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gyw³hy‡×i ci Non-Formal Education-G A‡bK ‡emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v GB c×wZ Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi †Póv K‡i| GB cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g †`k I mgvR‡K Lye mn‡R Av‡jvwoZ Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡kI ‡mB c×wZ e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b Ki‡Z mg_© nq| †mB cÖ‡Póvi wmuwo †e‡q nxW evsjv‡`k `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q ¯’vbxq Bmy¨wfwËK Av‡jvPbvi cÖqvm wb‡q‡Q| nxW evsjv‡`‡ki D‡Ïk¨ GBÑ hviv wb:¯^ I nZ`wi`ª, hv‡ì mvnvh¨ Kivi †KD †bB, Zviv wb‡Riv †hb wb‡R‡ì mvnvh¨v‡_© KvR Ki‡Z m¶g nq| †mB j‡¶¨ cvDwj †d«Bix c×wZ Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri ¯^v_© mswkó welq Zviv †hb mwVKfv‡e Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡i|

mg‡qi Zv‡j Zv‡j mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z A‡bK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| wek eQi Av‡M mgvR Rxe‡bi †hme mgm¨v wbim‡bi j‡¶¨ Ges Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiv n‡Zv AvR Zvi MwZ-cÖK…wZ A‡bKUv cv‡ë †M‡Q| †mB cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z m„ó bZzb bZzb mgm¨v wb‡q Avgv‡ì fve‡Z n‡”Q| MÖvgxY ch©v‡q hviv GB me mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv K‡ib, Zviv hw` †m-m¤ú‡K© mg¨K avibv bv cvq Zvn‡j †m-mgm¨v mgvavb K‡í m‡Pó n‡Z cvi‡e bv| †mB j‡¶¨ Bmy¨wfwËK wb‡`©kbv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hb ¯’vbxq RbmvaviY Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì mgvR-Rxe‡bi mgm¨vi g~j wPwýZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| Avi mgm¨vi g~j wbiƒwcZ n‡j mgvavb mn‡RB †ewi‡q Av‡m| m‡PZbZv e„w× I MÖvgxY mgm¨v mgvav‡b GB Bmy¨wfwËK mfvi wb‡`©kbv mv_©KZv jvf Ki‡eÑ G Avgvi `„p wek¦vm|

G D‡`¨v‡Mi m‡½ RwoZ mevB‡K RvbvB Avš—wiK Awfb›`b|

Bmy¨

GjwMb mvnvwbe©vnx cwiPvjK

cÖvmw½K K_v

nxW evsjv‡`k `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b DrmM©xK…Z GKwU RvZxq †emiKvix Dbœqb ms¯’v| †`‡ki 5wU wefv‡M 13wU †Rjvi 28wU Dc‡Rjvq mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px ev¯—evwqZ n‡”Q| GB Kg©m~Pxi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv- Ô`wi`ª gvbyl ‡UKmB Dcv‡q RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e Ges mvgvwRK m¤cÖxwZ I mngwg©Zvi gv‡S emevm Ki‡eÕ|

Avi GB j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L nZ`wi`ª‡ì Dbœqb, ¯’vbxq †UKmB msMVb ˆZix, †RÛvi êlg¨ I bvix mwnsmZv n«vm, mykvmb I AwaKvi wb‡q KvR Pj‡Q| AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq msMwVZ `‡ji m`m¨‡ì wb‡q cÖwZwbqZ Bmy¨ mfv AbywôZ n‡”Q| GB Bmy¨ mfvq g~jZ †h me welq I mgm¨v `wi`ª gvbyl†K mvg‡b G‡Mv‡Z w`‡”Q bv †mB me wel‡q m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡¶¨ gvV ch©v‡q Dbœqb mv_xiv `‡ji m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Q| `xN©w`b a‡i Bmy¨ mfvi Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ Dbœqb mv_x†ì Kv‡Q wjwLZ I meUv GK m‡½ †`qv hvqwb|

GB KvRwU myôz I my›ìfv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi †¶‡Î cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e hviv RwoZ wQj Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K K…ZÁZv RvbvB| we‡klfv‡e mn‡hvMx wbe©vnx cwiPvjK wg. wmj‡f÷vi nvj`vi AK…cYfv‡e w`K-wb‡`©kbvg~jK civgk© w`‡q GB KvRwU mg„× K‡i‡Qb- GRb¨ Zvu‡K Avš—wiKfv‡e abëv` RvbvB|

eBwU DcKvi‡fvMx‡ì ¶gZvq‡bi j‡¶¨ m‡PZbZv m„wó‡Z mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Pxi mv‡_ RwoZ mK‡ji Kv‡R mnvqK n‡e e‡j Avwg `„pfv‡e wek¦vm Kwi|

Bmy¨

wek¦bv_ ivq‡m±i cÖavbmvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px

m¤úv`‡Ki wb‡e`b

gvbe mf¨Zvi Elvj‡Mœ gvbyl wewfbœ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’vi gv‡S evm KiZ| d‡j Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q| G mgm¨v¸‡jv Zviv cÖ_‡g GKvKx mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i e¨_© n‡q GKZve× nIqvi wPš—v K‡i|

MÖvgwfwËK evsjv‡`‡ki 85% Rb‡Mvôx Ae‡nwjZ, wbh©vwZZ, AwaKvi ewÂZ| Zv‡ì mvgvwRK mgm¨v Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ nxW evsjv‡`k Rb¥jMœ †_‡K KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| GÕj‡¶¨ nxW wcwWwc (AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px) `j MVb K‡i m`m¨‡ì wewfbœ Bmy¨ ev mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Zv‡ì mgm¨v mgvav‡bi ev¯—e †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Zv‡ì wb‡q wewfbœ cÖwk¶Y Kg©kvjv I mfv K‡i Avm‡Q| Bmy¨wfwËK mfv, Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|

mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, gvbweK I mvs¯‹…wZK †cÖ¶vc‡U D™¢yZ †h me mgm¨v gvby‡li Rxe‡b cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i Zv †h mfvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv, ZvB n‡jv Bmy¨wfwËK mfv| GBme welq wb‡q †h mfvq Av‡jvPbv nq| Bmy¨ mfvq wcwWwc `‡ji m`mïv mgv‡Ri wewfbœ mgm¨v ev m„ó bZzb Bmy¨ wb‡q gvwmK Av‡jvPbvq wgwjZ n‡q _v‡K| Gme mfvq Zviv we‡kl mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i Ges mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq †KŠkj wba©vib K‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì ¯^v_© msiw¶Z nq Ges †bZ…‡Z¡ MwZkxjZv ev‡o|

Bmy¨

Bmy¨wfwËK mfv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU wb‡`©wkKvi cÖ‡qvRb `xN©w`b †_‡K Abyf~Z n‡q Avm‡Q| G‡Z mfv¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î MwZkxjZv Avm‡e Ges m`mïv wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g m`m¨‡ì ¶gZvq‡Y Kvh©Kix f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡e|

nxW evsjv‡`k mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~wP wcwWwc `‡ji m`m¨‡ì eZ©gvb Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb we‡ePbv K‡i mgmvgwqK 20wU Bmyï Dci ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi AwaKvskB m`m¨‡ì cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e Ges Zv‡ì cwievi, msMVb I mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z AvZ¥m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡e| GB wb‡`©wkKv m`m¨‡ì‡K AvZ¥wek¦vm AR©b I Rxeb`¶Zv Dbœq‡bI DØy× Ki‡e Ges GKZv I `„p g‡bvej RvMv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

Avkv Kwi, nxW evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi gvV ch©v‡qi Kgx©‡ì Rb¨ eBwU mnvqK n‡e| Z‡eB G cÖKvkbvi mv_©KZv|

Gg. RvnvsMxi †nv‡mb‡Kv-AwW©‡bUimvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~wP

Bmy¨

mdj Bmy¨wfwËK mfvi Rb¨ Dbœqb mv_xi `vwqZ¡

m`m¨‡ì cÖwZ Av¯’v ivLv; fvj †kªvZv nIqv; KZ…©Z¡c~Y© eënvi cwinvi Kiv; Av‡jvPbvq mevB‡K AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv; wb‡Ri gZ Pvwc‡q bv †`qv; m`m¨‡ì gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vKv; mgqgZ mfv ïi“ I †kl Kiv; m`m¨‡ì Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv; m`m¨‡ì cÖwZ A½xKvi i¶v Kiv; m`m¨‡ì gv‡S mwVKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ e›Ub K‡i †`qv; ‡iRy‡jkb †jLv †kl K‡i Dcw¯’Z mevi ¯^v¶i †bqv; c~e©eZx wm×vš— hvPvB Kiv I cybivq wm×vš—

wb‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv; m`m¨‡ì cvwievwiK I e¨w³MZ †LuvR Lei †bqv; cieZx© mfvi ZvwiL, mgq I ¯’vb Rvwb‡q †`qv|

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cÖwZwU Bmy¨ mfvq Av‡jvPbv †k‡l m`m¨‡ì‡K wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wm×vš—¸‡jv Ggb n‡e hv‡Z cieZx© mfvq AMÖMwZ hvPvB K‡i †`Lv hvq|

Bmy¨ mfvi †¶‡Î Dbœqb mv_xi `¶Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi wb‡`©kK mg~n:

1. mfv¸‡jv‡Z m`m¨‡ì Dcw¯’wZi nvi2. Bmy¨ †iwR÷vi wbqwgZ I mwVK wbq‡g

†jLv3. Bmy¨ m¤ú‡K© m`m¨‡ì aviYv

4. Bmy¨ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z m`m¨‡ì cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Zvi cÖwZdjb

