: INDEPENDENT BUNCHING WINCHES
Manufacturer: Theissen Modern Logging
Model: TW 70
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline
" -Mainline 15 kN 40 la(1 500 kp) (4 100 kp)
" -Haulback -
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
-Mainline 1.5 m/s 0.6 m/s
-Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline
P' -Mainline 250m x 6.0mm 96m x 9.5mm
-Haulback
Tower Height
Engine Power 11kW (15hp) 3501 (471P)
Weight of Complete Unit 170 kg 730 kg
Radio control
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGlllG :;J;<UIPMmT
Classification: lllDEPENDENT BUNCHlllG WlllCIill3
lle.nufacturer:
Model:
Kaximum Pulling Power-Skyline
" " " -Mainline
" " " -Haulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
" " " -llainline
.. .. " -Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline
" " " -Mainline
" " .. -Haulback
Tower Height
Engine Power
Weight of Complete Unit
Theissen
TW 70
15 Jcli
(1 500 kp)
1.5 mla
250m x 6.0mm
l1k'tl (15hp)
170 kg
Modern Logging
40 kN
(4 100 kp)
0.6 m/s
96m x 9.5mm
35k"'W (47hp)
730 kg
Radio control
... VI
Classification: MACHINE-MOUNTED WINCHES
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
- Mainline 12 kW
(1 200 kp)
I/ /I - Haulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EUIPMENT
Mainline - 1.0 m/s 1.2 m/s 1.2 m/s 1.8 m/B
Haulback opt. 5.0 m/B
Maximiza Drum Capacity - Skyline
II tQ n '.. Mainline 40m x 8 mm 165m m 7.0 mm 250m x 7.0 mm 50 or 250m x 8 mm
u u u - Haulback _ - opt.800m x 4.0 mm
x)Tower Height - - 3.2 m variable
Ehgine Power required 13.4kW (18hp) 29kW (40bp) 22kW (30hp) lleg (15hp)
Weight of Complete Unit (Winch) 140 kg 900 kg 300 or 370 kg
Number of Drums 1 1 or 2 1
Radio control Radio control Radio control
I) mounted on forwarder crane arm
15 kN 15 kN 18 kN
(1 500 kp) (1 500 kp) (1 800 kp)
opt. 4 kN
(400 kP)
Manufacturer: Reinhardt Kolpe-Patent Nordfor OSA
Model: Drabant Winch Tractor Vinch Tilt Winch 81G
EXAMP~ OF CABLE LOoomG EQIIIPMENT
Classification: IlACHINE-KOUNTED WmCHlli
Jlanufacturer: Reinhardt Kolps-Patent
Kodel: Drabant Winch Tractor Hinch
liaxilllUDl Pulling Power - Sk;yline
" " H - lIainline 12 l<!N 15 Jc:N
.t; (1 200 kp) (1 500 kp)
" .. " - Haulback
iIal:imum Line Speed. - Sk;yline
.. " " - ilainline 1.0 mls 1.2 m/s
" " " - Haulback
lIaxillWD Drum Capacity - Sk;yline
.. " " - lIainline 4Omx8mm 165m :x 7.0 mm
" " .. - Haulback
Tover Height
Engine Pover required 13.41<14 (18hp) 29kW (40hp)
Weight of Complete Unit (Winch) 140 kg
Number of Drums 1 1
Radio control
x) mounted on forwarder crane arm
Nordfor
Tilt Winch
15 l<!N
(1 500 kp)
opt. 4 kN
(400 kp)
1.2 mls
opt. 5.0 mls
250m x 7.0 mm
opt. 800m x 4.0 mm
3.2 m
22kW (30hp)
900 kg
1 or 2
Radio control
OS!
81G
18 Jc:N
(1 800 kp)
1.8 mls
50 or 250m x 8 mm
variablex
)
11kl1 (15hp)
300 or 370 kg
1
Radio control
...., '"
Haulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
- Mainline
19 Haulback
Masimum »ruin Capacity - Skyline
EXANPIRS OF CABLE LOGGING EqUIPMENT
Classification: MACH1NE-MOUNTED WINCHES
Manufacturer: Igland OSA Igland GafnerModel:101 Compact 5000 9HS ecial 4000/4 Mini-Skidder
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
!I - Mainline 39 kN 44 0 49 01 56 01
(4 000 kP)x) (4 500 kp) (5 000 kp)x) (5 700 kp)
x)
optional Radio control
x) each drum
II U - Mainline 75m x 10 mm 250m x 8mm 38m x 14.3mm
U n II - Haulback - - - -
Tower Height variable - variable. -
Eagine Power required up to 711eW (95hp) 30kW (4hp) up to 67kW (90hP) 341a (45hP)
Weight of Complete Unit (Winch) 360 kg 170 kg 300 kg
Number of Drums 4 1 2 1
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGCDlG EJ;j1JIPMENT
Classification: MACHINE-MOUNTED WDiCHES
Manufacturer :
lIodel:
Maxi mum Pulling Power - Skyline
" " " - Mainl i ne
" " " - Haulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
" II " - Mainline
" II II - Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity - Skyline
" II II - Mainline
" n " - Haulback
Tower Height
Engine Power required
Weight of Complet e Unit (Winch)
Number of Drums
x) each drum
I gl and OSA Igland
Special 4000/4 _ 101 Compa"t 5000 / 2H
39 lCN
(4 000 kp )x)
1.2 m/s x)
30m x 11 mmx
)
variable
up to 71~ (95hp)
360 kg
4
44k1l
(4 500 kp)
1.6 mls
75m x 10 mm
30ldl (41hp)
170 kg
1
49 kJI
(5 000 kp )x)
1.8 mls x)
250m x 8mmx)
variable
up to 67kW (90hp)
300 kg
2
optional Radio control
Gafner
lhni-Skidder
56 k1l
(5 700 kp)
1.0 m/s
... ..., 38m x 14.3mm I
34.kW (45hp)
1
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: MACHINE-MOUNTED WINCHES
Manufacturer: Sepson Clark Caterpillar Timberjack
Model: 18-20 664B Skidder 518 Skidder 550 Skidder
Maximum Drum Capacity - Skyline - - - -
x)"
11 - Mainline 50m x 16 150m x 12.7 mm 72m x 16 mm;
1. to - Haulback - - _ -400
1
Tower Height - - - -
Engine Power required up to 121 kW (165hp) 67kW (90hp) 89kW (120hp) 138kW (185hp)
Weight of Complete Unit (Winch) 785 kg
Number of Drums 2 1 1 1
x) each drum
11 PI If - Mainline 88 kN 89k 142 kN 179 0(9 000 kp)x) (9 100 kp) (14 500 kP) (18 200 kp)
.1 t. u - Haulback - - - -
Maximum Line Speed
u v 1 1 1 1
- Skyline
.... Mainline
-
1.3 m/s x)
-
2.0 m/s
-
1.2 m/s
-1.4 m/s
lo 11 - Haulback - - - -
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGDlG ~UIPIWIT
Classification: MlCHINE-MOUNTED WINCHES
Jlanufacturer: Sepson Clark Caterpillar Timberjack
Kodel: 18-20 6648 Skidder 518 Skidder 550 Skidder
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
" " .. - lIainline
" " " Haulback
Maximum Line Speed Skyline
" " " Mainline
" " " Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity - Skyline
88 ldI
(9 000 kp )x)
1.3 mls x)
89 ldI
(9 100 kp)
2.0 mls
n " " _ Xainline 50m x 16 mmx
) 150m x 12.7 mm
" " " - Haul back
Tover Height
Engine Paver required
Weight of Complete Unit (Winch)
Number of Drums
x} each drum
up to 121 kll (165hp) 67klf (9Qhp)
785 kg
2 1
142 ldI 179 ldI
(14 500 kp) (18 200 kp)
1.2 mls 1.4 mls
72m x 16 mm
89kl1 (120hp) 138kli (185hp)
1 1
..... '"
Model:
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
ti 11 If - Mainline 307 leN 449 kN 503 kN 693 ¡N
(31 300 kp) (50 900 kp) 51 300 kp) (70 600 kp)
ii 71 - Haulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
ii - Mainline
ti ii - Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity - Skyline
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: MACHINE-MOUNTED WINCHES
Manufacturer: Clark Komatsu Caterpillar Komatsu
- Mainline 55m x 28.6 mm
ii - Haulback -
Tower Height -
Engine Power required 229 kW (307hp)
Weight of Complete Unit (Winch)
Number of Drums 1
880 Skidder D6OE Crawler
0.9 m/s
D9H Crawler D155A Crawler
0.6 m/s 0.7 m/s
90m x 26 mm 69m x 28 mm 90m x 26 mm
1165( (155hp) 306kW (410hP) 239kW (320hp)
1 280 kg 1 520 kg 1 850 kg
1 1 1
EXAKPLES OF CABLE LOGGING ~UIPMmT
Classification: MACHINE-MOUNTED WINCHES
Manufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
" " " - Mainline
" " " - Haulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
" " " - Mainline
" " " - Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity - Skyline
" " " - Mainline
" " .. - Haulback
Tower Height
Engine Power required
Weight of Complete Unit (Winch)
Number of Drums
Clark
880 Skidder
307 klI
(31 300 kp)
1.7 m/s
55m x 28.6 mm
229 kW (307hp)
1
Komatsu
D60E Crawler
449kN
(50 900 kp)
0.9 m/s
90m x 26 mm
116lC1i (155hp)
1 280 kg
1
Caterpillar Komatsu
D9H Crawler D155A Crawler
503 ItN 693 kN
51 300 kp) (70 600 kp)
0.6 m/s 0.7 m/s
..... 69m x 28 mm 90m x 26 mm
'D I
306k11 (410hp) 239kW (320hp)
1 520 kg 1 850 kg
1 1
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: YARDERS
Manufacturer: Nate-Fuji Vinje Wyssen Hinteregger
Model: 7.-12E K-1200 W-20 Universal Winch
-FSW 700
Maximum Load Capacity - 2 000 kg 2 500 kg -
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline 12 kNx) 39 kN 43 kN 49 kN
(1 200 kp) (4 000 kp) (4 400 kP) (5 000 kp)
u " -Mainline 12 kN 20 kN same as Skyline same as Skyline
(1 200 kp) (2 000 kp)
u " -Haulback 12 kN
(1 200 kp)
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline 3.5 m/sx) - - -
" -Mainline 3.5 m/s 3.8 m/s 4.4 m/s 6.0 M/S
" -Haulback 3.5 m/s
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline 1 200m x 18mm 2 400m x 10mm
" -Mainline 820m x 8mm 2 500m x 10mm 1 800m x 9.5mm
" -Haulback 820m x 8mm -
Tower Height
Engine Power 9kW (12hp) 44 to 74kW 12kW(16hp) 38 or 51kW
(60 to 100hp) (52 or 70hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 850 kg 4 000 kg 860 kg 2 200 kg
