c1_2_arita

DURABLE STRUCTURESLNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

For YourLOGODURABLE MORTARS OF A PORTUGUESE MILITARY

STRUCTURE FROM THE XVITH CENTURY

Maria do Rosrio Veiga - [email protected]

Antnio Santos Silva - [email protected]

Martha Tavares - [email protected]

Ana Rita Santos - [email protected]

Ndia Lampreia - [email protected]


Case Study

The Fortress of N. Sra. da Luz, located in Cascais coast.This Portuguese military structure, probably originally of the XVth century, has atrace witch is considered unusual in the Portuguese military architecture and wasconstructed within the program of construction of the defensive line of the coast.

in: http://www.allposters.com from Civitates Orbis Terrarum, of Georgius Braun

It is one of the oldest monuments in the

municipality of Cascais.

ICDS12 International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

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Case Study

- In 1488 the old Tower of St. Antnio (Joanina Tower) was built by D. Joo II.

- In 1580, this tower was transformed into a fortress with three Bastions.

- With the 1755 earthquake of Lisbon, part of the structure of the fortress wasdamaged, including the Joanina Tower.The structure suffered major architectural transformations being surrounded bywalls.

Today, the fortress belongs to the Municipality of Cascais, who made a project ofrecovery and revitalization of the monument, with the objective to implement amuseum.


Characterisation of Samples

Physical and Mechanical analysis

Ultrasonic test

Compressive strength test

Water absorption test

X-ray diffraction analysisXRD

Thermogravimetric and Differential thermal analysis

TGA - DTA

Microstructural analysis using the scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-

ray spectroscopySEM-EDS

Wet chemical analysis

In Situ analysis

Humidimeter

Durometer hardness(Shore A)

Experimental WorkMETHODOLOGY


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Physical and Mechanical analysis

ultrasonic test

compressive strength test

Water absorption test

In Situ analysis

Humidimeter

Durometer hardness(Shore A)


These tests main aim is to contribute to assessing the conservation status of renders and their functional capacity.



X-ray diffraction analysisXRD

Thermogravimetric and Differential thermal analysisTGA - DTA

Microstructural analysis using the scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

SEM-EDS

Wet chemical analysis


These tests main aims are to determine the current composition of the mortars, in order to define the initial composition and their chronology, and evaluate the compounds of degradation in order to provide information about the mortars conservation state.


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Experimental Work

CHARACTERIZATION OF RENDER SAMPLESThe selection of samples was madeaccording to LNEC methodology forcharacterization of mortars in ancientbuildings.The importance of the different zones interms of techniques and materials was takeninto account.


Experimental Work

CHARACTERIZATION OF RENDER SAMPLESJoanina Tower (XV-XVI century)

Localization Samplesidentification Constitution

Interior wall1st coating systems

NSL TJ1 I

Render mortar composed by four layers.The 1st layer (interior to exterior) has

brown colour and the 2nd and 3rd layers are white coloured (the 3rd is stucco 1 mm thick). The last layer is a painting

layer with ochre colour.

Interior wall2nd coating systems

NSL TJ1 E

Render mortar composed by three layers. The 1st and 2nd layers (interior to exterior) have white colour (the 2nd is stucco). The last layer is

a painting layer with ochre colour.

NSL TJ1 I

NSL TJ1 E

1st layer mortar NSL TJ1 -I

External surfaceNSL TJ1 -I

painting layer

stucco


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Experimental Work




NSL TJ1 I

Render mortar composed by four layers.The 1st layer (interior to exterior) has brown colour and

the 2nd and 3rd layers are white coloured (the 3rd is stucco 1 mm thick). The last layer is a painting layer

with ochre colour.


NSL TJ1 E

Render mortar composed by three layers. The 1st and 2nd layers (interior to exterior) have white colour (the 2nd is stucco). The last layer

is a painting layer with ochre colour.

NSL TJ1 INSL TJ1 E

Internal surface NSL TJ1 -E

External surfaceNSL TJ1 -E

painting layer

stucco


Experimental Work




NSL TJ1 I

Render mortar composed by four layers.The 1st layer (interior to exterior) has brown colour and the 2nd and 3rd layers are white

coloured (the 3rd is stucco 1 mm thick). The last layer is a painting layer with ochre

colour.