5. `‡ji m`m¨‡ì wbKU Kgx©i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv6. m`m¨‡ì Rxeb c×wZ I AvPi‡Yi BwZevPK

cwieZ©b7. Kg© GjvKvi me©gn‡j Kgx©i cwiwPwZ I

MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

wba©vwiZ welqmg~n:

1.¯^v¯’¨ cvV : 1.1 eq:mwÜKvjcvV : 1.2 cwievi cwiKíbv cvV : 1.3 Mf©eZxi hZœ I wUwU wUKv cvV : 1.4 cywói Acwinvh©ZvcvV : 1.5 h²v †ivMcvV : 1.6 ‡hŠb‡ivM I GBWm&cvV : 1.7 gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj

2.gvbevwaKvi I mykvmbcvV : 2.1 bvix wbh©vZb cvV : 2.2 wkïkªg cvV : 2.3 †gŠwjK AwaKvi I mykvmbcvV : 2.4 ‡fvUvwaKvicvV : 2.5 bvix I wkï cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva

3.cwi‡ekcvV : 3.1 ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv cvV : 3.2 cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcbcvV : 3.3 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM

Bmy¨

4.mgvR cwieZ©b I ¯’vbxq msMVb ˆZwicvV : 4.1 Rb¥ wbeÜbcvV : 4.2 evj¨weevn I eûweevncvV : 4.3 ‡hŠZzKcvV : 4.4 ZvjvKcvV : 4.5 ¯’vbxq †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb

1. ¯^v¯’¨ :

eq:mwÜKvj

cwievi cwiKíbv

Mf©eZxi hZœ I wUwU wUKv

cywói ¸i“Z¡

h²v †ivM

‡hŠb‡ivM I GBWm&

gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj

Bmy¨

cvV: 1.1eq:mwÜKvj

D‡Ïk¨:

GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY-

eq:mwÜKvjxb aviYv Ges Gmgq †Q‡j †g‡q‡ì kvwiixK I gvbwmK cwieZ©Y¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖRbb I †hŠb ¯^v¯’¨ wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wK‡kvi wK‡kvix †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì mv‡_ KiYxq welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges †g‡b Pj‡eb|

wkïKvj I †hŠeb - G `yÕeq‡mi gvSvgvwS †h mgq Zv‡K eq:mwÜKvj ev ˆK‡kvi e‡j| mvaviYZ: 10 †_‡K 19 eQi eqm ch©š— eq:mwÜKvj| G eq‡mi †Q‡j‡ì‡K wK‡kvi I ‡g‡q‡ì‡K wK‡kvix ejv nq| G mgq Zv‡ì kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e wewfbœ cwieZ©b nq| wK‡kvi‡ì KÚ¯î fvix nq, exh©cvZ ïi“ nq, †hŠbv‡½ †jvg MRvq Ges wK‡kvix‡ì gvwmK ïi“ nq, ¯—b eo nq|

Bmy¨

gvbwmK cwieZ©b †hgb- g‡b bvbv wØav-Ø›Ø I

Av‡eM †`Lv hvq ARvbv wel‡q Rvbvi

†KŠZ~nj Rv‡M ‡Q‡j I †g‡qiv ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ

AvKl©b †eva K‡i ‡Pnviv I †cvkv‡Ki cÖwZ

m‡PZb nq Ab¨‡ì †_‡K wb‡R‡K Avovj K‡i ivL‡Z Pvq eo‡ì evav-wb‡la ïb‡Z fvj jv‡M bv ¯^vaxbfv‡e _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i

gv-evev †Kb †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK© ivL‡eb ?

‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi 23 fvM n‡jv wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix Ges GivB AvMvgx w`‡bi fwel¨Z| GB eq‡m Zv‡ì M‡o DVv Af¨vm I AvPiY¸‡jv fwel¨Z Rxeb Mo‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| gv evev G mgq Zv‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I Dc‡`k w`‡q my›ì fwel¨Z Mo‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| eq:mwÜKvjxb cwieZ©‡b wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡ì g‡b bvbv cÖkœ †`Lv †`q| wb‡R‡ì kixi, bvix-cyi“‡li m¤úK© wel‡q Rvb‡Z B”Qv Rv‡M|

‡ekxi fvM †¶‡Î AwffveKiv cÖRbb I †hŠb ¯^v¯’¨ wb‡q †Q‡j‡g‡qi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Pvb bv| Gi d‡j Zviv bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v ev wec‡` co‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-

Bmy¨

gvbwmKfv‡e Amnvq‡eva Ki‡Z cv‡i

bvbv RvqMv †_‡K fyj Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i

‡hŠb wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i

A‰ea †hŠb m¤ú‡K© Rwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| d‡j GBPAvBwf I GBWmmn †hŠb †ivM ev AbvKvw•¶Z Mf©avi‡bi fq _v‡K|

evev-gv hw` Gmgq †Lvjv‡gjv I Avš—wiKfv‡e Zv‡ì †e‡o DVvi wewfbœ w`K I mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Z‡e Zv‡ì bvbviKg fq-fxwZ, wØav-Ø›Ø I mgm¨v `~i n‡q cieZx© Rxe‡b Kv‡R jvM‡e Ges fyj Kivi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e bv| ZvB †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡ì my›ì fwel¨Z Mo‡Z Zv‡ì mv‡_ ‡Lvjv‡gjv K_v ejyb, Zv‡ì eyS‡Z wkLyb I Zv‡ì mgm¨vq GwM‡q Avmyb|

gv-evev wn‡m‡e †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡ì wK ej‡eb? G eq‡m Zv‡ì †h cwieZ©b nq †mUv ¯^vfvweK,

GRb¨ wPwš—Z ev j¾v cvIqvi wKQz †bB| G eq‡m kixi ZvovZvwo ev‡o, ZvB ch©vß Lvevi

LvIqv DwPZ| kixi my¯’ ivLvi Rb¨ e¨vqvg

Kiv DwPZ gvwm‡Ki mgq †g‡q‡ì

cwi¯‹vi Kvco ev c¨vW eënvi Kiv DwPZ

G eq‡m ev‡R †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì mv‡_ †gkv DwPZ bq

‡g‡q‡ì 15 eQi eqm †_‡K 5wU wUwU wUKv †bqv DwPZ

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‡g‡qiv 18 Ges †Q‡jiv 21 eQ‡ii Av‡M we‡q Kiv DwPZ bq

¯^vgx-¯¿x Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hŠb m¤úK© Ki‡j †hŠb‡ivM I GBWm n‡Z cv‡i|

A‡bK mgq gv-evev †Q‡j-‡g‡qi K_v g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kv‡bb bv, GKZidv Dc‡`k †`b| wKš— Zv‡ì K_v ïb‡j Ges Zv‡ì aviYv¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Zviv fvj-g›` eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i|

‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì wbqgvbyewZ©Zv‡QvU‡ejv †_‡K G†ì wbq‡gi g‡a¨ Pj‡Z †kLv‡bv ìKvi| G eq‡m Giv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡div Ki‡Z Pvq| Gmgq wbqg Kvbyb Zv‡ì cQ›` bvI n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e wbq‡gi g‡a¨ Pj‡j wK wK myweav Ges bv Pj‡j wK wK Lvivc w`K Av‡Q Zv eywS‡q ejv cÖ‡qvRb|

wK‡kvi eq‡m eÜz-evÜecÖ‡Z¨K †Q‡j‡g‡qi Gmgq A‡bK eÜz, cvov cÖwZ‡ekxi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K| G eq‡mi eÜz-evÜe fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi Dci cÖfve †d‡j| ZvB mwVK eÜz evQvB Ki‡Z Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

gZ-we‡iva †gvKv‡ejvG eq‡m Zviv wb‡R‡ì eo g‡b Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges wb‡R‡ì gZvgZ LvUv‡Z †Póv K‡i| A‡bK mgq AwffveKiv Zv gvb‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j `yÕc‡¶i g‡a¨ g‡bvgvwjb¨ m„wó nq| GB Ae¯’v Gwo‡q Pjv fvj| Zv‡ì cÖksmv Ki‡j fwel¨‡Z K_v †g‡b Pj‡Z AvMÖnx nq|

‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva‡h me †Q‡j‡g‡qi wb‡Ri Dci wek¦vm I m¤§vb Av‡Q Zviv A‡bK mvnm I Av¯’v wb‡q Rxe‡b Pj‡Z cv‡i| ‡h

Bmy¨

†Kvb cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡I Ges me ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv I Lvc LvIqv‡Z Zv‡ì Rb¨ myweav nq| ZvB-

‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì gZvgZ‡K ¸i“Z¡ w`b msmv‡ii †QvULv‡Uv Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ w`b ZvivI †h cwiev‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m`m¨ Zv Zv‡ì

eywS‡q w`b mewKQz‡Z †Q‡j I ‡g‡q‡K mgvb my‡hvM w`b ‡Q‡j †g‡qi mvg‡b SMov weev` ‡_‡K weiZ _vKzb ‡Q‡j‡g‡qiv fyj Ki‡j eKvSKv bv K‡i fvjfv‡e eywS‡q

ejyb `~e©j I cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi cÖwZ GKUz †ekx

hZœevb †nvb

Bmy¨

1.1 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: eq:mwÜKvj

cÖkœ DËi DËi`vZvi msL¨v

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i Rv‡b bv

wK‡kvi wK‡kvix Kviv?