(engine not included)
Application Gravity + All-Terrain Gravity + Gravity +
All-Terrain All-Terrain All-Terrain
Carrier Skids Trailer Skids Skids
x) Ehdless Drum
EX.UIPLES OF CABLE LOGGIliG ~1JIPJWiT
Classification: YARDERS
Manufacturer: !>fate-Fuji Vinje Wyssen Hinteregger
Model: Y-12E K-12oo li-20 Universal Winch -FS'tI 700
Matimwn Load Capacity 2 000 kg 2 500 kg
Maximwn Pulling Power-Skylins 12 kNx ) 39 kN 43 IdI 49 kN
(1 200 kp) (4 000 kP) (4400 kP) (5 000 kP)
" " " -Mainline 12 kN 20 kN same as Skyline same as Skyline
(1 200 kP) (2 000 kP)
" " " -Haulback 12 }(N
(1 200 kP) I
Maximwn Line Speed -Skyline 3.5 m/sx) g>
" " " -J!ainlins 3.5 m/s 3.8 m/s 4.4 m/s 6.0 m/s
" " " -Haulback 3.5 m/s
Maximwn Drum Capacity-Skyline _x) 1 200m x 18mm 2 400m x 10mm
" " " -Mainline 820m x 8mm 2 500m x 10mm 1 800m x 9.5mm
" " " -Haulback 820m x 8mm
Tower Height
Engine Power 9k"ll (12hp) 44 to 74k"ll 12kW(16hp) 38 or 51ldi (60 to 1OOhp) (52 or 70hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 850 kg (engine not included)
4000 kg 860 kg 2 200 kg
Application Gravity + All-Terrain Gravity + Gravity + All-Terrain All-Terrain· All-Terrain
Carrier Skids Trailer Skids Skids
x) Endless Drum
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: YARDERS
Manufacturer: Iwate Fuji Nesler Baco Wyssen
Model: Y-52E MSA 4 SW and SWU 80L W-200
Maximum Load Capacity - - - 12 000 kg
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline 50 kN 69 kN 98 kN 147 kll
(5100 kp)x) (7 000 kp) (10 000 kp) (15 000 kp)
" -Mainline 50 kN same as Skyline same as Skyline sane as Skyline
(5100 kp)
Il " -Haulback 40 kN - - -
(4 100 kp)
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline 7.3 m/s - -
it " -Mainline 7.3 m/s 8.2 m/s 10.0 m/s 9.5 m/s1
Ti " -Haulback 9.2 m/s - - - co
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline -x) _ _ _
_s
1
IF " -Mainline 1 530m x 12mm 2 200m x 14mm 2 000m x 16mm 4 200m x 16mm
" -Haulback 2 050m x 12mm - - -
Tower Height - - - -
Engine Power 69kW (92hP) 14904 (200hp) 110kW (1504) 149kW (200hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 5 000 kg 4 700 kg 4 500 kg 6 800 kg
Application Gravity + Gravity + Gravity + Gravity +
All-Terrain All-Terrain All-Terrain All-Terrain
Carrier Skids Skids Skids Skids
Il
x) Endless Drum
Classification: YARDERS
Manufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Load Capacity
Maximum Pulling Power-Sk;yline
" " If -Mainline
" " " -Haulback
Maximum Line Speed -Sk;yline
" " " -Mainline
" " " -Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity-Sk;yline
" " " -Mainline
" " " -Haulback
Tower Height
Engine Power
Weight of Complete Unit
Application
Carrier
x) Endless Drum
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGiliG ~UIPMmT
l_te Fuji Nesler
Y-::!2E IISA~
50 klI 69 klI (5 100 kp)x) (7 000 kp)
50 kN Bame as Sk;yline (5 100 kp)
40 kll (4 100 kp)
7.3 mjsx)
7.3 mjs B.2 mjs
9.2 mjs x)
1 530m x 12mm 2 200m x 14mm
2 050m x 12mm
69kW (92hp) 149kW (200hp)
5 000 kg 4 700 kg
Gravity + Gravity + All-Terrain All-Terrain
Skids Skids
Baco Wyssen
SW and SWU BOL 11-200
12 000 kg
9B kN 147 kN (10 000 kp) (15 000 kp)
same as Sk;y line same as Sk;y line
10.0 mjs 9.5 mjs
OJ ~
2 OOOm x 16mm 4 200m x 16mm
110kW (150hp) 149kW (200hp)
4 500 kg 6 BOO kg
Gravity + Gravity + All-Terrain All-Terrain
Skids Skids
Maximum Load Capacity
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline
" -Mainline 59 kr(6 000kp)
/I " -Haulback
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline
" -Mainline 1.4 m/s
" -Haulback -
Maximum Yarding Distance 400 m
"Tower" Height 4 m
Engine Power 88kW (120hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 14 000 kg
Carrier Track
F/AMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: YARDING TRAILERS FOR CONTINUOUS MAINLINE SYSTEM
Manufacturer: Steyr
Model: Timber-veyor
ElWIPLES OF CABLE LOGGING ~llIPImiT
Classification: YARDING TRAILERS FOR CONTINUOUS MAINLINE SYSTEM
Manufacturer: Steyr
Model: Timber-veyor
Maximum Load Capacity
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline
" " " -Mainline
" " " -Haulback
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline
" " " -Mainline
" " " -Haulback
Maximum. Yarding Distance
"Tower" Height
Engine Power
Weight of Complete Unit
Carrier
59 kN (6 OOOkp)
1.4 m/s
400 m
4 m
88kW (120hp)
14 000 kg
Truck
CIO
'"
Classification: MOBILE TOWER IIMENS-Small: UP to 100 kN (10 200 kp)
Trailer: Must be pulled by another machine (trailer is on rubber tires)
11 '13 " -Mainline 15 kN 49 kN 49 kN(1 500 kp) (5 000 kp) (5 000 kp)
11 11 " -Haulback 15 kN 49 kN 49 kN(1 500 kp) (5 000 kp) (5 000 kp)
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline
11 11 -Mainline 8.0 m/s 5.0 m/s 4.6 m/s 7.6 m/sIt -Haulback 5.0 m/s 4.6 m/s
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline 330m 13.0mm 800m x 18mm 650m x 16mm 530m x 25mm
11 " -Mainline 350m x 6.5mm 800m x 8mm 800m x 9mm 500m x 14mm
11 " -Haulback 650m x 6.5mm 800m x 8mm plus 800m x 9mm 1 050m x 14mm800mx1Omm=1 600m
Tower Height 4.7 8.0 m 7.2 m 9.6 m
Engine power 19 to 30 kW up to 56 kW 37 to 60 kW 112 to 186 kW(25 to 40 hP) (75 hP) (50 to 80 hp) (150 to 250 hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 2 200 kg 4 200 kg 4 200 kg 17 700 kg
(without engine)
Carriarx)
x) Track: Self-propelled
Trailer Trailer Trailer Truck
pulling power ou mainline
Manufacturarg Hinteregger Igland' James Jones Hinteregger
Model: I-Mini-Urus Als Winch Highland Alp IV-Urus Gigant
Maximum Load Capacity 600 kg 1 000 kg 1 500 kg 2 000 kg
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline 98 kN 49 kN 196 kN(10 000 kp) (5 000 kp) (20 000 kp)
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENTEUJlPLES Oli' CABLE LOGG IlfG ~IJII'ImiT
Claasif icatian: JIOBILE TOWER URllERS-Small: Up to 100 leN (10 200 kp) pulling power ou mainline
Jlanutac~er: Hinteregger 19land James Jones Hinteregger
Kodel: 1-lIini-Urus All! Winch Hi!l!!!and All! lV-Urus Gigant
llaxi8lll Load Cl\paci ty 600 kg 1 000 kg 1 500 kg 2 000 kg
IlaxiIllUlll Pulling Powel'-Skyline 9S leN 49 leN 196 leN (10 000 kp) (5 000 kp) (20 000 kp)
" .. " -llainline 15 kN 49 leN 49 kN (1 500 kp) (5 000 kp) (5 000 kp)
" " " -liaulback 15 kN 49 kN 49 kN (1 500 kp) (5 000 kp) (5 000 kp)
IlaxiIllUlll Line Speed -Sk;yline
M .. " -Mainline S.o mls 5.0 mls 4.6 mls 1.6 mls " " .. -liaulback 5.0 m/s 406 mls
llaxilllUlll Drum Cl\paci ty-Sk;yline 330m x 13.Omm SOOm x 1Smm 650m x 16mm 530m x 25mm co .... " " " -Mainline 350m x 6.5;"" . SOOm ~ SIIIII SOOm x 9mm 500m x 14mm
I
" " " -Haulback 650m x 6.5mm SOOm x Smm plus SOOm x 9mm 1 050m x 14mm SOOm x IOmm-1 600m
Tower Height 401m 8.0 m 1.2 m 9.6 m
Engine power 19 to 30 kW up to 56 kW 31 to 60 krl 112 to 186 kW
(25 to 40 hp) (15 hp) (50 to 80 hp) (150 to 250 hp)
Weight of Cogplete Unit 2 200 kg 4 200 kg 4 200 kg 11 100 kg
(without engine)
carrierx ) Trailer Trailer Trailer Truck
x) 'l'rIlck: Self-propelled
Trailer: .... 10 be pulled by another machine (trailer is on rubber tires)
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: MOBILE TOMMR TA2DERS-Small: Up to 10ORN (10 200 kp) pulling power on mainline
Manufacturer: Koller Koller
Model: Modif. K 800 K800
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline 750m x 24 mm 750m s 24mm
IC II " -Mainline 750m x 12 mm 1 150m x 12mm
PI " -Haulback 750m a 12 mm 750m x 12mm
Tower Height 10.0 m 10.0 m
111kW (149hP)Engine Power 150kW (205hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 10 000 Kg 10 000 kg
)
Carrierx
Truck Track
x) Truck: Self-propelled
Trailer: Must be pulled by another machine (trailer is on rubber ttres)
" -Mainline
(9 900 ko)
53 kN
(5 400 kP)
(10 000 kp)
58 kN
(5 900 kp)
" -ffiallback 53 kN 36 kN
(5 400 kP) 3 700 kp)(
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline 2.0 m/s 1.0 m/s
H n " -Mainline 6.2 m/s 4.8 m/s
ti of " -Haulback 6.2 m/s 7.5 m/s
Maximum Load Capacity 2 500 kg
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline 97 kN 98 kN
EXJIIPLES OF CABLE LOGG INC ElQUIPJlUiT
Cl&llsification, IIOBILE TOIlER U1UlERS-Small, Up to 100 klI (10 200 kp) pulling power on mainline
Jlanufacturer:
Kodel,
Maximum Load Capaci t;y
lla:dmum Pulling Powe1'-Sk;yline
.. .. n -Xainline
" n .. -Haulback
Maximua Line Speed -Skyline
.. .. It -Mainline
n .. .. -Haulback
Maximum llrum Capaci t;y-3k;r line
.. ..
