c ultural g roup s tudy p roject a merican i ndians jacey ageno, jessica biles, lisa dubuc, elysse...
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CULTURAL GROUP STUDY PROJECTAMERICAN INDIANS
Jacey Ageno, Jessica Biles, Lisa Dubuc, Elysse Sato, Joy Senff & David Short
HOME COUNTRY
HOME COUNTRY Location- United States Size- 3.79 million square miles Population- Over 310 million
people Demographics
White 79.8% Hispanic (of any race)
15.4% Black 12.8% Asian 4.5% American Indian and Alaska
Native 1.0% Native Hawaiian and Pacific
Islander 0.2% Two or more races 1.7%
Languages Spoken-311 Literacy Rates- 99% of total
population can read and write ages 15+
History Indigenous people of the U.S.
believe to have migrated from Asia 1492 arrival of Spaniards European colonists spread
Christianity 1700’s Indigenous population
drastically declines from disease and warfare
1802 Indian lands exchanged for U.S. services
1830 Indian Removal Act 1924 Citizenship granted to all
Indians Current Problems
Economy struggles/Unemployment
Terrorism Education Alcoholism
LANGUAGE
CHINUK WAWA, CHINOOK JARGON, CHINOOK PIDGIN
Regional language in the Pacific American North Coast - Oregon to Panhandle Alaska
Was spoken extensively in British Columbia and much of the Pacific Northwest for most of the 1800s and the early 1900s
It provided a means of communication between speakers of different First Nations’ languages, as well as between First Nations speakers and Europeans
U.S. Ethnic population: 119 (2000 census) and decreasing
Many words are still used and enjoyed throughout Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska
Old-timers still remember it, although in their youth, speaking this language was discouraged as slang
The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde community of Oregon is taking steps to preserve Chinook Jargon use through a full immersion head start/preschool
The Confederated Tribes also offer Chinuk Wawa lessons at their offices in Eugene and Portland, Oregon
Nearly extinct
A Little History Now
THE LANGUAGE ITSELF
Chinuk-wawa (also known as Chinook Jargon) is a unique pidgin language that is a mix of tribal languages, French, and English. It is easy to learn and use.
Example sentence "I speak Chinook Jargon“ Naika wawa chinook wawa
Vocabulary Teach to: mam’-ook kum’-tuk Child: ten’-a Yes: áh-ha; e-é
Hear it for yourself!
CULTURAL VALUES
Native American (Traditional Indian Values)
Non-Indian
(Dominant Society Values)
GROUP (take care of the PEOPLE) <<< >>> SELF ( take care of #1)
TODAY is a Good Day! <<< >>> PREPARE FOR TOMORROW
A RIGHT time/RIGHT place <<< >>> TIME (use EVERY minute)
AGE (knowledge-wisdom) <<< >>> YOUTH (rich, young, beautiful)
COOPERATE <<< >>> COMPETE!
Be PATIENT <<< >>> Learn to be AGGRESSIVE
LISTEN (and you'll learn) <<< >>> SPEAK UP
GIVE and share <<< >>> TAKE and save
Live in HARMONY (with all things) <<< >>> CONQUER Nature
Great MYSTERY/intuitive <<< >>> SKEPTICAL/ Logical
HUMILITY <<< >>> (Ego) SELF attention
A SPIRITUAL Life <<< >>> Religion (a PART of life)
Extended Families
Strong roles for women
Traditional, bicultural, or assimilated
Historically adversarial relationship with schools
Cooperation
Group Harmony Modesty
Autonomy
Placidity
Patience Generosity
Indifference to work ethic
Moderation in speech
Careful listening
Careful observation
Time is relative
Focus on the present
Pragmatism
Respect for elderlyRespect for nature
Spirituality
Avoidance of eye contact
Native language retention
Caution
SpiritualityCultural pluralism
ADAPTATION & ADJUSTMENT ISSUESINSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
ADAPTATION & ADJUSTMENT ISSUES
Many American Indians live on reservations
Disadvantages of reservations Lack of access to capital Lack of natural resources Isolated High cost of transportion Instability of tribal government
They rank at the bottom for many social statistics
Highest teen suicide rate of all minorities: 18.5 per 100,000
Highest rate of teen pregnancy Highest high school drop out rate: 54% Lowest per capita income Unemployment rates between 50% to
90% Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
Loss of language Assimilated to the white culture or “White-
washed” Culture isn’t represented at school and in
the curriculum Native American Holidays?
Books Elementary
Jingle Dancer by Cynthia Leitich Smith
Cheyenne Again by Eve Bunting
Middle School My Name is Sepeetza by
Shirley Sterling Crossing the Starlight
Bridge by Alice Mead High School
Wolf That I Am: In Search of the Red Earth People by Fred McTaggart
Everyday Life Texts
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
Finding culturally relevant material is a challenge
What’s relevant to one group might not be relevant to another
Text should build upon background knowledge Text should be culturally relevant and
meaningful Ideas for creating culturally relevant
stories Involve the local community members in story
telling Have stories recorded and in writing available
to students Allow children to develop their own stories
When choosing appropriate material ask yourself these questions:
Is the American Indian culture evaluated from the perspective of Indian values and attitudes rather than those of another culture?
