c.120: geocentric system filec.120: geocentric system. rachel weisz (ipazia), in agora, alejandro...
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16thcentury representation of the Ptolemy's Geocentric System
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy)(Alexandria, Egypt, c.90 c.168)
c.120: Geocentric System
2 / 16Rachel Weisz (Ipazia), in Agora, Alejandro Amenabar, 2009
Hypatia (Alexandria, Egypt, c.370 c.415)
c.390: Mathematics + Astronomy
Astrolabe
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Gutenberg Bible, 1450
Johannes Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany, 1398 1468)
1439: Movable Type Printing
Information Flow Starts
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De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Libri VI Nuremberg, 1543
Nicolaus Copernicus(Thorn, Poland, 1473 1543)
Displaced the Earth (hence humanity) from the center of Universe. "We are not immobile, at the center of the Universe" (Floridi, 2009)
1543: Heliocentric Cosmology
1st RevolutionCopernicus
Source: Floridi L. (2014), The Fourth Revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality, Oxford University Press
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Galileo Galilei(Pisa, Italy, 1564 1642)
1632, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due Massimi Sistemi del Mondo)
1632: Birth of Modern Science
Dopo Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo fu il primo ad abbinare sperimentazione scientifica e linguaggio matematico
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The Origin of Species, Murray, London, 1859
Charles Darwin(1809 1882)
1859: On the Origin of Species (Evolutionary Theory)
Displaced Humanity from the Center of Biological Kingdom "We are not unnaturally separate and diverse from the rest of the animal kingdom" (Floridi, 2009)
2nd RevolutionDarwin
Source: Floridi L. (2014), The Fourth Revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality, Oxford University Press
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"... Dimmi, o luna: a che valeAl pastor la sua vita,
La vostra vita a voi? dimmi: ove tendeQuesto vagar mio breve,Il tuo corso immortale? ..."
Giacomo Leopardi, 1829Canto notturno di un pastore errante dell'Asia
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Sigmund Freud(18561939)
"The mind is also unconscious and subject to the defence mechanism of repression" "We are very far from being Cartesian minds entirely transparent to ourselves" (Floridi, 2009)
1899: The Interpretation of Dreams
Franz Deuticke Publishing, Vienna, 1899
3rd RevolutionFreud
Source: Floridi L. (2014), The Fourth Revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality, Oxford University Press
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Alan Turing(19121954)
1937: Artificial Intelligence
4th RevolutionTuring
"We are experiencing what maybe described (after Copernicus, Darwin, Freud), as the 4th revolution in the process of dislocation and reassessment of humanity’s fundamental nature and role in the Universe. We do not know whether we may be the only intelligent form of life" (Floridi, 2009)Source: Floridi L. (2014), The Fourth Revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality, Oxford University Press
Turing A., "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem" from Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, (Ser. 2, Vol. 42, 1937)
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Enlightenment Sustainability HyperConnectivity
XVIII Century XX Century XXI Century
The Skyis the Limit
The Earth is the Limit
The Selfis the Limit
Source: Adapted from Nicole DeWandre, RRI/SSH in ICTrelated parts of WP1415, InfoDay, 21 January 2014, Bruxelles
"Sapere aude!Abbi il coraggio di servirti
della tua propria intelligenza è dunque il motto dell'illuminismo."
Immanuel Kant, 1784
11 / 16Source. www.shell.com/scenairos, 2013
Global CO2 Emissions
"...Dipinte in queste riveson dell’umana gentele magnifiche sorti e progressive...Cosí fatti pensieriquando fien, come fur, palesi al volgo;e quell’orror che primocontra l’empia naturastrinse i mortali in social catena,fia ricondotto in parteda verace saper, l’onesto e il rettoconversar cittadino,e giustizia e pietade altra radiceavranno allor che non superbe fole,ove fondata probità del volgocosí star suole in piedequale star può quel c’ha in error la sede...."
Giacomo LeopardiLa Ginestra, 1836
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L'Universo Macchina:la Visione Meccanicistica della Natura
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Francis Bacon(1561 1626)
Scientific Method Scientific Revolution
"Knowledge is Power"
Prima di Bacone:Obiettivo della Filosofia Naturale: la Saggezza, comprensione dell'ordine naturale e vivere in armonia con esso.Dopo Bacone:La visione organica della Natura viene sostituita con la metafora del MondoMacchina.Obiettivo della Scienza: Conoscenza per Dominare e Controllare la Natura.
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L'Universo Retela Visione Sistemica della Natura
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Robert Laughlin (1950)
1998 Nobel Prize in Physics (Fractional Quantum Hall Effect)
Emergence is the replacement for ReductionismSource: Robert B. Laughlin, "A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down", Basic Books, (2005)
Reductionism:a Complex System is nothing but the Sum of its Parts
Complex Systems Theory
Emergence:The way Complex Systems (and patterns) arise out of a Multiplicity of Relatively Simple Interactions.
"The Whole becomesMore and Very DifferentFrom the Sum of its Parts"
(P.W.Anderson, "More is Different", Science, 1972)
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Il Pensiero Sistemico
Spostamento di prospettiva dalle parti all'intero
Multidisciplinarieta' intrinseca
Dagli oggetti alle relazioni
Dalla misurazione alla mappatura
Dalle quantita' alle qualita'
Dalle strutture ai processi
Dalla scienza oggettiva (Cartesio) alla scienza epistemica (Heisenberg): il metodo di indagine diventa parte integrante delle teorie scientifiche
Source: F.Capra, P.L.Luisi, The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision, Cambridge University Press, 2016