.. n
Tower Height
Engine Power
II -Mainline
.. -Haulback
Weight of Complete Unit
Carrier x)
x) Truck, Self-propelled
Koller
Kodif. K 800
97kN (9 900 kp)
53 kN (5 400 kp)
53 kN (5 400 kp)
2.0 m/s 6.2 m/s
6.2 m/s
750m x 24 mm
750m x 12 mm
750m x 12 IIID
10.0 m
111kW (149hp)
10000 kg
Tr-.. ck
Koller
K800
2 500 kg
98 kN (10000 kp)
58 kN (5 900 kp)
36 kN (3 700 kp)
1.0 .. Is 4-8 .. Is 7.5 m/s
750m x 24mm
1 150m '" 12mm
750ui x 12mm
10.0 m
150kW (205hp)
10000 kg
Truck
Trailer, IIwIt be pulled by another machine (trailer is on rubber tires)
I
g'
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline
" -Mainline 111 kN
(11 300 kp)
" -Haulback 111 kN
(11 300 kp)
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline -TT TI It -Mainline 5.1 m/s
!I -Haulback 5.1 m/s
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline
" -Mainline 380m x 17.5mm
iv " -Haulback 550m x 14.3mm
Tower Height 12.8 m
Engine Power up to 104kW (140hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 14 100 kg
Carrierx)
Skidder, Track
or Truck
EXAMPIRS OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
270 kN
(27 500 kp)
152 kN
(15 500 kp)
102 kN
(10 350 kp)
9.7 m/s
9.9 m/s
9.9 m/s
450m x 16mm
250m x 10mm
250m X 10mm
16-20 m
186kW (250hp)
28 500 kg
Truck
opt. 178 kN
(18 100 kp)
178 kN
(18 100 kp)
156 kN
(15 900 kp)
opte 4.4 m/B
4.4 m/s
5.2 m/s
opt.240m x 17.5mm
240m x 17.5mm
610m x 15.9mm
12.8 m
90kW (120hp)
14 500 kg
Skidder or Track
600
Rosedale
Sidewinder
481 kN
(49 000 )
178 kN
(18 100 kp)
178 kN
(18 100 kp)
8.6 m/s
15.2 m/s
15.2 m/s
910m x 25.4mm
790m x 19.0mm
1 200m x 19.0mm
13.7 m
239kli (320hp)
47 200 kg
Track
opt. Radio control Radio control Swing Yarder
x) Truck: Self-propelled
Skidder: Self-propelled
Track: Self-propelled (can be tank or crawler tracks)
Classification: MOBILE TOWER YARDERS - Medium: over 100 kN (10 200 kp) and up to 300 kN (30
pulling power on mainline
Manufacturer: Rosedale Steyr Forestral/Unitec
Model: Eco KSK 16 Little Giant
ElWIPLES OF CABLE LOGGDiG ~UIPMENT
Classification: MOBILE roWER YAIWERS - Medium: over 100 kl< (10 200 kp) and up to 300 kU (30 600 kp) pulling power on mainline
Kanufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline
10 10 10 -Mainline
" n 10 -Haulback
~~imum Line Speed -Sk;yline
.. n 10 -Mainline
10 10 10 -Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline
10 10 10 -Mainline
n " " -Haul back
Tower Height
Engine Power
Weight of Complete Unit
Carrier x)
x) Truck: Self-propelled
Skidder: Self-propelled
Rosedale Steyr
EcoI KSK 16
270 kU (27 500 kp)
111 kU 152 kU (11 300 kp) (15 500 kp)
111 kU 102 kU (11 300 kp) (10 350 kp)
9.7 m/s
5.1 m/s 9.9 m/s 5.1 mls 9.9 mls
1 450m x 16mm
380m x 17. 5mm 250m x 10mm
550m x 14.3mm 1 250m x 10mm
12.8 m 16-20 m
up to 104kW (140hp) 186kl1 (250hp)
14 100 kg 28 500 kg
Skidder, Track Truck or Truck
opt. Radio control
Track: Self-propelled (can be tank or crawler tracks)
Forestraljunitec Rosedale
Little Giant Sidewinder
opt. 178 kU 481 kU (18 100 kp) (49 000 )
178 kU 178 kU (18 100 kp) (18 100 kp)
156 kU 178 kU (15 900 kp) (18 100 kp)
opt. 4.4 m/s 8.6 m/s
4.4 m/s 15.2 m/s
5.2 m/s 15.2 mls opt. 240m x 17.5mm 910m x 25.4mm
240m x 17.5mm 790m x 19.0mm
610m x 15.91111!1 1 200m x 19.0mm
12.8 m 13.7 m
9O kl1 (120hp) 239kl1 (320hp)
14 500 kg 47 200 kg
Skidder or Track Track
Radio control Swing Yarder
0> v-r
EXAMPLRS OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: MOBILE TOWER YARDERS-Medium: over 100kN (10 200 kp) and up to 300 kN (30 600 kp) pulling power
on mainline
Manufacturer: Madill Forestral/Unitec
Model: West Coast Tower Little Giant
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline 391 kll opt.267 kN
(39 900 kp) (27 200 kp)
It " -Mainline 251 kN 267 kN
(25 600 kp) (27 200 kp)
u Il " -Haulback 221 kN
(20 : 11:(22 500 kp) 1)
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline opt. 5.1 m/s
u " -Mainline 7.2 m/s 5.1 m/s
u u " -Haulback 8.3 m/s 7.1 m/s
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline 590m x 25.4mm opt.270m x 23.8mm
820m x 15.9mmIl " -Mainline 270m x 23.8mm
IC II il -Haulback 1 280m x 12.7mm 550m x 20.6mm
Tower Height 14.6 m
Engine Power 212kW (284hP) 138kN (185hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 33 300 kg
Carrierx)
Track Skidder or Track
Radio control
x) Truck: Self-propelled
Skidder: Self-propelled
Track: Self-propelled (can be tank or crawler tracks)
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGDlG ~UIPMF.2IT
Classification: MOBILE TOWER YARDEllS-Medium: over 100 kN (10 200 kp) and up to 300 kN (30600 kp) pulling power
Manufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline
.. .. II -Mainline
n .. .. -Haulback
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline
.. .. It -lfainline
.. .. .. -Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline
.. .. II -Mainline
" " II -Haulback
Tower Height
Engine Power
Weight of Complete Unit
Carrier x)
x) Truck: Self-propelled
Skidder: Self-propelled
Madill
West Coast Tower
391 kll
(39 900 kp)
251 kll (25 600 kp)
221 kN (22 500 kp)
7.2 mls 8.3 mls
Forestral/Unitec
Little Giant
opt.267 kN (27 200 kp)
267 kN (27 200 kp)
200 kN (20 400 kp)
opt. 5.1 mls 5.1 mls 7.1 mls
590m x 25.4mm opt. 270m x 23.8mm
820m x 15.9mm
280m x 12.7mm
14.6 m
212kl"l (284hp)
33 300 kg
Track
270m x 23.8mm
550m x 20.6mm
16.3 m
138kH (185hp)
Skidder or Track
Radio control
Track: Self-propelled (can be tank or crawler tracks)
on mainline
0>
'"
Classification: MOBILE TOWER YARDERS-Large: over 300 kN (30600 kp) pulling power on mainline
Manufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Pulling Power-Skyline
4". -Mainline
" -Haulback
Maximum Line Speed -Skyline
It "
se tt -Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity-Skyline
"
?I " -Haulback
Tower Height
Ehgine Power
_ Weight of Complete Unit
X)Carrier
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EqUIPME/ITT
542 kN(55 200 kp)
opt. 349 kN)(35 600 kp)--
422 kN(43 000 kp)
7.8
7.1
10.3
510m z
850m x
1390m x
Skagi t
28.6mm
15.9mm
19.0mm
27.4
283kW (380hp)
52 200-57 500 kg
Rubber, Track or
Trailer
x) Rubber: Self-propelled
Track: Self-propelled (can be tank or crhwler tracks)
Trailer: Must be pulled by another machine (trailer is
an rubber tires)
Berger
667 kN(68 000 kp)
373 kN(38 000 kp)
304 kN(31 000 kp)
5.0 m/s
12.1 m/s
15.2 m/s
670m x 34.9mm
670m x 25.4mm
1460m x 22.2mm
33.5 m
317kir (425hp)
79 700 kg
Rubber
Berger
Ma.r c I K-1
Skookum
4 D +M10
534 kN(54 400 kP)
378 kN 378 kN(38 500 kp) (38 500 kp)
142 kN 178 kN(14 500 kP) (18 100 kp)
7.6 m/s
5.1 mis 10.7 m/s
9.2 m/s 21.8 mis
700m x 34.9mm
410m x 28.6mm 670m x 28.6mm
910m x 19.0mm 1680m x 22.2mm
15.2 m 36.6 m
224kW (300hP) 373kW (500hp)
40 000 kg
Track Track
mx) "Mainline drum is options/. In thetwo drum version the "Skyline" drumabove becomes the "Mainline" drum.
BU- T- Marc II R
ElWIPLES OF ~LE LOOOIliG ~U11'II.I§I'l'
Cl ... ifica,\ionl KOBILE TOWER ~Large: over 300 kN (30' 600 kp) pulling power on mainlin ..
