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READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1below.

The Hidden Histories of Exploration Exhibition

A We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but hat about the local individuals ho!uided and protected European explorers in "an# different parts of the !lobe$ %r the !o&

bet eens & includin! interpreters and traders & ho translated the needs and de"ands ofexplorers into a lan!ua!e that locals could understand$ Such 'uestions have receivedsurprisin!l# little attention in standard histories, here European explorers are usuall# theheroes, so"eti"es the villains( )he *idden *istories of Exploration exhibition at +ritain sRo#al Geo!raphical Societ# in -ondon sets out to present an alternative vie , in hichexploration is a funda"entall# collective experience of or., involvin! "an# different people(/an# of the "ost fa"ous exa"ples of explorers said to have been lone travellers0& sa#, /un!oPar. or David -ivin!stone in Africa & ere an#thin! but alone0 on their travels( )he# dependedon local support of various .inds & for food, shelter, protection, infor"ation, !uidance and solace& as ell as on other resources fro" else here(

+ )he Ro#al Geo!raphical Societ# 2RGS3 see.s to record this stor# in its *idden *istories pro4ect, usin! its astonishin!l# rich collections( )he stora!e of !eo!raphical infor"ation as oneof the "ain rationales for the foundation of the 5GS in 1678, and the societ#0s collections nocontain "ore than t o "illion individual ite"s, includin! boo.s, "anuscripts, "aps,

photo!raphs, art& or.s, artefacts and fil" & a rich storehouse of "aterial re4ectin! the idt1!eo!raphical extent of +ritish interest across the !lobe( In addition to their re"ar.able scope andran!e, those collections contain a stri.in! visual record of exploration the i"pulse to collectthe orld is reflected in u lar!e and diverse i"a!e archive( 9or the researcher, this archive can#ield "an# surprises "aterials !athered )or one purpose & sa#, "aps relatin! to aninternational boundar# dispute or photo!raphs ta.en an a scientific expedition & "a# toda# be

put to 'uite different uses(

: In their published narratives, European explorers rarel# portra#ed the"selves as vulnerable or

dependent on others, despite the fact that ithout this support the# ere 'uite literall# lost(Archival research confir"s that Europeans ere not "erel# dependent oil the or. oi porters,soldiers, translators, coo.s, pilots, !lides, hunters and collectors the# also relied on localexpertise( Such assistance as essential in identif#in! potential dan!ers &poisonous species,unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories & hich could "ean the difference bet een life anddeath( )he assistants the"selves ere usuall# in a stron! bar!ainin! position in theA"a;on for exa"ple, access to entire re!ions ould depend on the illin!ness of local cre"e"bers and other assistants to enter areas inhabited b# relativel# po erful A"erindian !roups(In an account of his 4ourne# across South A"erica, published in 167

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9or exa"ple, the histor# of African exploration in the nineteenth centur# is do"inated b# the useof >an;ibar as a recruitin! station for porters, soldiers and !uides ho ould then travelthousands of "iles across the continent( In so"e accounts, the leadin! African "e"bers ofexpedition parties & the officers0 or fore"en & are identified, and their portraits publishedalon!side those of European explorers(

E )he infor"ation provided b# locals and inter"ediaries as of potential i"portance to!eo!raphical science( *o as this evidence 4ud!ed$)he for"al procedures of scientific evaluation provided one fra"e or.(Alon!side these ere "ore co""on sense notions of veracit# and reliabilit#, reli!iousl#&inspired 4ud!"ents about the authenticit# of testi"on#, and the routine procedures for cross&chec.in! e"pirical observations developed in "an# professions(

9 Given explorers need for local infor"ation and support, it as in their interests to developeffective or.in! partnerships ith .no led!eable inter"ediaries ho could act as bro.ers intheir dealin!s ith local inhabitants& /an# of these people ac'uired far "ore experience ofexploration than "ost Europeans could hope to attain( So"e "ana!ed lar!e !roups of "en and

o"en, piloted the explorers0 river craft, or undertoo. "appin! or.( )he tradition ascontinued ith the Everest expeditions in the 1?@8s and 1?78s, hich re!ularl# e"plo#ed the)ibetan interpreter 5ar"a Paul( In Europe, exploration as increasin!l# thou!ht of as a careerthe sa"e "i!ht be said of the non&Europeans on ho" their expeditions depended(

G )hese individuals often for!ed close or.in! relationships ith European explorers( Such partnerships depended on "utual respect, thou!h the# ere not al a#s eas# or inti"ate, as is particularl# clear fro" the histor# of the Everest expeditions depicted in the *idden *istoriesexhibition( )he entire bac. all is covered b# an enlar!ed version of a sin!le sheet of

photo!raphs of Sherpas ta.en durin! the 1?7fi Everest expedition( )he docu"ent is a po erfulre"inder of the "anpo er on hich European "ountaineerin! expeditions depended, and alsoof the i"portance of local .no led!e and assistance( )ransfor"ed fro" archive to all displa#,it tells a po erful stor# throu!h the "ediu" of individual portraits & includin! 5ar"a Paul,veteran of previous expeditions, and the #oun! )ensin! Nor!a#, 1B #ears before his successful1?C7 ascent( )his as a hi!hl# char!ed and transitional "o"ent as the contribution of theSherpas, depicted here ith identit# ta!s round their nec.s, as be!innin! to be "uch "ore

idel# reco!nised( )hese touchin! portraits encoura!e us -o see the" as a!ents rather thansi"pl# colonial sub4ects or paid e"plo#ees( *ere is a livin! histor#, hich loo.s be#ond hat

e alread# .no about exploration a lar!er histor# in hich e co"e to reco!nise thecontribution of ever#one involved(

Question 2 Do the ollowing statements agree with the in ormation gi!en in Reading Passage 1"in bo#es 1-$ on %our answer sheet, write&R'( i the statement agrees with the in ormation

)*+ ( i the statement contradicts the in ormation & / ( i there is no in ormation on this