10 †_‡K 19 eQ‡ii †Q‡j‡g‡qivB wK‡kvi wK‡kvix|

eq:mwÜKvj wK? wkïKvj I †hŠeb-G `yÕ‡qi gvSvgvwS mgq n‡jv eq:mwÜKvj|

eq:mwÜKv‡j †Q‡j I †g‡q‡ì wK wK gvbwmK cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq?

wØav, ØÜ I Av‡eM †`Lv hvq; ARvbv welq Rvbvi †KŠZ~nj Rv‡M; wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvKl©Y‡eva, †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖwZ m‡PZb nq; wb‡R‡K Avovj K‡i ivL‡Z Pvq; ¯^vaxb _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i; evuav wb‡la fvj jv‡M bv|

eq:mwÜKv‡j †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wK ai‡bi wec` ev mgm¨vq co‡Z cv‡i?

wb‡R‡ì Amnvq †eva K‡i; fzj Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i; †hŠb wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i; A‰ea †hŠb m¤ú‡K© Rwo‡q bvbvb wecwË NUv‡Z cv‡i|

eq:mwÜKv‡j †Q‡j‡g‡q†ì mv‡_ wcZv gvZvi AvPiY †Kgb nIqv DwPr?

GKZidv Dc‡`k bv w`‡q †Q‡j ‡g‡q‡ì mv‡_ mym¤úK© ivL‡eb| †Lvjv‡gjv fv‡e Zv‡ì mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

Bmy¨

Ki‡j †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Zv‡ì fvjg›` eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z cv‡i|

cvV: 1.2cwievi cwiKíbv

D‡Ïk¨:


cwievi cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

cwievi cwiKíbvi DcKiY m¤ú‡K© wek`fv‡e ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡R‡ì Dc‡hvMx welq¸wj wPwýZ K‡i eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© KiYxq welq¸‡jv wb‡q AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb I cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡ì mnvqZv Ki‡eb|

A‡b‡K cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© wek` Rvb‡Z Pvb| A‡b‡K Avevi j¾v †eva K‡ib| wKš‘ my›ì fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv DwPr| G‡Z j¾vi wKQz †bB| KviY G m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q

Bmy¨

aviYv _vK‡j KLb mš—vb †bqv DwPZ, †m e¨vcv‡i †f‡e wP‡š— wm×vš— †bqv hvq |

cwiev‡ii m”QjZv I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vgx-¯¿x Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I wm×vš— MªnY K‡i kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q cwiKwíZfv‡e cwievi MVb‡K cwievi cwiKíbv e‡j|A_©vr cwievi cwiKíbv n‡”Q wb‡R‡ì B‡”Q Abyhvqx cwievi MVb Kiv| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i GKwU cwiev‡i Avw_©K Ae¯’v, gv‡qi ¯^v¯’¨, Pvicv‡ki Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` wPš—v K‡i cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q †h cwievi MVb Kiv nq †mUvB cwievi cwiKíbv| cwiev‡ii cÖwZwU mš—vb‡K gv evev wKfv‡e M‡o Zzj‡eb I Rxebhvcb Ki‡eb Zv Av‡M †_‡K wVK K‡i †b‡eb|

cwievi cwiKíbv †Kb?

¯^vgx-¯¿xi cQ›` gZ mg‡q Ges mxwgZ msL¨vq mš—vb wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i

wkï I gv‡qi Rxe‡bi SzuwK I g„Zzï nvi Kgvq Nb Nb Mf©aviY msµvš— RwUjZv n«vm K‡i gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ I ‡mŠ›`h© evovq ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi kvixwiK, gvbwmK I Avw_©K Pvc Kgvq cwiev‡ii mK‡ji Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’ï

DbœwZ‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i ¯^vgx-¯¿xi gv‡S mngwg©Zv I mg‡SvZv evovq

Bmy¨

Rxeb‡K myLx I my›`i K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z ¯^vgx-¯¿x `yÕR‡b wg‡j wPš—v fvebv K‡i cwiKwíZfv‡e cwievi MVb Kiv DwPZ| †mUvB cwievi cwiKíbv|

Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ wK?cwiev‡ii mK‡ji Rb¨ fv‡jv ¯^v¯’¨, cwiev‡ii mevi g‡a¨ m¤úK© fv‡jv ivLvi Rb¨ cwievi †QvU ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|

cwievi †QvU ivLvi Rb¨ `iKvi nq Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ| GB c×wZ n‡”Q Rb¥ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK c×wZ, hv GKRb gwnjv‡K AbvKvw•¶Z Mf©mÂvi Gov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvov Aí eq‡m ev”Pv nIqvi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvIqv I ¯^v¯’¨ wVK ivLvi Rb¨ †h †Kvb ¯^vgx-¯¿xiB Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|

Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZmg~n

bbwK¬wbK¨vj A¯’vqx c×wZ:

KbWg Lvevi ewo

wK¬wbK¨j A¯’vqx c×wZ: Bb‡RKkb AvB BD wW bicv›U

¯’vqx c×wZ: cyi“l eÜ¨vKiY (f¨v‡mKUwg) gwnjv eÜ¨vKiY (jvB‡Mkb)

Bmy¨

we‡kl c×wZ: cÖvK„wZK c×wZ

KbWg: GwU cyi“l‡ì Rb¨ GKwU cwievi cwiKíbv c×wZ| KbWg cvZjv ivev‡ii Øviv ˆZwi| GUv cyi“l‡ì eûj eëüZ GKwU c×wZ| Gi mdj eënvi †hŠbevwnZ †ivM †_‡KI `¤úwZ‡K i¶v K‡i|

Rb¥ wb‡iva QvovI KbWg eënv‡i evowZ DcKvi Av‡Q| GwU cyi“l I gwnjvi wbtm„Z i†mi gv‡S cÖwZeÜK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i weavq GwU GBPAvBwf I †hŠb‡ivM †iva K‡i| GQvov KbWg h‡_ó m¯—v I mn‡RB enb‡hvM¨| Ges Zv eënvi K‡i †d‡j †`qv hvq|

Lvevi ewo: Lvevi ewo Rivqyi gy‡Li †klv‡K Nb Ges PUP‡U K‡i| d‡j ïµvYyi c‡¶ GUv †f` K‡i Rivqy‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| Gi cvkvcvwk mš—vb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Rivqyi †fZ‡ii ¯—‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z evav †`q| hvi Rb¨ wbwl³ wWg (RvB‡MvU) Rivqy‡Z †cÖvw_Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| Mf© mÂv‡ii Rb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb kZ© wW¤^ùziY| Lvevi ewo Zv eÜ K‡i Rb¥wbqš¿‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

GB c×wZ AZ¨š— Kvh©Ki| Gi Av‡iv DcKvwiZv Av‡Q| †hgb 28 w`‡bi mywbw`ó FZzPµ I Kg i³mªve| Kg i³¶i‡Yi Kvi‡Y i³ ¯^íZvi gvÎv A‡bK K‡g hvq| d‡j e¨_vI Kg nq| Lvevi ewo eënv‡ii d‡j Rivqy‡Z wm÷ ev K¨vÝv‡ii SuzwK K‡g| GQvov A¯’vqx c×wZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h †Kvb mgq ewo LvIqv †Q‡o w`‡q

Bmy¨

Ab¨ c×wZ MÖnY Kiv hvq ev Mf©aviY Kiv hvq| Zv mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ges eënviI mnR|

Bb‡RKkb: Bb‡RKkb gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ A¯’vqx I ¯^í‡gqv`x Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g GK ai‡bi wm‡š’wUK cÖ‡R‡÷ib kixi XywK‡q †`qv nq| gvsm †ckx‡Z cªwZ wZb gv‡m GKevi †`qv nq| G‡Z i³ Pvc ev‡o bv I gv‡qi `ya K‡g bv| GwU wbivc`, Kvh©Ki Ges mnRjf¨|

AvB BD wW: cvw÷K Ges Zvgvi ˆZwi, Bs‡iwR A¶i ÔT’-i ,g‡Zv †QvU DcKiY, hv Rivqyi †fZ‡i ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Lvevi ewo Ges Bb‡RKk‡bi g‡Zv GUvI GKwU Kvh©Ki `xN©‡gqv`x A¯’vqx c×wZ|

AvB BD wW gvwm‡Ki mgq i³mªve n«vm K‡i| d‡j †c‡U e¨_vI Kg nq| GQvov GwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv mnR Ges GKevi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j hZw`b B‡”Q aviY Kiv hvq| mš—vb wb‡Z PvB‡j B‡”Q gZ GUv AcmviY Kiv hvq| cÖwZw`b ewo LvIqv ev KbWg eënv‡ii g‡Zv Sv‡gjv †bB|

bicv›U: GUv cwievi cwiKíbvi GKwU `xN©‡gqv`x, A¯’vqx I Kvh©Ki c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z K„wÎg cÖ‡R‡÷ib ni‡gvb gwnjvi Dci evûi Pvgovi wb‡P ¯’vcb Kiv nq| bic¨v›U GKUv 5 eQi ch©š— Rb¥wbqš¿Y K‡i| c×wZwU AZ¨š— Kvh©Ki Ges Gi eënvi Lye mnR| GwU GKwU A¯’vqx c×wZ Ges Gi cvk¦© cÖwZwµqv A‡bK Kg|

Bmy¨

f¨v‡mKUwg: AÛ‡Kvl ev ïµKxU, ïµKxUevnx bvjx w`‡q †ewi‡q Av‡m| GB ïµKxUevnx bvjx A‡¯¿vcvPvi K‡i †K‡U †`qv‡K f¨v‡mKUgx e‡j|

wUD‡eKUwg ev jvB‡Mkb: GwU gwnjv‡ì A‡¯¿vcvPvi K‡i eÜ¨vKi‡Yi GKwU ¯’vqx c×wZ| gwnjv eÜ¨vKiY‡K

wUD‡eKUwg ejv nq| GwU GKwU mnR Acv‡ikb| GB Acv‡ikb‡K jvB‡MkbI ejv nq|

myweav: Awb”QvK…Z Mf©avi‡Yi fq _v‡K bv| Kvh©KvwiZv nvi kZKiv 100 fvM| †hŠb wgj‡bi Avb›` †Kvb As‡kB K‡g bv| RwUjZvi SzwK Kg| ¯’vqx Ges LiPI GKKvjxb|

wKfv‡e eyS‡ev †Kvb c×wZwU me‡P‡q fvj?