Jlanufac'turer I
Kodell
IlaxiIlWl Pulling Power-Slqline
" i" It It' -llainline ,
" " " -Haulback
1Iaxi .... Line Speed -5qline
" " " -JIainline
" " II -Haulback
JI&xi ... llrwD Capaci'\y-5k;rline
II II
II " Tower Height
lIngine Power
" -JIainline
" -Haulback
Weigh'\ of Goaple'\e Unit
Carrier x)
x) INbberl Self-propelled
Skagit Berger Berger Skoolrum
BlJ-nl~9Q __ ._ ~c I.U Marc I _ K-1 14D5+K10
542 kN 661 kN 534 kN (55 200 kp) (68 000 kp) (54 400 kp)
opt. 349 kN ) 373 kN 318 kN 318 kN (35 600 kp)xx (38 000 kp) (38 500 kp) (38 500 kp)
422 kN 304 kN 142 kN 118 kN (43 000 kp) (31 000 kp) (14 500 kp) (18 100 kp)
1.8 .. /s 5.0 m/s 1.6 m/s
1.1 m/s 12.1 m/a 5.1 m/s 10.1 m/s
10.3 m/s 15.2 m/s 9.2 m/s 21.8 mls
510m x 28.6mm 610m x 34. 9mm 100.. x 34. 9mm
850m x 15. 9mm 610.. x 25.4mm 410m x 28.6mm 610m x 28.6mm
1390m x 19.0_ 1460.. x 22.~ 910.. x 19.0mm 1680m x 22.2mm
21.4. 33.5 m 15.2 m 36.6 m
283kli (380hp) 317kt1 (425hp) 224kW (3OOhp) 313kVI (500hp)
52 2~51 500 kg 19 100 kg 40 000 kg
Rubber. 'hack or Rubber Track Track Trailer
'lraDlt1 Self-propelled (can be t ank or crlOwler tracks)
'l'railer l lmat be pulled by another III&China (trailer ia on rubber ,\ires)
XX) "Kainline" drum is optional. In the two drum version the "5qline" drum above becomes the "Xainline" drum.
I 0> ....
EXAMPLZS 0? CIBLE LOGGING EWIPWERT
Claasifioatioug MOBILE TOM ILREET3-Large: ovni' 300 kE (30 600r'4p) pulling power on mainline
lanofaciurer: Madill Faehington skegit Washington
Well 00(lteITTIrwor ..12MDC 3314-.:19ak-a19 ,08-110Meme,,../.
or Trailer or Trailer
x) Rubber: Self-propelled
rack2 Ielf-propelled (can be tank or crawler tracics)
TN-liners MnE be pulled by another machine (trailer is an rubber tires)
PUllg Power-SkyliumRaximite. in
-Mainline
It u f' -Eaulbmck
-
596, kN(60 800 kp)
221 kN(22 500 kp)
-
(6261k1)226 1300 ) (231:(36
829 kN(84 500 kP)
673 kN(68 600 41)
(242;1911 )
(1;2 2000 )41 k:p
1 2V 17-11,
(122 400 4)84 k7`-',,..?
230 kp)
Maximum Line 1.1-peed -Skjiine -m" 0 " - 5.6 /sMainline
-7.0 m/s
7.7 mis
9.8 E12/1B
9.4 m/B
9.0 m/s0 A " -Eaulback
Maximum Drum 04pacity,-Skyline
15.3 mile
-15.0 m/s
-27.9 m/e.
350m x 38.1mm 61730:3mmi3rg4,5'mm
1
ccaa
A Pi ' -Mainlineu u " -Zaulbadk
430m m 32mm
:2mu
430m m 31.8mm
1020m z- .:2.2
790m i 34.9mm
1520m x 25.4mm
610m a 31.8mm
1360m m 29.0mm
1
Tower Height
17021:
33.5 r.,_ 34.4 72
Engi ne Power 224 to 410 kW 250 to 319 kW9(350hirl
373 kW(300 to 550hp) (335 to 428Op) (5004)
Weight of Co&plete Unitm)(arrier
52 000 to 61 000kg 55 000kre(Trailer)
Rubber, Track Rubber, Track
35 400-110 200kg
Rubber or 'hailer
82 600 kg
Rubber
.,.; ..
EllIII'LllS Oli' CABLE wooDIe ~Ul"""T
CluaifiC&'\ion: IIOBILE ~ "UI!llEIl$··wge: ovar joo kN (30 600 l:p) pulling power on lminline
JIui,d'ac"\"U1'.r. Kadill &abington Skagit Washington -.... Iladd, OO!t:,tt"S"'l'"".r . 127W+'r90 BlJ...12CWf-110 2.08-110
... f; -.n_ PIIllin& P ....... sq-lin. 829 kN 1 201 k.>:
(84 500 iq» (122 400 kp)
" " " -lIa1nlin .. 596. kN 609 kN 673 klI 1 20~ yJj"
(60 8OOkp) (62 100 kp) (68 600 kp) (122 100 kp )
" • n -Bault-.ck 221 kli 226 kll 244 kN 846 lclr~ (22 500 kp) (23 000 kp) (24 900 ~) (:36 200 kp)
lIui ..... Lin. Speed. -sk;rline 7.7 .. /s 9.4 ,./s
" • " -lIa1nline 5.6 "11./- 7.0 flj_ 9.8 a/a 9.0 mi. " • " -Baulback 15.3 a/- 15.0 m/a 27.9 m/a 13.3 "11./0
1Iarl_ DrwI Capaciiy-8k;yline 350m x 38.~ ... 670m " 34.91i111 ~ • • • -Jlaiuline 430.. x 32_ 430.. % 31.8 .... 790m x 3409- 610m J[ 31.8"""
I
" " n -lJaIllback 104010 J[ 22 .... 102011 lL-22.2_ 1520"11. J[ 25.4_ 1360m J[ 2? Omm
'_r Baigb;t; 28.5 • 28.3 • 33.5 m 3404 !lI
~eP ...... 224 to 410 leW 250 to 319 !di 395 klf 373 kN (300 to 550hp) (335 to 428hp) (530hp) (500hp)
lIei~t of Complete Unit 52 000 to 61 oookg 55 oookg('l'rail81-) 85 400-110 200kg 82 600 kg
Ca.-rier J[) lhlbber. 'l'rack Rubber. Track Rubber or 'frailer l!u.bber or 'i'ral.ler or 'l'railer
x) llubber. Self-propelled
~ck, Self-propelled (can b .. t..ur. or cravlsr tracks)
'!'railer. lind ba pulled by BJ10ther machine (trailer is on rubber tires)
Maximum Load Cappoity
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
- Mainline
Eaulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
234 k'N(23 850 kp)
76 kN
(7 700 kP)
ti " - Mainline 550m x 12.7mm
il tt - Haolback 990m x 15.9mm
Touer Height 12,6 m
Fmgine Pouer 147kW (197hP)
Weight of Corvlete ffnit 40 100 kg
Type of Carrier (aelf-propelled) Track
EXIMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: KUNMING &MINE SWIN6 YARDERS
Manufacturer: Waehingt on Skagit Berger Pierce-Pacific141del: Marc V PS4-200
249 kN
(25 400 kP)
152 Idr(15 540 kP)
267 ktf(27 200 kp)
129 kN(13 200 kp )
272(27 700 Irp)
162 kN(16 500 kp)
q " ... Mainline 6.9 m/s 7.2 m/s 4.1 m/a 5.4 mlo1
" 9 -Haulbaok 7.6 mire ' 11.6 mis 4.1 mis 8.9 m/s coVD
Madmum Drum Capacity - Skyline: 1
520m x 15.9mm 67.)m x 22.2mm 640m x 19.0mm
730m x 19.0mm 1 340m z 22.2mm :1 490m z 19.0mm
13.6 m 16.2 m 15.2 m
1641a ;220hp) 22411W (300hp) 340k (456a)40 300-43 loo kg 68 200 kg 59 500 kg
aubber - Track Rubber Rubber
ElW!PLES OF CABI.E LOGGING ~UIPlmlT
Classif ication: RUNNING SKYL!NE SWINu YARDERS
Manufacturer: liashir.gt on Skagit Berger Pierce-Pacific
Xodel: 78 Sk;ylolt 001-3 Jlerc V PS4-200
Max i.1M Load CapB~ity
IlaxiIlWl Pulling Pover - Sk;y Une
.. " " - Jla.inline 234 kN 249 kN 267 kN 272 kN (23 850 kp) (25 400 1:;» (27 200 kp) (27 700 kp)
.. .. .. - Rsulback 76 kN 152 kN' 129 leN 162 kN (7 700 kp) (15 540 kp) (13 200 kp) (16 500 kp)
IlaxiIllWll Line Speed - SJ.;yline
.. " .. - Kainline 6.9 m/s 7.2 m/a 40 1 m/a 5.4 m/s 7.6 m/s 11.6 m/s 40 1 m/a 8.9 m/B
I
" " " - Haulback 0> \D
IlaxiIl1Wll Drum Capacity - Sk;ylin'l
" .. .. - IlLinline 550m x 12. 7_ 520m x 15.9= 670m x 22.2""" 640111 x 19.0mm
n " .. - Baulbac;'; 990m x 15.9mm 130m x 19.0mr!!. 1 340m x Z~. 2mm 1 ~9O-", ~ 19.01lllll
Tower Height 13.6 m 13.6 m 16. 2 m 15.2 II
EDgin .. Pover 147kW (197hp) 164kli (220hp) 224J:W (300hp) 34CkW (456!lp)
Weight of Complete unit 40 100 kg 40 300-43 100 kg 68 200 kg 59 900 kg
'.l'yy~ of Carl'iM' (~elf-p!,opelled) Track Rubber - Track Rubber Rubber ~
\
',.