NSL TJ1 E

Render mortar composed by three layers. The 1st and 2nd layers (interior to exterior) have white colour (the 2nd is stucco). The

last layer is a painting layer with ochre colour.

The wall region with a hole NSL TJ2

Render mortar composed by a single and uniform layer whit white colour

NSL TJ2


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Experimental Work

CHARACTERIZATION OF RENDER SAMPLES


Entrance zone wall(old door) NSL TJ3

Render mortar composed by three layers whit different colours: brown,

yellow/ochre and white.

Entrance zone wall(previously buried) NSL TJ4

Render mortar composed by two layers. The 1st layer (interior to exterior) has

brown colour and appears to be clay. The 2nd layer has white colour and is rich in

ceramic materials.

NSL TJ3

Joanina Tower (XV-XVI century)


2nd layer

1st layer

Experimental Work



Entrance zone wall(old door) NSL TJ3

Render mortar composed by three layers whit different colours: brown, yellow/ochre

and white.

Entrance zone wall(previously buried) NSL TJ4

Render mortar composed by two layers. The 1st layer (interior to exterior) has brown colour and

appears to be clay. The 2nd layer has white colour and is rich in ceramic

materials.

Joanina Tower (XV-XVI century)

NSL TJ4


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Experimental Work



Interior wall(with high humidity

levels)NSL BS5

Render mortar composed by a single and uniform layer with

white colour.

South Bastions (XVIII-XIX century)

NSL BS5


Experimental Work



Interior wall(small room)

NSL BN6XVIII-XIX century

Render mortar composed by a single and uniform layer with white colour.

NSL BN7XX century

Render mortar composed by a single layer applied in three sublayers with

white colour.

North Bastions

NSL BN6

NSL BN7


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Experimental Work



South Wall

NSL MS8 Render mortar composed by a single layer whit white colour and painting

NSL MS9

Coating systems composed by four layers. Interior to exterior: light colour mortar (5mm), painting

white ochre colour, light colour mortar and painting white ochre colour.

Wall (XVII-XVIII century)

NSL MS8

painting layer


Experimental Work



South Wall

NSL MS8 Render mortar composed by a single layer whit white colour and painting

NSL MS9

Coating systems composed by four layers(two system). Interior to exterior: light

colour mortar (5mm), painting white ochre colour, light colour mortar and painting

white ochre colour.


NSL MS9

1st system

2nd system

painting layer


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Experimental Work



West Wall NSL MP10Render mortar composed by a single layer with white colour and lime painting white

ochre colour.


painting layer

NSL MP10


Results and Discussion

From the analysis of test results performed it can be concluded that:CHEMICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

The existing layers of paint and stucco (NSL TJ1-I, NSL TJ1-E, NSL MS8, NSL MS9, NSL MP10) are based on calcitic air lime. The pigment used in coloured layers is of mineral origin;

With the exception of NSL BS5 sample, that is of dolomitic air lime, all mortars have calcitic air lime as a binder;

With the exception of NSL BN7 mortar sample, in all other samples the occurrence of pozzolanic reactions between lime and aggregates was detected, forming hydraulic compounds of calcium silicates. The use of fragmented siliceous sands, in particular quartz, feldspar and basalt, as well as the aggressiveness of the environment, and long reaction times were the main factors contributing to these occurrences;

painting layer

stucco


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Air Lime








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Siliceous sands from maritime origin, probably from the site, were used in all the mortars. Among the siliceous aggregates (predominantly quartz and feldspar), with exception of sample NSL TJ4 (2nd layer), the use of basaltic aggregates was identified. The use of ceramic fragments in samples (NSL TJ1-E, NSL TJ4 -1st layer and NSL BN7) is also to be noticed;

Some of the mortars show high levels of soluble salts, including chloride and sulphate ions. However, there was no evidence pointing out to microstructural phenomena of chemical degradation.