†Kvb GKwU Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ †e‡Q †bqvi myweavi Rb¨ m¶g `¤úwZ‡ì we‡klfv‡e `yÕ‡Uv w`K j¶¨ ivL‡Z nq| cÖ_gZ e¨w³MZ welq, wØZxqZ ¯^v¯’¨MZ welq|

Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ †e‡Q †bqvi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv, †KvbwU‡Z `¤úwZ me‡P‡q †ewk ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i, †KvbwU MÖnxZvi ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ wbivc` Ges †mwU wVKgZ eënvi Kiv hvq wK bv|

wbivc` Kvj wK?

Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi cÖvK…wZK c×wZ wnmv‡e A‡bK wbivc` Kvj wba©vib K‡i †hŠb wgjb NUvb| A‡b‡Ki g‡b cÖkœ-

Bmy¨

GB wbivc` Kvj wK Ges wKfv‡e GB wbivc`Kvj †g‡b Pjv hvq?

‡ewki fvM †g‡qi 28 w`b ci ci gvwmK nq| Z‡e Gi Kg †ewkI n‡Z cv‡i| gvwm‡Ki cy‡iv mgqwU‡K 3 fv‡M fvM K‡i †bqv hvq| gv‡Si 10 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †hŠbwgjb n‡j M‡f© mš—vb Avmvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| Gi Av‡Mi Ges c‡ii w`b¸‡jv n‡”Q wbivc` Kvj| GB c×wZ †g‡b Pj‡jI †h †Kvb mgq M‡f© mš—vb Avm‡Z cv‡i|

1.2 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: cwievi cwiKíbv



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


cwievi cwiKíbv wK? cwiev‡ii m”QjZv I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vgx-¯¿x Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I wm×vš— wb‡q cwiKwíZ cwievi MVbB cwievi cwiKíbv|

Bmy¨

cwievi cwiKíbv †Kb?

¯^vgx-¯¿xi cQ›` g‡Zv mg‡q I mxwgZ msL¨vq mš—vb wb‡Z, wkï I gv‡qi Rxe‡bi SzuwK I g„Zyï nvi Kgv‡Z, cwiev‡ii mevi Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’ï DbœwZ Ki‡Z, ¯^vgx ¯¿xi mngwg©Zv I mg‡SvZv evov‡Z cwievi cwiKíbv cª‡qvRb|

Rb¥ wbqš¿b c×wZ KqwU?

`ywU- ¯’vqx I A¯’vqx|

Rb¥ wbqš¿‡bi K‡qKwU c×wZ ejyb?

KbWg, ewo, B‡ÄKkb, bicv›U, AvBBDwW, GbGmwf, jvB‡Mkb|

wKfv‡e eyS‡eb †Kvb c×wZ me‡P‡q fvj?

Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ †e‡Q wb‡Z `¤úwZ‡K e¨w³MZ I ¯^v¯’¨MZ welq cÖ_‡g †f‡e †`L‡Z n‡e| `¤úwË me‡P‡q †ekx ¯^v”Q›` †eva K‡i, ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ wbivc` I mwVKfv‡e hv eënvi Kiv hvq Ggb c×wZ †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|

Bmy¨

cvV: 1.3Mf©eZxi hZœ I wUwU wUKv

D‡Ïk¨:


Mf©Kvjxb, cÖm‡ei Av‡M Ges c‡i KiYxq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

cÖmeKvjxb RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx Kv‡ivi RwUj Ae¯’vi mgq eë¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

wUKv m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡eb Ges wb‡Ri mš—vb I wK‡kvix †g‡q‡ì wUKv †`qvi eë¯’v Ki‡eb|

gv nIqv GKUv eo AwfÁZv| A‡b‡Ki _v‡K bvbv iKg fxwZ, wewfbœ †KŠZ~nj I aviYv| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib, †ewk †L‡j M‡f©i mš—vb eo n‡q hv‡e, ZLb cÖm‡e Amyweav n‡e| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †ewk †L‡j M‡f©i mš—v‡bi eo nevi RvqMv K‡g hv‡e, ZLb †m wVKgZ †e‡o DV‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avgv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡e Mf©eZx n‡j wKfv‡e kix‡ii hZœ ‡bqv DwPZ|

Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q gv mš—vb‡K e‡q P‡j‡Qb memgq| mš—vb †e‡o IVvi Rb¨ gv‡qi kixi †_‡K †U‡b wb‡”Q Lv`¨ I kw³| gv ˆZwi n‡”Qb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Ges mš—v‡bi `ya ˆZwii Rb¨| G KvR¸‡jv‡Z ¶q n‡”Q Mf©eZx gv‡qi cÖPzi

Bmy¨

kw³ I cywó| Avi GB kw³ I cywói ¶q c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gv‡qi cÖ‡qvRb AwZwi³ cywóKi Lv`¨ MÖnY Ges wekªvg| GQvovI Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q Av‡iv KZ¸‡jv w`‡K h‡_ó bRi †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|

wbqwgZ Wv³vi ev cÖwk¶Ycªvß e¨w³i Kv‡Q ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶v Kiv|

wbqwgZ †Mvmj Kiv Ges cwi¯‹vi I wX‡jXvjv Rvgv Kvco civ|

GB mgq wekªv‡gi LyeB cÖ‡qvRb, ZvB `ycy‡i LvIqvi ci Aš—Z Avav N›Uv wekªvg †bqv|

cvqLvbv hv‡Z k³ bv nq, ZvB cvwb, kvK-mwâ †ewk cwigv‡b †L‡q †cU cwi¯‹vi ivLv|

msmv‡ii ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© Kiv| Z‡e fvix wRwbm DVv‡bv hv‡e bv|

cywóKi Lvevi GKUz †ewk cwigv‡b LvIqv| Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov †Kvb Jla bv LvIqv| wKQz

wKQz Jla Mf©¯’ mš—v‡bi gvivZ¥K ¶wZ K‡i Ges GBme Jl‡ai cÖfv‡e mš—vb my¯’fv‡e Rb¥vq bv| †mBme Jla bv LvIqv|

Mf©Kvjxb †mev ev RwUjZv myôzfv‡e †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ wKQz mÂq Kiv|

MvQ `ye©j n‡j djbI `ye©j nq| GKBfv‡e Mf©eZx gv hw` `ye©j nb Z‡e Zvi M‡f©i mš—vbI `y©ej n‡e| ZLb `yRbB Amy¯’ n‡Z cv‡i, n‡Z cv‡i g„Zyï gy‡LvgywL|

Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q kix‡ii hZœ †bqv †Kb cÖ‡qvRb?

Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q Avjv`v h‡Zœi welqwU A‡b‡KB ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q we‡ePbv K‡ib bv| Avgv‡ì Rvbv ìKvi

Bmy¨

Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q kix‡ii hZœ †bqv †Kb cÖ‡qvRb?

Mf©Kvjxb mgq n‡jv Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU mgq| GKRb gv‡qi Rxe‡b I Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Mf©Kvj Ges wkïi Rb¥`vb GKw`‡K †hgb Avb›``vqK Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb GKwU SzwKc~Y© AwfÁZv| GB mgq gv‡qi kix‡i GKRb wkï †e‡o I‡V| gv‡qi kixiI ˆZwi nq cÖm‡ei Rb¨| wVKgZ gv‡qi hZœ bv wb‡j ev ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©i civgk© Abyhvqx bv Pj‡j A‡bK mgq Rxe‡bi Avk¼vI †`Lv †`q|

AbvMZ mš—vb I gv‡qi Rxe‡bi SzuwK Kwg‡q Avb‡Z Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q Mf©eZxi kix‡ii hZœ †bqv Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb|

mš—vb cÖm‡ei Av‡M wK wK †mev wb‡Z n‡e ?