Maximum Load Capacity
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
- Mainline
u - Haulback
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
- Mainline
- Haulback
Maximum Drum Capacity - Skyline
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Classification: RUNNING SKYLINE SWING YARDERS
Manufacturer: Washington Madill Skagit
Model: 118 Skylok 004 Yarding Crane SI-747
386 kN
(39 300 kp)
111 kN(11 300 kp)
474 kN(48 300 kp)
525 kN
(53 500 kp)
533 kN(54 300 kp)
415 kN(42 300 kP)
15.0 m/s 9.0 m/s
15.1 m/s 11.9 m/s
Pt fl " - Mainline 490m x 22.2mm 540m x 25.4mm 820m x 25.4mm
- Haulback 1 010m x 22.2mm 1 370m x 15.9mm 1 070m x 22.2mm
Tower Height 17.1 m 18.3 m 15.2 m
Engine Power 237kW (318hp) 336kW (450hP) 317-kW (425hP)
Weight of Complete Unit 51 700-53 500 kg 74 800-89 600 kg 51 300 kg
Type of Carrier (self-propelled) Track - Rubber Rubber - Track Rubber
EXAKPLlli OF CABLE LOGGING ~UIPKENT
Classification: RUNNING SKYLINE SWING IARDERS
Manufacturer: liashingt on Madill Skagit
lIodel: 118 Skylok 004 Yarding Crane SY-141
Jlarimum Load Capacity
Maximum Pulling Power - Skyline
" " " - Mainline 386 kN 414 kN 533 kN (39 300 kp) (48 300 kp) (54 300 kp)
" " " - Haulback 111 k~ 525 kN 415 kN (11 300 kp) (53 500 kp) (42 300 kp)
Maximum Line Speed - Skyline
" " " - Mainline 1.3 m/s 15.0 m/s 9.0 m/s
" " " - Haulback 9.0 m/s 15.1 m/s 11.9 m/s '8
Maximum Drum Capacity - Skyline
" " " - Mainline 490m x 22.2mm 540m x 25.4mm 820m x 25.4mm
" " " - Haulback 1 010m x 22.2mm 1 37Qn x 15.9= 1 070m x 22.2mm
Tower Height 17.1 m 18.3 m 15.2 m
Engine Power 237kU (318hp) 336kW (450hp) 317kW (425hp)
Weight of Complete Unit 51 700-53 500 kg 74 800-89 600 kg 51 300 kg
Type of Carrier (self-propelled) Track - Rubber Rubber - Track Rubber
Engine Power
Weight of Carriage
f1 " Carriags Stops
Application
Position Holding
Slackpulling
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EqUIPMENT
13 kg
All-Terrain
Operating Linea
Manual
230 kg - Gravity
380 kg - All-Terrain
Gravity or
All-Terrain
Clamp
Manual or
Qperating Linee
250 kg
Gravity or
L11-Terrain
Clamp(s)
Manual or
Operating Linea
250 kg
160 kg
All-Terrain
Carriage Stop
Operating Lines
Radio Control
Classification: CARRIAGES
Manufacturer:
Model:
James Jones Wyssen
Travelin Block Automatic SKA
Koller
ASKA 2.
Vinje
K-1200
Maximum Load Capacity 2 000 kg 2 500 kg 2 000 kg
Maximum Pulling Power...Skidding
line
Size of -Skyline 18 mm 31.8 mm 18-32.0 mm 18 mm
It -Mainline 9-11 mm, 15.9 mm 10-/2.5 mm 10 mm
II II -Skidding
line
9-11 in 15.9mm
170m x 15.9mm - All-Terrain10-12.5 mm 75m x 10 mm
Classification: CJBRLlGES
llanufacturerl
Kodel:
Kaxl.mwn Load Capaci ty
1Iaxi= Pulling Po,",~dd.ing line
Size of
.. to
.. to
&!gine Pover
Weignt of Carriage
-Skyline
-Xainline
-Skidding line
.. .. Carriage Stops
jpplication
POBition Holding
Slaokpulling
EllI!PLES OF C.&BLE LOGGING ~1lIPmIT
James Jones Wyssen Koller
Traveling Block ~tomatic SKA &. ASKA 2.5
18 mID
~11 mm ~11 _
13 kg
All-"'rrain
Operating Lines
llanual
2 000 kg
31.8 mm
15.9 mID
15.9mm Xainline-Gravity 170m x 15.9om - All-Terrain
230 kg - Gravity 380 kg - All-Terrain
Gravity or All-Terrain
Clamp
1Isnual or Operating Lines
2 500 kg
18-32.0 mm
10-12.5 mID
10-12.5 mm
250 kg
Gravity or All-Terrain
Clamp(s)
llanual or Operating Lines
Vinje
K-1200
2 000 kg
18 mID
10 mID
75m x 10 mID
250 kg
160 kg
All-Terrain
Carriage Stop
Operating Lines
Radio Control
\0 ~
Claseificationt CARRILCES
Manufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Load Capacity
Maximm Pulling f%nc.f.r..... iddingLina
Size of 18 mm
TI n -Zainline 19.0 - 25.4mm 8 mm
-Skidding 19.0 - 25.4ma 100m x 8mmLine
EXAMPLM OP CAMS LCOGING ?QUIP:0MT
Mar Igland Ameba Berger
aO3 Graeple Cuxrian__AAp Winch M-20 C-4
Engine Power
right of Carriage Carriaga 260 kg 280 kg 455 kg 590 kg(grappilps . +50c kg)
n " Carriage Stops - 56 kg - -Application Up - tfr, Downhill £11-Terrain Gravity Up - & Downhill
Position Holding Operating Lines Carriage Stop Clamp Operating Lines
Slackpulling Operating Lines Operating Lines Manual Operating Linee
19 - 22.2mm 18.1rm
19 - 22.2mm 28.6mm
19 - 22.2mm 28.6mm
Cl ... UicaUonl CAIIllUGIilS
llanutac turer,
.odel,
IeX;',8 Load Capaci~7
Il&UIIUII Pnllillg Pun r-Sl:idding Line
Size ot
. "
.. "
~Ponr
lIeigjlt ot Carriage
-Sk;rline
-lI&inline
-sJcidding Line
" .. Carriage St op.
JpplicaUon
Po.ition Boldillg
SlacIqn:.llillg.
ET.JJ!PLES OF CJlILE U'GG lIfG ~lJIl"IiDI'l'
JIar !gland
,l0] Gnpj!le ea:.'Tiage Alp Winch
19.0 - 25.4ma
19.0 - 25. _
Carr~ 260 kg
(snppl .. - +5OC kg)
Up - I; Dovnhill
Operating Lineli
Operatillg Linea
18 ...
8 ...
100m x 8_
280 kg
56 kg
All-Terrain
c..rriage Stop
Operating Li.neB
Da.nebo
11-20
19 - 22.2mm
19 - 22.2II1II
19 - 22.2=
455 kg
Gravity
Clamp
Manual
Berger
C-4
38.1=
28.6 ...
28.6",,,,
590 kg
Up - &; Dollllhill
Operating Lines
Operating Lines
I \Q
'"
Classificaticu: CARRIAGES
Ma.nufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Load Capacity
Maximum PUlling Power-Skidding
Line
EXAMPLFS 0? CABLE LOGGIMG EUIPWLNT
5 000 kg
Size of -Skyline 28 - 34 mm 22.2-31.8mm 34.9mm 28.6-41.3mm
-Mainline 6 - 19 mm 19 mm 22.2mm
." " -Skidding 16 - 19 mm 90m x 19mm Chokers Chokers
Line (Mainline)
Engine Power
Weielt of Carriage 750 kg 1 270 kg 1 300 kg 1 630 kg
" Carriage Stops - -Application Gravity Gravtty Gravity Gravity
Baco Rosedale Berger Tou.ng
BK50-6R Sky HaWk G- SR-75
Clamp Clamp Operating Lines
Mamal Carriage
Radio Control
Position Holding
Slackpulling
Radio Control
Clamp
Claseifica1iiO".l: CA.'!RUGl!:3
Jla.nufacturer:
Model,
JlaxiIllWl Load Capaci ty
IIaxilllWl Pulling POllel'-Skidding Line
Size of
" .. .. .
Engine Power
Weight of Carriage
-5k;yUne
-lltrinline
-8kidding Line
.. n Carriage Stops
Application
Position Holding
Slaekpulling
ElWIPLr.S OF CABLE LOGGING ~UIPlIElIT
Baeo Rosedale Berger Young
BI(;2()..6JL _____ §lc;L1ll1,vlt C-5 SR-15
5 000 kg
28 - 34 mm
, 6 - 19 ...
16- 19 ....
750 kg
G.:-avi~y
Cla.m;>
Jlanual
22.2-31.8=
19 DIm
90m x 19= (JI&inline)
1 270 kg
Gravity
Clamp
Carriage
Radio Control
34.9=
22.2 ...
Chokers
1 300 kg
Gravity
Operating Lines
28.6-41.31111ll
Chokers
1 630 kg
Gn.vity
Clamp
Radio Control
~ I
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING EQUIPMENT
Claseification: CARRIAGES
Manufacturer: Hinteregger Skagit Esco Esco
Model: Hibamat 8t RCC-15 Bantam - 2 Drop Standard-3 Drop
Butt Rigging Butt Rigging
Skyline 35 - 40 mm 34.9 - 50.8mm -
-Mainline 15 - 18 mm Max. 19 mm Max. 38 mm
Skidding 120m x 18-20 mm 135m x 22.2mm Chokers Chokers
Line
71kW (95hp)
3 100 kg
-
Gravity or
UP - & Downhill
Clamp
Carriage
Radio Control
Maximum Load Gapacity 8 000 kg - carriage
12 000 kg - with load
beam
Maximum Pulling Power-Skidding 20 000 kp
Line
Engine Power
Weight of Carriage 1 900 kg
" Carriage Stops
Application All-Terrain
Position Holding Clamp
SlackpuJling Operating Lines
67 kg 450 kg
Highlead Highlead
Operating Lines Operating Lines
Classification: CJRRLlCES
Manufacturer:
Model:
Maximum Load Capacity
Maximum Pulling Pover-Skidding Line
Size of
" " n It
~e Pover
Weight of Carriage
-Sk;yline
-Jlainline
-Skidding Li ne
.. .. Carriage Stops
jpplication
Position Holding
Slackpulling
EXAMPLES OF CABLE LOGGING ~UIl'JlE}lT
Hinteregger
Hibamat 8t
8 000 kg - carriage 12 000 kg - wi tb load
beam
35 - 40 = 15 - 18 =
120m x 18-20 =
1 900 kg
All-Terrain
Clamp
Operating Lines
Skagit
RCG-15
20 000 kp
34.9 - 50.8mm
135m x 22.2=
71kW (95bp)
3 100 kg
Gravity or Up - 01: Downhill
Clamp
Carriage
Radio Control
Eeco Eeco
Bantam - 2 Drop Standard-3 Drop Butt Rigging Butt Rigging
)(ax. 19 mm Ma.x.38mm
Cbokers Cbokers I
't.
67 kg 450 kg
Higblead Highlead
Operating Lines Operating Lines
-95--
APPENDIX 2
A. UNITS OF MEASURE
The units of measure used in this compendium are according to Sys-ame Internationald'Unitds (The International System of Units) which is an internationally determined system
of measurement units. This system is based upon the previous metric system.
hp (horsepower) - See kW below.
kN (kiloNewton or thousandieri_sl - One Newton is the force required to givea mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per second squared.
1 N . 0.102 kp
kp (kilopond) - Ore kilopond is the gravity force on the mass of one kilogram at
sea-Tevel. kp is the same as kgf (kilogram force). Many manufacturers usekg (without the f) as an expression of pulling power. North American manufacturersuse pounds (lbs) as an expression of pulling power. The following relationship can
be used:
2,205 lbs 1 kg =i kgf = 1 kp
1 kp = 9.81 N
m/s (metres per second) - m/s x 60 = metres per minute
mis x 60 x 3.28 = feet per minute
m (metre) - 1 metre . 3428 feet
kW (kilowatt) - One watt is an effect equal to onE joule per second.