Siliceous sands from maritime origin, probably from the site, were used in all the mortars. Among the siliceous aggregates (predominantly quartz and feldspar), with exception of sample NSL TJ4 (2nd layer), the use of basaltic aggregates was identified. The use of ceramic fragments in samples (NSL TJ1-E, NSL TJ4 -1st layer and NSL BN7) is also to be noticed;

Some mortars showed high levels of soluble salts, including chloride and sulphate ions. However, there was no evidence pointing out to microstructural phenomena of chemical degradation.


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NSL TJ2 (a), NSL TJ2(b) and NSL BN6 samples have the highest absorption capillarity coefficients (> 5.5 kg/m2.min1/2) and NSL TJ1-E and NSL BN7 the lowest values (< 1.0 kg/m2.min1/2).

CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND WATER BEHAVIOUR6.2 kg/m2.min1/2

5.5 kg/m2.min1/2 6.5 kg/m2.min1/2

0.4

kg/m

2 .min

1/2

0.5

kg/m

2 .min

1/2

1.0

kg/m

2 .min

1/2



The compressive strength of NSL TJ2 (a), NSL TJ2 (b), NSL BS 5 and NSL BN6 samples are reduced (< 1.7 N/mm2);

The modulus of elasticity shows a high deformability (E 1500 N/mm2).

CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND WATER BEHAVIOUR

1.7

N/m

m2

0.8

N/m

m2

1.3

N/m

m2

1.4

N/m

m2


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These results indicate that Joanina Tower, Walls and partly of North Bastions mortars are cohesive and are in good state of conservation.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND WATER BEHAVIOUR


Conclusions

-The N. Sra. da Luz fortress, built around 1580, was subjected to numerousinterventions over the centuries.


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Conclusions


-The experimental analysis identified three groups of mortars, from different periods:

Joanina Tower


Conclusions


-The experimental analysis identified three groups of mortars, from different periods:Joanina Tower

Wall


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Conclusions


-The experimental analysis identified three groups of mortars, from different periods:Joanina TowerWall

Bastions


Conclusions

The Joanina Tower mortars are constituted by:- Calcitic air lime and siliceous aggregates,mainly quartz with some altered basaltic grains.

- Pozzolanic reactions between lime andaggregates were found in these samples, whichshowed good mechanical characteristics.

These mortars are probably from XVth-XVIth century


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Conclusions

The Bastions mortars were dated as the most recent in the Fortress.

- The South Bastion mortar is constituted by dolomitic air lime.

These mortars are probably from XVIIIth-XIXth century

aggregate-binder interface

filled with hydromagnesite

- The North Bastion mortar is constituted by calcitic air lime and siliceous sand(without basaltic grains) and it doesn t show any pozzolanic reactions.

Probably from the XXth century


Conclusions

The Walls mortars are composed by calcitic air lime and aggregates with welldistributed grain dimensions, mostly quartzitic but also incorporating alteredbasaltic grains.

Pozzolanic reactions were detected but in a lower level compared with those fromJoanina Tower.

These mortars could date from XVIIth or XVIIIth century


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Conclusions

The antiquity, durability and diversity of these mortars

evidence their historical and technical importance.

These facts, along with their general good condition, are the

main reasons to recommend the preservation and

conservation of these mortars.


The authors wish to thank

The Cmara Municipal de Cascais (Cascais Town Council) forcollaboration in this study, especially for all the informationprovided.

The Fundao para a Cincia e Tecnologia (PortugueseFoundation for Science and Technology) for the financialcontribution to this work, within the scope of Research ProjectsLIMECONTECH Conservation and durability of historicalrenders: compatible techniques and materials -PTDC/ECM/100234/2008.


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For YourLOGODURABLE MORTARS OF A PORTUGUESE MILITARY

STRUCTURE FROM THE XVITH CENTURY

Maria do Rosrio Veiga - [email protected]

Antnio Santos Silva - [email protected]

Martha Tavares - [email protected]

Ana Rita Santos - [email protected]

Ndia Lampreia - [email protected]

THANK YOUfor your attention


LNEC

ICD

S12

c1_2_arita

Documents

earthquake of lisbon

portuguese military

program of construction

municipality of cascais

old tower of

antnio joanina tower

case studythe fortress

scanning electron microscope