Does the literature recognize the American Indian as an enduring race, not a vanishing or assimilated people?
Does the literature portray realistic roles for American Indian women?
Do not persistently look directly at American Indian students when speaking to them, or expect them to look directly at you
Seen as a sign of defiance and hostility
When speaking they will often will look off in the same direction, not at each other
Do not put too much pressure on time Traditionally, native cultures have
relied on weather or other conditions to determine when something must be done, rather than using a clock
Promote relaxed communication, native students need to be able to ask questions without hesitation and feel that they can discuss problems freely
Do not try to motivate students by competition.
In many native groups, a person who shows himself/herself to be superior (as opposed to an equal and cooperating member of the group) is ostracized and belittled
Culturally Relevant Materials
Teaching Strategies
COMMUNITIES IN OREGON
AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES IN OREGON Burns Paiute Tribe in Burns
• Language – Paiute• List of words on their website
Confederated Tribes of the Coos – Lower Umpqua – Siuslaw Indians in Coos Bay• Languages – Milluk (Coos), Hanis (Coos), and Siuslaw &
Lower Umpqua• Audio cassettes on their website for learning their language
Confederated Tribes of Grande Ronde (Umpqua, Molalla, Rogue River, Kalapuya & Chasta)• Common Language – Chinuk Wawa• Chinuk Wawa immersion preschool
Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians• Language – Athabaskan• The Siletz language program is actively teaching classes on
the Athabaskan language to tribal members
AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES IN OREGON CONTINUED The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
• Languages – Kiksht (Wasco) only 5 fluent speakers left, Numu (Paiute) only 5 fluent speakers left, and Ichishkiin (Sahaptin) about 50 fluent speakers left
• The Tribal Language Program is taking steps to bring the language back to the people.
Cow Creek Bank of Umpqua Tribe of Indians (Roseburg)• Language – Takelma – no mention on efforts to revive language
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation• Languages – Cayuse (extinct today except a few words spoken),
Sahaptin• Education department has created a language program in an effort to
restore the language The Klamath Tribes (Klamath, Modoc & Yahooskin)
• Language – Klamath• The Klamath Tribes Language Project – basic course in writing &
pronunciation Coquille Indian Tribe
• Language – Milluk, Hanis & Athapaskan (Coquille) mostly extinct now among tribal members
RESOURCES Americans in the United States. (2010). Wikipedia. Retrieved December 6, 2010,
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States Burns Paiute Tribe. (2010). Retrieved December 2010, from Burns Paiute Tribe:
http://www.burnspaiute-nsn.gov/ Chinook Jargon. 2006. Yinka Déné Language Institute. Confederated Tribes of Grande Ronde. (2010). Retrieved December 2010, from
Confederated Tribes of Grande Ronde: http://www.grandronde.org/ Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians. (2010). Retrieved December 2010, from
Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians: http://www.ctsi.nsn.us/ Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, Siuslaw Indians. (2006).
Retrieved December 2010, from Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, Siuslaw Indians: http://www.ctclusi.org/CTCLUSINEW/default.aspx
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. (2010). Retrieved December 2010, from Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation: http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/
Coquille Indian Tribe. (2002-2005). Retrieved December 2010, from Coquille Indian Tribe: http://www.coquilletribe.org/
Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians. (2010). Retrieved December 2010, from Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians: http://www.cowcreek.com/
Eller, J. (2009). http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485395/
RESOURCES CONTINUED Garcia, E. (2002). Student cultural diversity: Understanding and meeting the challenge.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Google. (n.d). Retrieved from: http://www.google.com/imghp Keller, E. (2005, April 12). Strategies for teaching science to Native Americans.
Retrieved from http://www.as.wvu.edu/~equity/native.html Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World,
Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/
Native Languages of the Americas. (2007). Native languages of the Americas: American Indian children’s books and literature. Retrieved from http://www.native-
languages.org/children-books.htm Oregon's Indian Tribes. (2009). Retrieved December 2010, from Oregon Blue Book:
http://bluebook.state.or.us/national/tribal/tribal.htm Smith, K. (2007). Native issues. Retrieved from
http://web.utk.edu/~utaises/nativeissues.htm Teaching and Learning With Native Americans. (2010). Contrasting Values. Retrieved
from http://www.literacynet.org/lp/namericans/values.html The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. (1999-2010). Retrieved December 2010,
from The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs: http://www.warmsprings.com/ The Klamath Tribes. (2008). Retrieved December 2010, from The Klamath Tribes:
http://www.klamathtribes.org/ United States. (2010). Wikipedia. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States