1 horsepower (metric) 735.5 W . 0.7355 kW
or
1 horsepower 745.7 W= 0.7457 kW
- 95 -
APPENDIX 2
A. UNITS OF MEASURE
The units of measure used in this compendium are ~ccording to Syst~me International d'Unith (The International System of Units) which is an internationally determined system of measurement units. This system is based upon the previous metric system.
hp (horsepower) - See kW below.
I<N (kiloNewton, or thousand Newtons) - One Newton is the force required to give & mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per second s~tared.
1N~0.102kp
kp (kilopond) - One kilopond is the gravity force on the mass of one kilogram at sea level. kp is t he same as kgf (kilogram force). Many manufacturers use kg (without the f) as an expression of pullir~ power. North American manufacturers use pounds (lbs) as an expression of pulling pm-ler. The following relationship can be used.
2.205 lbs • 1 kg - 1 kgf=1kp
1 kp c 9.81 N
mis ~metres per second) - mls x 60 '" metres per minute
m/s x 60 x 3.28 '" feet per minute
~etre) - 1 metre '" 3.28 feet
kW (kilowatt) - (me watt is an effect equal to one j oule per second.
1 horsepower (metric) :: 135.5 w", 0.7355 kl'/
or
1 horsepower ::: 745.7 W 0.7457 kli
B. TERMINOLOGY
Important cable logging terms which may be new to the reader are deseribed below.Terms which are not incl4ded here are described in the main text.
BACKSPAR See Tailspar
BLOCK A metal case, enclocing one or more pulleys, used to lead a line ina specific direction (see Figure 4).
BUNCTi To assemble logs together to form a load for subseTuent transport.
PXTT RIGGING The chain and swivels which connect the mainline anct haillbnnk linein the highlead and other logging systema. Logs are attached to thebutt rigging with chokers for yaraling (see Figure 43).
CABLE CONFIGURATION A set of cables, carriers and other cableway accesuories excludingyarding maehine(s) as a cower suppl7a.
CABLE LOGGING SYSTEM A yarding system consisting of a power supply, cablee, carriers andother cable crane accessories.
CARRIAGE (Sometimes called Skyline Grane). The unit which travels alongand is suspended above the ground by the skylete. Logs areattached to the carriage or to the skidding line for yarding. Acarriage may or may not use a skidding line (eee Flgures 37 through42, and 44 through 47).
CARRIAGE CLAMP See Clamp.
CHASER The person who exhooks the choker from the lcgs at the landing.
CHOKER The cable (wire rope) which is fastened aroand the logs so that theycan be transported to a landing. Chokers are attached to the buttrigging, carriage or skidding line.
CHOKERMAN A person who attaehes the chokers to the logo.
CHOKERSETTER See Choxerman.
CLAMP 1. a device to hold a. carriage in position cn t?^.e skyline. Alsocalled Carriage Clamp.
2. a device to hold wire ropes together, which is gtnerally used infastening a skyline to the anchor(s). Alce called Skyline Clamp.
CONTROL LINE An operatinp; line to control d,ynamically the tensien of otherope rat ing ine ( s ) or skyl ine .
CORRIDOR A cleared strip through which a skylire or a line functioneng like askyline is operated (also called a Skyline Corridor, or Skyline Strip).
CYCLE A complete set of operations or tasks that is reoeated (see alsoTurn).
DECK A stack or pile of logs; or to stack logs.
DEFLECTION See Skyline Deflection,
DRUMS See Operating Drums.
96-96-
B. TERJUNOLOGY
Important cable logging terms which may be new to the reaJer are described be l ow . Terms which are not included here are described Ll'l the main text.
BACKS PAR
BLOCK
BUNCH
BUTT RIGGlliG
CABLE CONFIGURATION
CABLE LOGGlliO SYSTEM
CARRIAGE
CARRIAGE CLAMP
CEASER
CHOKER
CHOKERJoIAN
CHOKERSETTER
CLAMP
COlffRO L LINE
CORRIDOR
CYCLE
DECK
DEFLECTION
DRUMS
See Tailspar
A metal case, enclocing one or more pulleys, used t o lead a line in a specif i c direction (see Figure 4).
To assemble logs together to form a l. oad for subseq-.lent transpor', .
The chain and swivels which connect the mainline and haulback line in t.he highlead and other logging systems. Logs are a.ttached to the butt rigging with chokers f or yarding (see Figure 43).
A set of cables, carriers and other cablcway access ories excluding yarding machine( s) as a power supply .
A yarding system consisting of a pm'ler supply, cableo , carriers a.nc1. other cable crane accessories.
(Sometimes called Skylh,e Crane). The unit which travels along and is suspendod above the grolUld by the skyline. Logs are attached to the carriage or to the skidding line for yarding. A carr i,a.ge rna,)' or ma,y not use a skidding line ( eee FogurHs 31 t.hrough 42, and 44 through 47).
See Clamp.
The person who unhooks the choker from t l1e l ogs at the landing.
The cable (wire rope) which is fa.stened ~.ro:md the l ogs so that they Can be transported to a landing. Chokers are attached to the butt rigg ing, carriago or skidding l ine .
A person who attaohes the chok'ers to the l ogo .
See Chokerma.n.
1. a device to hold a carriage in position en t he skyline. Al eo called Carriage Clamp.
2. a device to hold wire r opes togeth~r, ~hich is generally used in fastening a skyUne to the anchor( s). Also called Skyline Clamp .
An op"rating line to control dynamically the tension of oth0r operating line(s) or skyline.
A Gleared strip through which D. skyl ine or a line functionil1E like a s171ine is operated (also called a Skyline Corridor, or Skyline Strip).
A complete set of operations or taoks that is reneated (see aleo Turn) •
A stack or pile of l ogs; or t o stack logs.
See Skyline Deflection.
See Ope rat ir.g Drums.
PALLBLOCK (Also called Loading Block). An almond-shaped block used forloading in cable systems (see Figure 18).
GRI,PFLE A hinged sot of jaws capable of being opened and closed, used togrip los. Metal tongs. Such tongs can be fastened to a slack-pulling carriage for use in the running skyline or a live skylineconfiguration.
GRAPPLE LOCGING
GUYLINE
HANG-UP
HAULBACK
1100K
-97-
The use of grapples on a slack-pulling carriage with u runningskyline swing yarder has become popularly known as grapplelogging (see Figure 47).
The cable (wire rope) used to steady an object. In this compendiumit most often refers to the cable(s) used to stabilie a tower (orspar trees) so that forces against thai, tower do not pull it over.
The situationwhen the yarding procese is stopped or impeded due toan obstacle (sump, rock etc.).
The cable (wire rope) which is used to pull the butt rigging orcarriage cut to the operating area.
To attach chokers or other rigging devices to logs on theground.a curved m2mber used to catch, hold or pull something.
INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT The support between two spans on a standing skyline over which aaultispan gkyline carriage can pass. Intermediate supports areplaced at oritical locations along the skyline in order to give theskyline the required clearance above the ground (see Figures 9, 10
and 11).
LANDIFG The collection point to which the logs are brought following yarding.A lending car be at a road, railroad or in the operating area Ifthe landing is not at a road, additional yarding (swinging) to alanding at the road will be necessary.
LEAD The direction of the line of haul.
LOADING BLOCK See Fallblock.
MAINLINE The cable (wire rope) which is used to pail the butt rigging orcalnriage in to the landing.
MULTISPAN SKYLINE A skyline which has more than one span (Figures 10 and 11).
KILTISPAN SKYLINECARRIAGE A carriage, normally a akyline crane, which can pass over intermediate
aupports (see Figures 38 through 42).
OPEN-FACED BLOCY A block used to hold the continuous mainline. It is 60 corstructedthat operating linee with chokers, or other small rigging with logs,can pass through or by it (see Figure 23).
OFERA7ING DRUM The winch drums on the yarder which control the movements of theoperating lines and upen Which the operating lines are wound.
FALL BLOCK
GRAPPLE
GRAPPLE LOGGING
HANG-UP
HAULBACK
HOOK
ll!'rERME:DIA.TE SUPPORT
lA1fDll!G
LOADn!G BLOCK
MAll!LINE
MULTISPMI SKrLINE
MULTISPAN SKYLINE CARRLl.ClE
OJ'W-FACED nIJ)CK
OPERATING DruMS
-97 -
(Also calle d Loading Block). k~ almond-Ehaped ,lock used for loading in cable systems (see Figure 18).
A hlnged s et of jaws capable of belllg opened and clos~d, used to grip legs. Metal tongs. Such tongs can be fa.s"tened t o a slack-pulling carriage for use in the running skyline or a live skyline cOflfigu:rat iot!. .
'!'he use of grapples on a slack-pulling carriage with u running skyline swing ye.rdel' has become popularly known as grapple l ogging (sec Figure 47).
T119 cable (wire :!'ope) used to steady an object. In this compendium it mos t often re f ers to the cable(s} ueed to stabilize a tow~r (or s~~r trees) 80 that forces against that tower do nat pull it over.
'!'he situation when the yarding process is stopped or i mpeded due to an obstacle (stump, rock etc.).
Tae cable (wire rope) "hich i s used to pull the butt rigging or carriage out to "the operat in8 area.
1. to attach chokers or other rigging devices to logs on the gr"ound.
2. " curved member used tc catch, hold or pull something.
Th6 support between two spans on a standing skyl ine over which a multi_pan skyline carriage Can pass. Intermediate supports are placed at critical locations along the skyline in order to give ·the skyline t he required clearance above the ground (see Figures 9, 10 and 11).
'ilie collection point to which the logs al'S brought followlllg yarding. A landillg can be at a road, railroad or in the operating area. If the landing is not at a road, additional yarding (swinging) to a landir~ at the road will be necessary.
'ilie direction of the line of haul.
See Fallblock.
'ilie cable (Wire rope) "hich is used to p'..,11 the butt rigging or carriage in to the landir-8.
A skyline wh i ch has more than one span (FigUres 10 and 11).
A carriage, normally a skyline crane, which can pass oVer intermediate nupports (see F:i,;Urea 38 through 42).
A block used to hold the continuous rna,inline. It is 80 construoted. th,'tt operatL-,g lines with chokers, or other sm&ll rigging with logs, can pass through or by it (see Figure 23).
'!he winoh drums on the yarder whioh control the moVements of the cperatlllg lines and upon which the operating lines are wound.