GKwU my¯’ wkï Rb¥ †`qvi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gv‡qi A‡bK ai‡bi †mev cÖ‡qvRb| Mf©eZx nIqvi 3 gv‡mi g‡a¨ Wv³vi ev ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©i Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e| G mg‡q cÖvq cÖwZgv‡mB Wv³vi ev ¯^v¯’¨Kg©xi civgk© wb‡Z nq| 5-8 gv‡mi g‡a¨ 2wU wUwU wUKv wb‡Z nq| ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ª hvIqv QvovI wKQz wKQy hZœ I †mev Av‡Q, hv gv Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii mevB wg‡j wbwðZ Ki‡eb †hgb-

gv‡qi Lvevi : G mgq gv I M‡f©i wkï `yÕR‡bi my¯’Zvi Rb¨ GKUz †ewk

Bmy¨

cwigv‡b cywóKi Lvevi LvIqv cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl K‡i wkï †e‡o IVvi Rb¨ Avwgl RvZxq Lvevi †hgb- gvQ, gvsm, wWg, Wvj, `ya †ewk †L‡Z n‡e| GQvov meyR kvK-mwâ I dj QvovI †hme Lvev‡i †jvnv †ewk Av‡Q, †hgb- KvPvKjv, cvjskvK, KPz, KPzkvK, KwjRv, gvsm BZ¨vw` †ewk †L‡Z n‡e| ‡ewk cwigv‡b cvwb (w`‡b 8/10 Mvm) †L‡Z n‡e I ivbœvq Av‡qvwWbhy³ jeY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

wekªvg : Mf©ve¯’vq ch©vß wekªvg cÖ‡qvRb| Mf©eZx gv‡qiv Kgc‡¶ `ycy‡i Lvevi ci Avav N›Uv wekªvg †b‡eb Ges iv‡Z 8 N›Uv Nygv‡eb |

e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv : Gmgq cÖwZw`b †Mvmj Kiv, `vZ gvRv, Pzj AvPov‡bv, cwi¯‹vi Kvco civ DwPZ| G†Z kixi I gb fv‡jv _v‡K| †Mvm‡ji mgq ¯—‡bi †evUv cwi¯‹vi Kiv n‡j mš—vb‡K `ya LvIqv‡Z myweav nq|

fvix KvR : Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© Kiv kix‡ii Rb¨ fv‡jv| wKš‘ wKQz wKQz KvR †hgb †ekx Kvco †avqv, cvwbfwZ© Kjm †bqv, fvix evjwZ ev nvwo ‡Zvjv DwPr bq| Mf©eZx gv‡K †hb GB ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z bv nq †mw`‡K cwiev‡ii mevi †Lqvj Kiv DwPr| GB ai‡bi Kv‡R Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

¯^vfvweK I wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Mf©Kvjxb †mev GKRb Mf©eZx gv‡qi Rb¨ Lye Ri“ix| cwiev‡ii mevB‡K Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖm‡ei Rb¨ wbivc` RvqMv †KvbwU ?

Bmy¨

A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib mš—vb evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡bv fv‡jv| A‡b‡K mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Mf©eZx gv‡K wb‡Z Pvb ¯’vbxq ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª|

cÖkœ n‡jv : mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ †Kvb ¯’vbwU wbivc`| wb‡Ri evwo, bv ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª?

mš—vb Rb¥ `vb GKRb gv‡qi Rxe‡b LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gyn~Z©| GB mgq A‡bK iKg mgm¨v I Mf©RwbZ RwUjZv n‡Z cv‡i| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Mf©eZx n‡j Mf©eZx gv †h ‡Kv‡bv mgq RwUjZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡ib| †mB Kvi‡Y mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª hvIqvB wbivc`| ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª Wv³vi, bvm© cÖ‡qvRbxq Jla I hš¿cvwZ me cvIqv hvq| ZvB cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kvb Ri“ix Ae¯’v mvgjv‡bv hvq| wKš‘ evwo‡Z Gme eë¯’v _v‡K bv| hw` GKvš—B evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡Z nq Z‡e Aek¨B cÖwk¶YcÖvß avÎxi Øviv cÖme Kiv‡bv DwPZ| cÖ‡qvR‡b m‡½ m‡½ nvmcvZv‡j ev wbKU¯’ ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª ‡cÖi‡Yi h_vh_ e†›`ve¯— ivLv DwPZ| cÖm‡ei RwUjZv I SuzwK Gov‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª cÖme Kiv‡bvB fvj| wbR evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡j cÖwkw¶Z avÎx w`‡q cÖme Kiv‡bv ìKvi| Z‡e †m‡¶‡Î Aek¨B cÖ‡qvR‡b †ivMx‡K `ª“Z ¯’vbvš—‡ii eë¯’v c~‡e©B Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ wK Kiv DwPZ?

‡Kv‡bv Mf© Ges cÖmeB SzuwK gy³ bq| †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z©B RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †mB Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †R‡b ivLv ìKvi, wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ wK Kiv DwPZ|

cÖme GKwU ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© RwUjZvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| hw` A`¶ Ges Acwi”Qbœfv‡e cÖme Kiv‡bv nq

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Z‡e cieZx©‡Z gv‡qi cÖmeKvjxb msµvgY ev gv wkï Df‡qi abyósKvi (wU‡Ubvm) n‡Z cv‡i| wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Gmgq Mf©eZxi we‡kl h‡Zœi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| ZvB wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Avgv‡ì DwPZ-

msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë¯’v †bqv evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡jI †Wwjfvix wKU eënvi Kiv I

avÎxi nvZ †avqv ‡h †Kv‡bv ai‡Yi RwUjZv‡K †gvKvwejvi Rb¨

cÖ¯‘Z _vKv|

¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ewk mgq e¨_v _vK‡j Zv‡K ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ª cvVv‡bv|

c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ n‡jv wbivc` cÖm‡ei Ab¨Zg kZ©|

Mf© I cÖm‡ei mgq wK ai‡Yi RwUj Ae¯’v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i ?

mš—vb M‡f© Avmvi ci †_‡K mš—vb Rb¥ †bqvi 42 w`b ch©š— †g‡q‡ì wKQz RwUj mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| GB mgm¨v¸‡jv LyeB wec`RbK| GB mgq mwVK eë¯’v bv wb‡j gv I wkï `yÕR‡bi Rxeb wecbœ n‡Z cv‡i|

ZvB wb‡Pi †h †Kvb GKwU mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j ZvovZvwo nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e|

1. i³mªve : Mf©ve¯’vq i³mªve| cÖm‡ei mgq ev cÖm‡ei ci Lye †ewk i³mªve| Mf©dzj bv cov|

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2. gv_v e¨_v I Svcmv †`Lv : Mf©ve¯’vq, cÖmeKv‡j I cÖm‡ei c‡i kix‡i cvwb Avmv | Lye †ewk gv_v e¨_v I ‡Pv‡L Svcmv †`Lv|

3. fxlY R¡i : Mfv©e¯’vq ev cÖm‡ei ci wZb w`‡bi †ewk R¡i ev `~M©Ühy³ mªve|

4. wejw¤^Z cÖme : cÖme e¨_v 12 N›Uvi †ewk _vKv| cÖm‡ei mgq mš—v‡bi gv_v Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A½ cÖ_‡g †ei nIqv|

5. wLPzwb : Mf©ve¯’vq, cªm‡ei mgq ev cÖm‡ei c‡i wLuPzwb|

Kv‡K wUKv w`‡Z nq?

wUKv w`‡Z nq GK eQ‡ii bx‡Pi wkï‡K| hZ kxNÖ wUKv †`qv hvq ZZ fvj| KviY wUKv †`qvi c~‡e©B hw` GB †iv‡Mi RxevYy kix‡i Xy‡K hvq Z‡e wUKv w`‡q †Kvb jvf nq bv| GRb¨ mgqgZ mKj wkï‡K wUKv w`‡Z nq| beRvZK wkïi hv‡Z abyósKvi bv n‡Z cv‡i, GRb¨ mKj Mf©eZx gwnjv‡K 2 †WvR wU.wU wUKv w`‡Z nq|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k 15 †_‡K 49 eQ‡ii mKj gwnjv‡K 5 †WvR wU.wU. wUKv †`qv nq| wUKv †bqvi wbqg:

1g †WvR - 15 eQi c~Y© nevi ci A_ev Mf©eZx n‡j 4_© gvm †_‡K

2q †WvR - 1g †WvR †èvi 4 mßvn ci

3q †WvR - 2q †WvR †èvi 6 gvm ci

4_© †WvR - 3q †WvR †èvi 1 eQi ci

5g †WvR - 4_© †WvR †èvi 1 eQi ci

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1.3 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: Mf©eZxi hZœ



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i Rv‡b

bv

Mf©eZxi AwaK cywóKi Lvevi LvIqv `iKvi †Kb?

Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q gv mš—vb‡K e‡q P‡jb, mš—vb †e‡o DVvi Rb¨ gv‡qi kixi †_‡K Lv`¨ I kw³ MÖnY K‡i,

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cÖme Ges mš—v‡bi `ya ˆZixi Rb¨ gv‡K cÖ¯ËwZ wb‡Z nq -d‡j Gmgq Mf©eZxi kix‡i kw³ I cywói ¶q n†Z _v‡K| ZvB Zvi AwZwi³ cywói cÖ‡qvRb|

Mf©eZxi †Kvb w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZ we‡kl bRi †`qv DwPr?

wbqwgZ cÖwkw¶Z e¨w³i gva¨‡g ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶v Kiv, cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ _vKv, cwiwgZ wekªvg †bqv, cvwb I kvKmwâ †ekx cwigv‡b LvIqv, fvix KvR bv Kiv, Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov †Kvb Jla bv LvIqv, Mf© RwUjZv †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ A_© mÂq Kiv|

wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ wK Kiv ìKvi?

msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë¯’v †bqv, †Wwjfvix wKU eënvi Kiv, RwUj Ae¯’v †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKv|

wbivc` cÖm‡ei Ab¨Zg kZ© wK?

¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ekx mgq e¨_v _vK‡j †ivMx‡K ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª cvVv‡bv| c~e© cÖ¯‘wZB n‡jv wbivc` cÖm‡ei Ab¨Zg kZ©|

Mf© RwUjZv wK?

