c5 coal and natural gas

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ENERGY RESOURCES

COAL AND NATURAL GAS


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ENERGY RESOURCES

Unequal levels of production and consumption

Worldwide consumption of energy has grown six times during the 2ndhalf

of the 20thcentury

Top 10 energy surplus countries: Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Iran, Algeria,

Nigeria, Kuwait, Indonesia, Libya, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates

Almost half of all African countries are energy paupers Japan, USA, Western European countries consume more than produce

USA accounts for 5% of the world population and 25% of energy

consumption

Underdeveloped countries represent 78% of the world population and

consume 25% of energy produced at the global level

Developed countries40% oil, 30% coal and gas each

Developing countriescoal in non-oil exporting countries, gas much less

important


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ENERGY RESOURCES

Highly concentrated patterns of fossil fuels

Coal

the most extensive deposits are concentrated in the industrialised middle

latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere

The top 10 richest countries in coal deposits account for 90% of the world

total China and the USA account for more than 50% of total world coal output at

the start of the 21stcentury

Natural gas

The top 10 richest countries account for 76% of the world total

40% of the proven gas reserves belong to only two countries, Russia and

Iran

The first three producers Russia, the United States and Canada account for

50% of the world total


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COAL RESERVES AND PRODUCTION

BY LEADING COUNTRIES, 2011

Country Reserves(billion tons)

Country Production(million tons)

United States 247 China 2,380

Russia 157 United States 1,054

China 115 India 447

India 92 Australia 374

Australia 79 Russia 309

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2011


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NE ChinaManciuria

(Fushun, Benxi)

N ChinaTaiuan and

Datong catchments

Central ChinaHonanProvince

E and SE ChinaYunan

and Honan Provinces


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NE India (Bihar, Assam,

Madhya Pradesh, West

Bengal)

JamshedpurIndias

steel making and metalprocessing center

(Durgapur,Bokaro,

Rourkela)

Smaller sites in

Hyderabad and Madras


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FUTURE PROSPECTS

The United States leads the world in coal reserves, but has given way to

China as the main producer and consumer of coal worldwide

More than 55% of the coal consumed worldwide is for electricity generation,

and in the United States an even higher sharearound 92%. Electricity

generation will be the basis for future growth in coal use, worldwide

By 2020, energy consumption by the Developing World is expected tosurpass that of the Industrialized World, and this will raise the coal use

The future of coal use is hampered by the environmental consequences of

large-scale coal burning


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NATURAL GAS RESERVES AND PRODUCTION, 2011

Country Reserves(trillion cubic

meters)

Country Production(billion cubic

meters)

Russia 47.65 Russia 612.1

Iran 28.13 United States 524.1

United States 5.93 Canada 187.0

Norway 2.89 Iran 105.0

Canada 1.67 Norway 87.6

World total 181.46 World total 2865.3

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2011


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Western Siberia along the lower Obi River and the continental platform of the Kara

Sea

Urengoi gasfield is one of the biggest and most productive in the world and together

with the Orenburg deposit in the southern Ural Mts. Are the exporting areas to

European countries


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The Trans-Siberian gas pipeline connecting the Arctic Ocean and the Central

Europe. It is nearly 1.4 meter in diameter, and 4,450 km in length. It is capable

of sending 34 billion cubic meters of gas from its source to consumers.


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Canadian Provinces

Alberta, Saskatchewan,

British Colombia

40% of the natural gasis exported to USA

through the

transcanadian pipeline

connecting Edmonton

to Chicago and San

Francisco


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MAJOR NATURAL GAS TRADE MOVEMENTSGlobal natural gas trade increased by a relatively modest 4% in 2011

LNG shipments grew by 10.1% with Qatar (+34.8%) accounting for virtually all

(87.7%) of the increase. Pipeline shipments grew by just 1.3%


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WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE

Natural gas trends:

Natural gas is the fastest growing primary energy source.

Its use is to double, worldwide, by 2020.

But this growth requires major infrastructure investments.

The U.S. will become more reliant on imported natural gas.

Russia, today providing 26% of the natural gas that Europe consumes, hasits eye on expanding that share.


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The Gas Exporting Countries Forum(GECF) is an intergovernmental organization

of 11 of the world's leading natural gas producers made up ofAlgeria, Bolivia, Egypt,

Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Russia, Trinidad and Tobagoand

Venezuela. GECF members together control over 70% of the world's natural gas

reserves, 38% of the pipeline trade and 85% of the liquefied natural gas(LNG)

production. The three largest reserve-holders in the GECF--Russia, Iranand Qatar--

alone hold about 57% of global gas reserves. Since the establishment of the GECF in 2001 there has always been speculation that

some of the world's largest producers of natural gas, in particular Russia and Iran,

intend to create a gas cartel equivalent to OPECwhich would set quotas and prices.

The idea of a gas OPEC was first floated by then Russian President Vladimir Putin

and backed by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbaevin 2002. In May 2006

Gazpromdeputy chairmanAlexander Medvedevthreatened that Russia would create"an alliance of gas suppliers that will be more influential than OPEC" if Russia did not

get its way in energy negotiations with Europe. Iranian officials have explicitly

expressed strong support for a gas cartel and held official talks with Russia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbaevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazpromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Medvedevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Medvedevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazpromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbaevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization

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