OPERATEIG LINES Those cables (wire ropes), usually wound on drums, which perform afunction during the yarding cycle. The haulback line, mainlineand slack-pulling line are operating lines. The skyline is sometimesconsidered as an operating line. The strawline is normally notconsidered an operating line as it is normally only used for layingout and changing yarding strips. If the strawline is used duringthe yarding cycle, e.g. for side blocking, it then becomes anoperating line.
ROAD The path followed by a turn of logs skidded or yareed by a cablesystem (also called Yarding Road).
SIDE BLOCKING A method of increasing the yarding strip by pulling the operatinglines to the side with another line. The strawltne can be used forthis purpose.
SINGLE SPAN SKYLINE A skyline which haz only one span (see Figures 17 through 22).
SINGLE SPAN SKYLINECARRIAGE A carriage which cannot pass over intermediate supports (see
Figures 37, and 44 through 47).
SKIDDING The process of pulling the logs to the carriage prior to transpo7tingthem along the skyline, or pulling them by the mainline.
SEIDDING LINE
SKYLINE
SKYLINE CLAMP
SKYLINE CORRIDOR
SKYLINE CRANE
The cable (wire rope) which is used for pulling the logs to thecarriage. The logs are usually attached to the skidding line withchokers. If the line is also used to haul the logs it is calledthe mainline. Some carriages have internal drums for the skiddingline (see Figures 18, 19, and 37 through 39; and 41, 42 and 45).
The line from which the carriage is suspended in order to keep thecarriage above the ground. The carriage travels back and forthalong the skyline (see Figures 10, 11, 12, 17 through 21, 33, 34, 37through 42, 44 through 48)..
See Clamp.
See Corridor.
(Sometimes called Carriage). A carriage to which logs can be pulledthrough the use of a skidding line (see Figures 37, 38, 39, 41, 42 and45). The carriages in Figures 44 and 47 are not skyline cranes.This term is not to be confUsed with the term "Cable Crane" which issomething used to collectively denote an entire cable logging system,e.g. multispan cable crane system.
SKYLINE DEFLECTION The vertical distance between the skyline and the chord of theskyline (see Figure 48).
SKYLINE.ROAD The entire area that is yarded from a skyline strip. This includesthe area adjacent to the skyline strip from which the logs cr treesare skidded to the skyline.
SKYLINE STRIP The strip (clearcut strip in a thinning or partial cut) or corridorwhere the skyline is suspended. It is along this strip that thecarriage travels during yarding.
SKYLINE TENSION The longitudinal force or strain on the skyline.
OPERATING LINES
ROAD
SIDE BLOCKING
SINGLE SPAN SKrLINE
SINGLE SPAN SKYLINE CARRIAGE
SKIDDING
SKIDDING LINE
SKYLINE
SKYLINE CLAMP
SKYLINE CORRIDOR
SKYLINE CRANE
SKYLINE DEFLECTION
SKYLINE. ROAD
SKYLINE STRIP
SKYLINE TENSION
_ 96 -
'!bose cables (wire ropes), usually wound on drums, ,.hich perform a function during the yarding cycle. The haulback line, mainline and slack-pulling line are operating lines. The skyline is sometimes considered as an operating line. The strawline is normally not considered an operating lin~ as it is normally only used for laying out and changing yarding strips. If the strawline is used during the yarding cycle, e.g. for aide blocking, it then becomes an operat ing line.
The path followed by a turn of logs skidded or yare.ed by a cable system (also called Yarding Road).
A method of increasing the yarding strip by pulling the operating lines to the side with anot her line. The strawline can he used for this purpose.
A skyline which has only one span (see Figures 17 thro~h 22).
A carriage which Cmulot pacs over intermediate supports (see Figures 37, and 44 through 47).
The process of pulling the logs to the carriage pri or to transpo~ing them along the skyline, or pulling them by the mainline.
The cable (wire rope) which is used for pulling the logs to the carriage. The logs are usually attached to the skidding line with chokers. If the line ie also used to haul the logs it is called the mainline. Some carriages have internal drums for the skidding line (see Figures 18, 19, and 37 through 39; and 41, 42 and 45).
The line from which the carriage is suspended ;n order to keep the carriage above the ground. The carriage ~ravels baok and forth along the skyline (see Fi~res 10, 11, 12, 17 through 21, 33, 34, 37 through 42, 44 through 48).
See Clamp • .
See Corridor.
(Sometimes called Carriage). A carriage to which logs Can be pulled through the use of a skidding line (see Figures 37, 38, 39, 41, 42 and 45). The carriages in Figures 44 and 47 are not skyline cranes. This term is not to be confused with the term ;;cable Crane" which is something used to collectively denote an entire cable logging system, e.g. multispan cable crane a,ystem.
The vart ical diutance between the skyline and the chord of the skyline (see Figure 48).
The entire area that is yarded from a skyline strip. the area adjacent to the skyline strip from whioh the are skidded to the skyline.
This includes logs or trees
The strip (clearcut strip in a thinning or partial cut) or c orridor where the skyline is suspended. It is along this strip that the carriage travels during yarding.
The longitudinal force or strain on the .kyline.
/
STRA.WLINE
SWINGING The process of moving logs from one landing to another.
TAILBLOCK The block which is placed at the farthest point to which thehaulback line must travel along the yarding strip (see Figures16 and 35). The haulback line travels through this block.
TAILHOLD The object to Which the tailblock is fastened (i.e. stump, tractor,etc.) or the object to which the end of a skyline is anchored.
TAILSPAR (Also called Backspar). The spar at the outer end of a system,away from the yarder.
TERRAIN TRANSPORTATION The process of transporting logs or trees from the place at whichthey are cut to the 'road or landing.
TURN The log(s) or tree(s) yarded during any single yarding cycle.
IARDER A machine for yarding whdch includes the operating drum(s) and thepower source required to operate the drum(s). (See Figure 13).
YARI)ING The terrain tranzportation of logs or trees with a cable loggingsystem.
YARDING ROAD The entire area that is yarded from a yarding strip.
YARDIN.".; STRIP The strip along which the logs travel (are transported) duringyarding. In skyline systems this is often called the SkylineStrip.
-99-
SLACKPULLING LINE An operating line which is used to control and operate the carriageskiddingsline or grapple line (see Figure 47). -
SPAN The horizontal distance between two supports and/or anchor pointsand/or blocks of a skyline (see Figure 48).
SPAR (WOODEN) A large tree trunk which is usually supported vertically by guylinesand from which blocks are hung in order to elevate the operatinglines.
STANDING SKYLINE A skyline anchored at both ends.
The small cable (wire rope) which is usually used for laying outand changing yarding strips, stringing heavier lines. (See alsoOperating Lines).
SLACKPULLING LINE
SPAN
SPAR (WOODEN)
S~ING SKYLINE
STRAWLINE
SWINGING
TAILBLOCK
TAILHOLD
TAILSPAR
- 99 -
An operating line which is used to control and operate the carriage skidding line or grapple line (see Figure 47).
'ilie horiBontal distance between two supports and/or anchor points and/or blocks of a skyline (see Figure 48).
A large tree trunk which is usually supported vertically by ~lines and from which blocks are hung in order to elevate the operating lines.
A skyline anohored at both ends.
'ilie small cable (wire rope) whioh is usually used for and ohanging yarding strips, stringing heavier lines. Operating Lines).
la,ying out (See also
' 'ilie process of moving logs from one landing to another.
'ilie blook which is placed at the farthest point to which the haulback line must travel along the yarding strip , (see Figures 16 a ... d 35). 'ilie haulback line travels through this block.
'ilie Object to which the tailblock is fastened (i.e. stu~p, tractor, etc.) or the object to which the end of a skyline is anchored.
(Alao called Backspar). awa,y from the yarder.
'ilie spar at the outer end of a system,
TERRAIN TRANSPOR'IaTION 'ilie process of transporting logs or trees, from the place at wh i ch they are cut to the 'road or landing.
TUm, 'ilie log( sY or tree( s) yarded during any single yarding cycle.
YA,lWErt A machine ' for yarding which includes the operating drum( s ) and the power source required to operate the drum(s). (See Figure 13).
YARDIlW 'ilie terrain transporta.tion of logs or trees with a cable logging system.
YARDING ROIU)
YARDING STRIP
'ilie ent ire area that is yarded from a yarding strip.
'ilie strip yarding. Strip.
along which the logs travel (are tran'sported) during In skyline systems this is often called the Skyline
REFE!RENCES
Aulerich, Ed and Kellog, Loren Pre-bunch and swing technique maj redace your thinning1977 coats. Forest Industries, Feb., p. 30-32
B.C. Forest Service, ViGtoria. Xhamel Creek Sllins Logging. Report on 19741975 Operation. Feb. p-1-17
Bernhard, Alfred. Arbeitssbudien bei der HolzrUokung mit den Steyr-Kippmantseilleran1979 1CS1C16. Adlgemeine Forstzeitung, March, p.55-56
Bernhard, Alfrnd and aenger, Adolf. Arbeitsstudien bei dei' Holzrlekung mit mobilen1974 Kippmaret-Kurzstreckenseildranen. Allgeteine Forstzeitung, March. n.59-67,
Bernhard, Alfred and Lenger, Adolf and Lugmayr, Johannes. Arbeitsetuaier bei der1978 Vollbaumnutzung im Gebirge. Allgemeine Forstseitung, Sept. n.305-308.
Hinkley, Virgil W., and Studier, Donald D. Cable Legging Systems, U.S. Department1974 of AgricUlture, Forest Service, Div. of Timber Managnment 204 PP.
Hinkley, Virgil W. and Sessions, John. Chain and Board Handbook for Skyline Tensionand Deflection. Forest Service, U.S. Department of AaTicultere, PacificNorthweat Region.
Brossman, L. AFL-Thems. Schwachholz-Vorliefer lergte. Allgameine Forst Zeitschrift, 32.1977 Jahrgang, Sept. 10, MUnchen, p.889-894.
Carson, Ward W. and Jorgenrona Jens E. Understanding Irterlock fardere. USDA Forest1974 Service. Research Note, PNW-221, March. L.S. Department of Agriculture,
Portland, Oregon. Pacific Northweat Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Cottell, P.L. and. McMorland, B.A. and Wellburn, G.V. Evaluation of Ca1e Logging 3y3tems1976 in Interior B.C. end Alberta. FERIC. Technical Report No. Th,-8, Sept. p.1-41.
Dykstra, Dennis P. Production Rates and Costs for Cable, Ballood anei Helicopter Yarding1975 Syetems in Old-Growth Donglas-fir. Forest Research Laboratory, School of
Forestry, Oregen State University. Research Balletin 18, p-1-57.