Mf©ve¯’vq i³mªve, gv_ve¨_v I Svcmv †`Lv, fxlb R¡i, wejw¤^Z cÖme, wLuPzwb|

Mf©Kvjxb wUKv wK?

beRvZ‡Ki abyósKvi bv nIqvi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gwnjv‡K 2wU wUKv

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w`‡Z nq| M‡f©i 4_© gv‡m 1g †WvR Ges GKgvm ci 2q †WvR w`‡Z nq |

cvV: 1.4cywói Acwinvh©Zv

D‡Ïk¨:


cywó wK, cywói ¸i“Z¡ I cywóKi Lvevi m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

wK‡kvix‡ì cywói cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡R‡ì Ges cÖwZ‡ekx wK‡kvix †g‡q‡ì cywóKi Lvevi MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb|

cywó wK?Avgiv A‡bK mgq cywónxbZvi K_v ïwb, AcywóRwbZ bvbv †iv‡Mi K_v ïwb| Lv‡`ï m‡½ ¯^v‡¯’ï m¤úK©B nj cywó| mwVK wbq‡g Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j Lv`¨ Avgv‡ì kix‡i kw³ †`q, kixi e„w× K‡i kixi fvj iv‡L Ges wewfbœ †iv‡Mi

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nvZ †_‡K evuPvq| ¯^v¯’¨ MV‡b Lv‡`ï f~wgKv A_©vr Lv‡`ï m‡½ my¯’ mej I KvR Kivi ¶gZv eRvq ivLvi †h m¤úK© Zv‡KB cywó ejv nq|

cywóKi Lvevi ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS?

‡h mKj Lv`¨ Avgv‡ì kix‡ii ¶q c~iY K‡i, e„w× NUvq †ivM cªwZ‡iva K‡i I kw³ †`q †m¸wjB cywóKi Lv`¨| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡i ïaygvÎ `vgx Lvev‡iB cywó Av‡Q| Avm‡j Zv bq, me Lvev‡iB cywó Av‡Q| GK GK ai‡Yi Lvev‡i GK GK ai‡Yi cywó Av‡Q| ‡Kej GK ai‡bi Lv`¨ kix‡ii Rb¨ cywóKi bq| Pvj, Wvj, †Zj, kvK-mwâ, gvQ BZ¨vw` wgkª‡YB Lv`¨`ªe¨ cywóKi nq|

wK‡kvi wK‡kvix‡ì Rb¨ cywói cÖ‡qvRb †Kb ?

wK‡kvi wK‡kvix Ae¯’vq kixi `ª“Z e„w× cvq| fwel¨‡Zi fv‡jv ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ G mgqUvq wb‡R‡K ˆZix Ki‡Z nq| †`‡ni e„w× we‡kl K‡i kix‡ii KvVv‡gvMZ e„w×i Rb¨ GB mgq cÖPzi Avwgl I K¨vjwmqvg mg„× Lvevi cÖ‡qvRb| G mgq †`‡ni Pvwn`v gvwdK cywóKi Ges mylg Lvevi bv †c‡j kix‡ii e„w× cy‡ivcywi nq bv| Gmgq kix‡ii bvbv iKg cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K| eq:mwÜKv‡j hw` wK‡kvi-wK‡kvixiv cywóKi Lvevi bv Lvq Zvn‡j Zv‡ì kixi wVKgZ MVb n‡e bv Ges wewfbœ AmyL-wemyL n‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ G mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq cywóKi Lvevi LvIqv DwPZ|

mylg Lvevi ‡Kvb¸‡jv?

mylg Lvevi n‡jv †mB mg¯— Lvevi hvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq meKwU Lv`¨ Dcv`vbB (A_v©r Avwgl, kK©iv, †Zj, wfUvwgb, LwbR, jeb I cvwb) mwVK cwigv‡Y _v‡K|

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Avwgl: Avwgl kixi fvj ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| kix‡ii e„w× Ges ¶q c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Avwg‡li cÖ‡qvRb| Avwgl `yB cÖKvi, cªvYxR Avwgl I Dw™¢`R Avwgl| `ya, `B, Qvbv, gvQ, ïUwK gvQ, gvsm, gyiMx BZ¨vw` n‡jv cÖvYxR Avwgl| Avi Wvj, gUiïuwU, wkg, wk‡gi exwP, †Qvjv, mqvweb, Pxbvev`vg BZ¨vw` n‡jv Dw™¢`R Avwgl|

kK©iv ev †k¦Zmvi: kK©iv ev †k¦Zmvi RvZxq Lvevi kix‡i kw³ †hvMvq| Pvj, Mg, fyÆv, he, wPwb, Avjy, wgwó Avjy, KPz, mywR, wPov, gywo, ˆL BZ¨vw`‡Z †ewk cwigv‡Y kK©iv RvZxq Dcv`vb Av‡Q|

‡Zj ev Pwe©: ‡Zj ev Pwe© kix‡i Kg©¶gZvi Drm wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| †Zj RvZxq Lvevi kK©ivq cwiewZ©Z n‡q kix‡i kw³ †`q| †Zj RvZxq Lvevi bv ‡L‡j kvK-mewR †_‡K wfUvwgb Avgv‡`i kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wewfbœ ‡Zj †hgb- mqvweb †Zj, m~h©gyLxi †Zj, wN, gvLb, gvQ gvs‡mi †Zj BZ¨vw`‡Z ‡Zj ev Pwe© RvZxq Dcv`vb _v‡K|

wfUvwgb ev Lv`¨ cÖvY: wfUvwgb kixi‡K i¶v K‡i| wfUvwg‡bi Afv‡e bvbv iKg †ivM nq; Ggb wK g„Zy¨I n‡Z cv‡i| wfUvwgb K‡qK cÖKv‡ii nq|

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wfUvwgb ÔGÕ: wfUvwgb ÔGÕ-Gi Afv‡e ivZKvbv †ivM nq| GB Afve cyiY bv n‡j gvbyl AÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya mKj cÖKvi njy` djg~j I meyR kvK mewR †L‡j wfUvwgb ÔGÕ-Gi Afve c~iY nq| gjv I ‡Xjv gv‡Q cÖPzi cwigv‡b wfUvwgb ÔGÕ Av‡Q| cvKv †c‡uc, wgwó Kzgov, MvRi, cvKv Avg I KvVv‡j wfUvwgb ÔGÕ _v‡K|

wfUvwgb ÔweÕ: wfUvwgb ÔweÕ-Gi Afv‡e gvbwmK Aw¯’iZv, wRnŸvq I ‡Vuv‡Ui †KvYvq Nv BZ¨vw` †ivM †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †XuwK QvUv Pvj, Wvj A¼zwiZ †Qvjv, kvK mwâ BZ¨vw`‡Z wfUvwgb ÔweÕ cvIqv hvq|

wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ: wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ kixi †_‡K `~wlZ c`v_© †ei K‡i w`‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †ivM cªwZ‡iva ¶gZv evovq Ges Z¡K fvj iv‡L| AvgjwK, †cqviv, †jey, Avgov BZ¨vw`‡Z wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ _v‡K|

LwbR c`v_© : eqtmwÜKv‡j wewfbœ iKg LwbR c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gi †fZi K¨vjwmqvg I †jŠn me†P‡q †ewk|

K¨vjwmqvg: wWg, `ya, `B, ¸o, ïUwK gvQ, KvUvmn †QvU gvQ BZ¨vw`‡Z †ewk K¨vjwmqvg Av‡Q| K¨vjwmqvg nv‡oi e„w× NUvq I `uvZ myMwVZ K‡i| K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e nvo wVKgZ evo‡Z cv‡i bv| nvZ cv‡qi nv‡oi e„w× e¨vnZ nq| gvbyl j¤^v nq bv |

‡jŠn: KPz kvK, jvD kvK, cvU kvK, jvj kvK BZ¨vw` mKj cÖKvi kvK mwâ‡Z cÖPzi †jŠn Av‡Q| ¸o, wWg, gvsm,

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KwjRv, ïUwK gvQ BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖPzi †jŠn RvZxq Dcv`vb Av‡Q| †jŠn mg„× Lvevi †L‡j i³ nq|

cvwb: Lv`¨ Dcv`vb cwi‡kvlY I wecv‡Ki Rb¨ cvwb LyeB Ri“ix|kix‡ii cª‡qvRb Abyhvqx h_vh_ cwigv‡b DcKvix Dcv`vb mylg Lv`¨ †_‡K cvIqv hvq|

mn‡R cywóKi Lv`¨ wKfv‡e cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i?

Avgiv Lye mn‡RB cywóKi I mylg Lv`¨ †c‡Z cvwi|

Wvj, kyUwK gvQ, wk‡gi exwP †_‡K|

cÖPzi cwigv‡Y meyR kvKmwâ †L‡q|

wbqwgZ †jey †L‡q, KviY †jey‡Z cªPzi cwigvb wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ cvIqv hvq|

fv‡Zi gvo bv ‡d‡j fvZ ivbœv K‡i|

Lv‡`¨i ¸Yv¸Y wePvi K‡i mwVK wbq‡g †avqv I KvUv Ges XvKbv w`‡q ivbœv K‡i|

`ya, wWg I gvsm †L‡q|

cÖ‡qvRbxq Lvev‡ii Afv‡e kix‡ii cyy‡ivcywi e„w× mwVKfv‡e nq bv| ZvB gywU‡q hvIqvi AvksKvq Kg LvIqv G‡Kev‡iB wVK bv| eis AbvKvw•¶Z ‡gvUv nIqv †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Ki‡Z wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv DwPZ|

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1.4 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: cywó

cÖkœ DËiDËi`vZvi

msL¨v


cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgyw

U

G‡Kev‡i Rv‡b

bv

cywó wK ? Avgiv †h Lvevi LvB, †h hZœ cvB, †h ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ _vwK Zvi ˆ`wnK cÖwZdjbB n‡jv cywó|

mylg Lvevi wK? †h Lvev‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq me Dcv`vb _v‡K ZvB n‡jv mylg Lvevi| †hgb- Avwgl, kK©iv, †Zj, wfUvwgb, LwbR, jeb I cvwb|

wK‡kvi wK‡kvix‡`i cywói cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?

wK‡kvi eq‡m kixi `ª“Z e„w× cvq| Gmgq cywóKi Lvevi bv †L‡j kixi wVKgZ MVb n‡e bv Ges wewfbœ Amy‡L kixi `~e©j n‡Z cv‡i|

wfUvwgb ÒGÓ-i Afv‡e wK nq?

ivZKvbv †ivM nq|

†Kvb Lvev‡i i³ ev‡o?