Dykstra, Dennis P. Produotion Rates and Costs for Yarding by Cable, Balloon and1976 Helicopter Compared for Clearcuttings and Particle Cuttings. Fcrest Researcn
Laboratory, School of Forestry, Oregon State Uliversity. Research Builating 22,p. 1-44.
Edeberg, Arne. Tynningedrift mod kabolbane i Skottland (Thinning Operations with Cable Grane1977 in Scotland). Norsk Skugeruk, No.6-7, p. 20, 26,
FAO, Análisis del Transporte Forestal Basada er el Sistema Cable Aéreo. Guatemala.1977 FO:DP/GUA/72/006. Decumcnto de Trabajo Nc.26, October, p. 1-28.
Joint FAO/ECE/ILO Committee an Forest Working TechniqueE and Trairing of Forest Workees.1973 Symposium on Forest Operations in Yountainous Regions. Techniaal Report. U.N.
Geneva, September.
Fjaleetad, Inge. Iglands alpevinej. Norwegian Forest Research institute, Driftsteknisk1975 Rapport No.I3, p.153-161.
Fraser, Hugh R. Endlesa Cable makes Thinning Profitable. World Wood, August, p.11-12, 19.1976
- 100-
REFERElICES
Aulerich , Ed and Kallog., Loren Pre-bunch and swing technique rna:! redl:.cc your thinnUlg 1977 cos ts. Forest Industries, Feb., p. 30-32
B.C. Forest Service, Victoria. ' Th.iliamel Creek Skyline Legging. Report on 1974 1975 Opera.tion. Feb. p-l-l'7
Be rr>Jiard , Alfred. 1979 KSK16.
Arbeitsstudien bei der HolzrUckung mit dem Stey x--KipPl!k1.stsailkran All~meine Forstzeitung, March, p. 55-55
Bernha rd, Alfred and Lenger, Adolf. Arbeitsstuditm bei der HolzrdckunlS mit mooilen 1974 KiPPlT'ast-Kurzstreckenseildrlinen. Allgeme ine Forstzeitu."lg, ~!d.rch. 1). 59-67 ,
Bernhard, Alfred and Lenger, Adolf and L~, Johannes. Arbeitsstu~ien be t der 1978 Vollbaumnutzllng im Geb i rge. Allgemeine Forstze i tung, Sept. p . ))5-·))8 .
Binkley, Virg il W., and Studier, Donald D. Cable Loggi ng Systems . U.S . Department 1974 of Agricillture, Forest Service, Di v. of Timber Management 204 pp.
Binkley, V;_rgil W. and Sessions, John. Chain and Board ffandbook f or Skyline 'l'<!nsion and Deflection. Forest Service, U.S. Depar tment of Ai,--ricultur e , Pacif ic Northwest Region.
Brossman, L. AFZ-Them~. Schwachholz-Vorliefer C~rate. 10, MUnchen, p.889-894.
Allge me i ne Forst Zeitschrift, 32. 1977 Jahrgang, sept.
Carson, War d W. and 1974 Service.
Portland,
Jorgenr.on, Jens E. Under stcnding Interlock Yarders . USDA For est Reeearch Note, PNW--221, March. U.S. DepRrtment of Agri culture, Oregon. Pacif ic Northwest Forest and Range Expel'im~nt St " tion.
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Fraser, Hugh R. All-tereain skyline uses twin carriages. World Wood, September1976 p.20-21.
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- 101-
Frasel', Hugh R" All-terrain skyline useD "~wjn car:riageB. World ~iood., September 1976 p.20-21 .
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- 102 -
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... ;.. . ~..:.. .
-
- 103 -.
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Independent Bunching Winch - Radio-controlled 2
Skidding Cones 3
Changing Yarding Strips with Blocks 4
Using a Block to Increase Pulling Power 5
Machine-Mounted Winches 6
Variations Using a Single-Drum Winch 7
Some Variations Using a Double-Drum Winch 8
Example of Grooved Drums 10
Examples of Intermediate Skyline Supports 11
Gravity Multispan Skyline System - Central Europe 13
All-Terrain Multispan Skyline System - Central Europe 14
All-Terrain Multispan Skyline System - Radio-controlled, Norway 15
Central European Multispan Skyline System Yarders 16
Yarder with Grooved Drums for All-Terrain Application, Radio-controlled, Norway 17
Ground Lead (System) 18
Highlead (System) 19
Snubbing (System) 20
Tyler (System) 21
Endless TYler (System) 22
North Bend (System) 23
Slackline (System) 24
Running Skyline (System) 25
Continuous Mainline - Monocable (System) 26
Continuous Mainline System with a Yarding Trailer 28
Small Mobile Tower Yarder - Trailer Mounted 31
Small Mobile Tower Yarders - Truck Mounted 32
Medium Mobile Tower Yarders 33
Large Mobile Tower Yarder - Telescoping Steel Tower and Yarder on 35Self-Propelled Rubber-Tyred Carrier
Carriers for Large Mobile Tower Yarders 36
Yardarm for Large Mobile Tower Urgers
Logging Pattern for Most Large (and Medium) Mobile Tower Yarders
Highlead with a Large (or Medium) Mobile Tower Yaxder - TwoOperating Drums
Live Skyline with a r.qrge (or Medium) Mobile Tower Yarder
Standing Skyline Yarding with a J.R.rge (or Medium) Mobile Tower YarderTwo Operating Drums plus Skyline (North Bend configurattion)
Running Skyline Swing Yarders
_-_- 1.=1.11=mmk
36
37
39
40
41
44
- 103 -.
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Independent Bunching Winch - Radio-controlled
2. Skidding Cones
3. Changing Yarding Strips with Blocks
4. Using a Block to Increase Pulling Power
5. Machine-Mounted Winches
6. Variations Using a Single-Drum Winch
7. Some Variations Using a Double-Drum Winch
8. Example of Grooved .Drums
9. Examples of Intermediate Skyline Supports
10. Gravity lfultispan Skyline System - Central Europe
11. All-Terrain Multispan Skyline System - Central Europe
12. All-Terrain Multispan Skyline System - Radio-controlled, Norway
13. Central European Multispan Skyline System Yarders
14 . Yarder with Grooved Drums for All-Terrain Application, Radiocontrolled, Norway
15. Ground Lead '(System)
pags 1{0.
2
3 4
5 6
7 8
10
11
13
14
15 16
17
18
16 . Highlead (System) 19
17. SnUbbing (System) 20
18. Tyler (System) 21
19. Endless Tyler (System) 22
20. North Bend (System) 23
21. Slackline (System) 24
22. Running Skyline (System) 25
23. Continuous Mainline - Monocable (System) 26
24. Continuous Mainline System with a Yarding Trailer 28
25. Small Mobile Tower Yarder - Trailer Mounted 31
26. Small Mobile Tower Yarders - Truck Mounted 32
27. Medium Mobile Tower Yarders 33 28. Large Mobile Tower Yarder - Telescoping Steel Tower and Yarder on 35
Self-Propelled Rubber-Tyred Carrier
29. Carriers for Large Mobile Tower Yarders 36
30. T .. ..,.. for X-.... 11. ~r T.d.... 36
31. Logging Pattern for Most Large (and Medium) Mobile Tower Yarders 37
32. Highlead with a Large (or Medium) Mobile Tower Yarder - Two 39 Opera.t ing Drums
33. Live Skyline with a Large (or Medium) Mobi le Tower Yarder 40
34. Standing Skyl ine Yarding with a Large (or Medium) Mobile Tower Yarder 41 Two Opera.ting Drums plus Skyline (North Bend configurattion)
35. Running Skyline Swing Yarders 44
- 104 -
Page No.
Running Skyline Swing Yarcler Using a Grapple in a Clearcut 45Single Span Carriage 48
38, Multispan Carriage 49Carriage Stops 49Load Beams 50Clamping Carriages, Single Clamp Design 51
Clamping Carriage, Two-Clamp Design 52
Highlead Butt Rigging - Two-Choker Design 53Single-Span Carriage, No Skidding Capability 53Single Span Carriage, Skidding Capability 54Single-Span or Multispan Carriage, Radia-controlled 54
Running Sl:yline Carriages 56
Chord Slope and Midspan Deflection of a Skyline 57Comparison of Productivity Relatee. to Pulling Power for Examples 72Given in Table 11.
- 104 -
36. Running Skyline Swing Ya.rder U8ing a Grapple in a Clearcut
37. Single Span Carriage
38. Mul t i8pan Carriage
39. Carriage Stops
40. Load Beams
41. Clamping Carriages, Single Clamp Design
42. Clamping Carri!lg8, Two-Cla.mp De8ign
43. Highlead Butt Rigging - Two-Choker Design
44. Single-Span Carriage, No Skiddi.ng Capability
45. Single Span Carriage, Skidding Capability
46. Single-Span or Multispah Carriage, Radio-controlled
47. Running Skyline Carriages
48. Chord Slope and Midspan Deflect ion of a. Skyline
49. Comparison of Productivity Related to Pulling Power for Examples Given in 'rable 13.
Pa.e;e No.
45 48
49 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 54 56 51 12
-105 -
LIST OF TABLE'S
T.Le No.
Independent Bunching Winches - General Specifications 5
Machine-mounted Winches for Ground Machines - General Specifications 9
Yarders - General Specifications 10
Classification of Cable Configarations 27
Specifications for a Yarding Trailer for Continuous Mainline System 29(based upon Timber-veyor)
6, Small Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications 41
Medium Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications 42
Large Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications 42
Running Skyline Swing Yarders - General Specifications 4610, Comparison'of the Different Cable Yarding System Classifications - 47
General Specifications
Carriages - General Specifications 57
Carriage and Cable Logging System Combinations Commonly Used 58Together
Comparison of Productivity Data 68
- 105 -
LIST OF TABLES
1. Independlmt Bunch ing Winches - General Specifications
2. Machine-mounted Winches for Ground Machines - General Specifications
3. Yarders - General Specifications
4. Classification of Cable Configurations
5. Specifications for a Yarding Trailer for Continuous Mainline System (based upon Timber-veyor)
6 . Small Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications
7. · Medium Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications
8. Large Mobile Tower Yarders - General Specifications
9. Running Skyline Swing Yarders - General Specificati.ons
10. Comparison· of the Different Cable Yarding System ClassificationsGeneral Specifications
11. Carriages - General Specifications
12. Carriage and Cable Logging System Combillations CO!l'~lOnly Used Together
13. Comparison of Productivity Data
Page No.
5
9 10
27
29
41
42
42
46
41
51 58
68