†jŠn mg„× Lvev‡i i³ nq| †hgb- KPz kvK, jvD kvK, jvj kvK, ¸o, wWg, KwjRv, ïUwK gvQ|

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cvV :1.5h²v†ivM

D‡Ïk¨ :


h²v ‡ivM, †iv‡Mi we¯—vi I DcmM© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb

h²v †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri cwievi Ges cÖwZ‡ekx Kv‡ivi h²vi DcmM© †`Lv w`‡j e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwievi, AvZ¥xq¯^Rb wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i h²vi ‡ivM we¯—vi †iv‡a c`‡¶c wb‡eb|

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h²v evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU cÖavb †ivM| cÖwZ eQi 3 j¶ †jvK h²v †iv‡M Avµvš— nq Ges 70 nvRvi †jvK cÖwZeQi h²v †iv‡M g„Zz¨eiY K‡i|

h²v mvaviY mw`©Kvwki g‡Zv GKwU †ivM| GB †ivM evZv‡m Qovq|

h²v Avµvš— †ivMxi wb:k¦vm, nuvwP-Kvwk Ges K‡di m‡½ GB †iv‡Mi Rxevby dzmdzm †_‡K †_‡K †ewi‡q Ges evZv‡m Qovq|

h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby wb:k¦v‡mi m‡½ my¯’ †jv‡Ki †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i G ‡iv‡M Avµvš— Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ cwiev‡ii m`m¨, eÜz-evÜe hviv Ave× N‡i †ivMxi m‡½ `xN©Kvj AwZevwnZ K‡i ZvivB G †iv‡M †ekx Avµvš— nq|

h_vh_ wPwKrmv bv n‡j GKRb dzmdz‡mi h¶vq Avµvš— †ivMx cÖwZ eQ‡i cÖvq 10 Rb my¯’ †jvK‡K msµwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i|

dzmdzm †_‡K h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby kix‡i me©Î Qov‡Z cv‡i|

h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby Øviv dzmdzm Avµvš— n‡j Zv‡K dzmdz‡mi h²v e‡j| dzmdz‡m h²vi Rxevby esk we¯—vi K‡i I ¶‡Zi m„wó K‡i Ges K‡di gva¨‡g †ewi‡q Av‡m|

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hLb GB Kd AYyex¶Y hš¿ Øviv cix¶v Kiv nq ZLb h²vi Rxevby †`Lv hvq, †m‡¶‡Î †ivMx Ab¨ †jv‡Ki gv‡S h²vi Rxevby Qov‡Z cv‡i |

h²v †ivM kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ Ask‡KI Avµvš— Ki‡Z cv‡i †hgb: ‡gi“`Û gw¯—®‹ MÖwš’ ‡cU kix‡ii Ab¨ †h †Kvb Ask

GB me A‡½i h²v‡K dymdzm ewnf©~Z h²v e‡j|

h²v †iv‡Mi cÖavb DcmM© n‡jv :3 (wZb) mßvn A_ev AwaK mgq Kvwk _vKv|

Kvwki m‡½ †h DcmM© _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv :

R¡i Ges iv‡Z Nvg nIqv IRb K‡g hvIqv K¬vwš— I ¶zavg›`v K‡di m‡½ i³ cov

Gme DcmM© _vK‡j †ivMx‡K Wv³v‡ii civgk© †bqv DwPZ| evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq h²v wbqš¿Y Kg©m~Pxi AvIZvq Wv³viMY wPwKrmv ‡mevq wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb| †mLvb †_‡K webvg~‡j¨ †mev wbb|

m‡›`nRbK dzmdz‡mi h²v †ivMxi †¶‡Î Aek¨B K‡di 3wU bgybv msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cix¶v Ki‡Z

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n‡e| K‡di 3wU bgybv Avjv`vfv‡e 2 w`‡bi g‡a¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| cix¶vi Kd hZ`~i m¤¢e dzmdz‡mi wfZi †_‡K Av‡m, †m Rb¨ mgq wbb Ges `xN© Kvwk w`‡q Kd msMÖn Ki“b|

h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv | cix¶vMv‡i AYyex¶Y h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ K‡d h²vi RxevYy Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv hvq |

h²vi wPwKrmv 6-8 gvm a‡i Kiv nq| †ivMx‡K mKj Dc‡`k mwVKfv‡e Aek¨B †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e Ges †Kvb cÖKvi Amyweav n‡j Zv Wv³v‡ii mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| h²v †ivMx‡K nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© Ki‡Z nq bv| †Kvb e¨vw³i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ivMx cÖZ¨n Ilya †meb Ki‡eb|

h²vi Jla †me‡bi †¶‡Î ¯^v¯’¨Kg©x, †¯^”Qv‡meK, mgvRKg©xMY n‡”Qb me‡P‡q wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Z`viKKvix|

h²v wPwKrmvi cÖ_g 2 gvm ci Kd Avevi cix¶v Ki‡Z nq| hw` K‡d RxevYy bv cvIqv hvq Z‡e cieZx© 4 gv‡mi Rb¨ Jla †`qv nq| H mgq mßv‡n wZbw`b Jla †meb Ki‡Z n‡e|

mvgwqKfv‡e my¯’ n‡jI m¤ú~Y© wPwKrmv bv nIqv ch©š— †meb eÜ Kiv hv‡e bv| GgbwK cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv †`Lv w`‡jI| G‡Z h²vi RxevYy kix‡i †_‡K hvq Ges esk we¯—vi K‡i| d‡j †ivMx AveviI Amy¯’

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n‡q c‡o| cieZx©‡Z Jla Avi KvR bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY h²v †iv‡Mi RxevYy Lye kw³kvjx|

wewmwR wUKv beRvZ‡Ki R‡b¥i wZbw`‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡Z nq| G‡Z ev”Pviv gvivZ¥K h²v ‡ivM †_‡K i¶v cvq|

cÖwZ‡iva: N‡ii wfZi gy³ Av‡jv evZvm cÖ‡ek Ki‡j h²vi we¯

—vi K‡g hvq| gy³ Av‡jv evZvm fvmgvb h²v †iv‡Mi RxevYy

Kwg‡q †`q Ges k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi m‡½ kix‡i RxevYy †XvKvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq|

mivmwi m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z ZvovZvwo h²vi RxevYy g‡i hvq, wKš‘ AÜKvi I eÜ N‡i G RxevYy K‡qK N›Uv †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i|

Kvwki mgq gyL †X‡K ivLv Ges †hLv‡b †mLv‡b, we‡kl K‡i Ave× RvqMvq _y_y bv †djv|

h²vi RxevYy evZv‡m K‡qK N›Uv _vK‡Z cv‡i|

myZivs wZb mßv‡ni †ekx Kvwk n‡jB GbwRI wK¬wbK

ev miKvix nvmcvZv‡j Kd cix¶v Ki“b|

h²v n‡j i¶v bvB GB K_vi wfwË bvB|

1.5 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: h²v

cÖkœ DËiDËi`vZ

vi msL¨v


cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i Rv‡b

bv

h²v wK? mw`© Kvwki g‡Zv GKwU cÖavb †ivM| GB †ivM evZv‡m Qovq|

Bmy¨

wKfv‡e GB †ivM Qovq?

Avµvš— †ivMxi wb:k¦vm, nuvwP-Kvwk Ges K‡di m‡½ GB †iv‡Mi Rxevby my¯’ e¨w³i †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i|

h²v †iv‡Mi cÖavb DcmM© wK?

wZb mßvn ev Zvi AwaK mgq Kvwk _vKv|

h²v †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z KZw`b jv‡M?

6-8 gvm|

wKfv‡e h²vi nvZ †_‡K euvPv hv‡e?

N‡ii wfZi gy³ Av‡jv evZvm _vKv,Kvwki mgq gyL †X‡K ivLv Ges †hLv‡b †mLv‡b _y_y bv †djv|

cvV: 1.6‡hŠb ‡ivM I GBWm

D‡Ïk¨:


‡hŠb ‡ivM, GBWm ev GBPAvBwf †iv‡Mi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

‡hŠb‡iv‡Mi RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx Kv‡ivi ‡hŠb‡ivM †`Lv w`‡j mgqgZ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

GBPAvBwf ev GBWm †iv‡Mi KviY I msµg‡Yi Dcvq Rvb‡eb Ges wb‡Ri cwievi I GjvKvevmx‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ m‡PZb Ki‡eb|

Bmy¨

†hŠb ‡ivM ˆ`wnK wgj‡bi d‡j †hme ‡ivM Qovq Zv‡K †hŠb ‡ivM e‡j| †hgb - M‡bvwiqv, wmwdwjm, K¬vgvBwWqv, GBPAvBwf ev GBWm, †ncvUvBwUm, wewmwW BZ¨vw`| Z‡e ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq Ab¨fv‡eI G ‡ivM Qov‡Z cv‡i| †hŠb †ivM n‡j kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k msµgb ev AmyL n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wmwdwjm I M‡Yvwiqv n‡j †hŠb‡½ Nv nq| wKš‘ GBWm ev †ncvUvBwUm n‡j †hŠbv‡½ Nv n‡e bv Z‡e kix‡ii Ab¨ RvqMvq mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|

wKfv‡e Qovq ?

‡ekxifvM †hŠb‡ivM msµwgZ e¨w³i mv‡_ †hŠbwgj‡bi d‡j Qovq| †hŠbwgjb QvovI Qov‡Z cv‡i, †hgb -

‡hŠb ‡ivM Av‡Q Ggb Kv‡iv i³ kix‡i wb‡j

‡hŠb ‡ivMxi e¨envi Kiv m~uP I wmwiÄ Rxevbyg~³ bv K‡i Ab¨ Kv‡iv kix‡i B‡ÄKkb w`‡j

‡hŠb ‡iv‡M Avµvš— Mf©eZx gv‡qi Mf©ve¯’vq, cÖm‡ei mgq ev ey‡Ki `ya MÖn‡Y wkïi g‡a¨ Qov‡Z cv‡i|

‡hŠb ‡iv‡Mi we‡kl wKQy j¶Y:

j¶Y cyi“l / gwnjv

‡iv‡Mi bvg

‡hŠbv½ †_‡K c~uR †ei nIqv cÖmªv‡ei mgq e¨v_v I R¡vjv Kiv Nb Nb cÖmªve nIqv

cyi“l M‡bvwiqv

Bmy¨

‡hŠbv½ w`‡q njy` c~u‡Ri g‡Zv mv`v mªve †ei nIqv

‡hŠbv‡½ AZ¨vwaK PzjKvwb KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖmªve I †hŠbwgj‡bi

mgq e¨v_v I Kó nIqv

gwnjv

‡hŠbv½ I Gi Av‡kcv‡k Nv KzuPwKi I kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ MÖwš’ dz‡j

hvIqv

gwnjv I cyi“l

wmwdwjm

g~Îbvjx †_‡K c~uR †ei nIqv AÛ‡Kvl dz‡j hvIqv cÖmªv‡ei mgq R¡vjv Kiv

cyi“l K¬vgvBwWqv

cÖmªv‡ei mgq e¨v_v I R¡vjv Kiv Nb Nb cÖmªve nIqv KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖmªve I †hŠbwgj‡bi

mgq e¨v_v I Kó nIqv

gwnjv

‡hvwbc‡_ mªve I PzjKvwb cÖmªve I †hŠbwgj‡bi mgq e¨v_v

gwnjv UªvB‡Kv-‡gvwbqv

wmm

‡QvU †dvmKvi g‡Zv hš¿Yv`vqK ¶Z cÖmªv‡ei mgq e¨v_v I R¡vjv Kiv gwnjv‡`i †hvwbc‡_ cvwbi gZ mªve

hvIqv

gwnjv I cyi“l

nviwcm †RwbUv

wjqv

‡hŠb ‡iv‡Mi -Gi RwUjZv

mwVK mg‡q I mwVK wPwKrmv bv Kiv‡j †hŠb‡ivM †_‡K wewfbœ RwUjZv ev mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| wKQy wKQy †hŠb‡iv‡Mi d‡j -

‡ivMx eÜ¨v n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i

M‡f©i ev”Pv bó n‡Z cv‡i

wkï AÜ n‡q Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i

c½y wkï Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i

Rivqy gy‡L K¨vÝvi n‡Z cv‡i

Bmy¨

GBWm †iv‡M mn‡R Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i

‡hŠb‡ivM †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Dcvq:

‡hŠb‡ivM †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z n‡j wek¦¯— m½x Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hŠb m¤úK© bv ivLv

cÖwZevi †hŠb wgj‡bi mgq mwVK wbq‡g KbWg eënvi Kiv

GKevi eënv‡ii ci †d‡j w`‡Z nq Ggb m~uP I wmwiÄ eënvi Kiv

i³ †bevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j ‡hŠb †iv‡Mi Rxevby Av‡Q wKbv cix¶v K‡i wbwðZ n‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

GBW&m GBW&m (AIDS) (G‡KvqvW© BgDb †Wwdwm‡qwÝ wmb‡Wªvg) n‡”Q HIV bvgK fvBivm Øviv msµwgZ GKwU gvivZœK msµvgK †ivM|

HIV n‡jv : H (Human) = k‡Øi A_© gvbyl, I (Immunodeficiency) = k‡ãi A_© cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv Afve, V (Virus) = fvBivm| HIV fvBiv‡mi Avµg‡bi d‡j gvbe‡`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv K‡g hvq| Gi d‡j evievi Ges µgvMZ †ivMRxevYyi Avµg‡b kix‡i KZ¸‡jv DcmM© ev j¶Y †`Lv †`q Zv‡K GBW&m e‡j|

myZivs HIV n‡jv GKwU fvBiv‡mi bvg Ges AIDS n‡jv HIV fvBivm Øviv m„wóKvix msµgK †ivM| GBW&m †ivM n‡j kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv bó K‡i †`q|

wK Kvi‡Y GBW&m nq ?

Bmy¨

GBPAvBwf bvgK GK cÖKvi fvBivm Øviv †KD msµwgZ n‡j GBW&m nq| kix‡ii Rjxq c`v_©mg~‡n, we‡klZ i³, exh©, gy‡Li jvjv Ges †hvwb wbtm„Z Rjxq c`v‡_© fvBivmwU we`¨gvb _v‡K| fvBivmwU kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv‡K bó K‡i w`‡q Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡Mi msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡a kixi‡K A¶Z K‡i †`q| GBW&m GKwU gvivZœK †ivM, hvi †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv bvB| GB fvBiv‡m Avµvš— n‡j kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv _v‡K bv ZLb †h †Kvb †iv‡MB †m Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i Ges †m †iv‡MB Zvi g„Zy¨ n‡Z cv‡i| GBW&m cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Kv‡bv wUKvI GLb ch©š— Avwe¯‹…Z nqwb| d‡j GBWm †iv‡M g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ|

GBW&m -i j¶Y wK? GBPAvBwf RxevYy Øviv Avvµvš— n‡j AwZ ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †f‡½ co‡Z _v‡K| axi MwZ‡Z †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †f‡½ co‡Z 8 †_‡K 10 eQiI jvM‡Z cv‡i| GB `xN© mgq c‡i Avµvš— e¨w³i mvaviYZ: †h mKj j¶Y †`Lv †`q, Zv n‡jv -

wUwe ev h²v ‡ivM †`Lv †`q ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †f‡½ co‡Z

_v‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e IRb K‡g hvq GK gv‡miI †ewk mgq a‡i cvZjv cvqLvbv n‡Z cv‡i `xN©w`b R¡i _v‡K evievi Kvb I Mjvq Nv nq mg¯— kix‡i Ges Z¡‡K Pg©‡ivM nq QÎvK RvZxq †ivM nq

Bmy¨

Nv‡o I eM‡j ¸wU †e‡a dz‡j hvq

k¦vmZ‡š¿i cÖ`v‡n Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i |

GBW&m wKfv‡e Qovq? GBW&m Avµvš—

†ivMx‡ì m‡½ Aeva I Aiw¶Z †hŠb wgj‡bi gva¨‡g

GBW&m Avµvš— †ivMxi i³ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g GBW&m †ivMxi eëüZ m~uP-wmwiÄ, KvuwP,

¶yi/†iRi, †eW BZ¨vw` eënvi Ki‡j GBW&m Avµvš— gv‡qi Mf©RvZ mš—vb GBW&m Avµvš— gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya cvbKvix wkïi Mfxi Pz¤^b, hve gva¨‡g jvjvi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U

‡hŠb wgjb QvovI GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i eëüZ wmwiÄ, ¶zi, BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g ev gv‡qi kixi †_‡K beRvZ‡Ki kix‡i GBW&m Qov‡Z cv‡i|

GBW&m nIqvi AvksKv Kv‡ì †ewk _v‡K ?

hv‡ì GBW&m Avµvš— nIqvi AvksKv †ewk _v‡K- mgKvgx cyi“l (hviv cyi“‡l cyi“‡l

†hŠbm½g K‡i) eûbvixMvgx cyi“l (hviv A‡bK

bvixi m‡½ †hŠb KvR K‡i) eûcyi“lMvgx bvix (hviv A‡bK

cyi“‡li m‡½ †hŠb KvR K‡i) ‡hŠbKgx© (cyi“l I gwnjv)

Bmy¨

wmwi‡Äi gva¨‡g †bkv MÖnYKvix i³ ev A‡bï A½-cÖZ¨½ MÖnYKvix

hviv A‡b‡Ki m‡½ †hŠb KvR K‡i Zv‡ì GBW&m nIqvi AvksKv A‡bK †ewk|

GBW&m wKfv‡e Qovq bv ?

GBW&m ‡ivMxi mv‡_ †KvjvKzwj Ki‡j

nv‡Z ai‡j wKsev n¨vÛ‡kK Ki‡j AkÖ“ †_‡K ev Nvg †_‡K ‡ivMxi eëüZ Rvgv Kvco ‡_‡K GKB _vjv evmb eënvi Ki‡j GKB Kv‡c Pv †L‡j gkv gvwQ Øviv

GBW&m †_‡K wKfv‡e wb‡R‡K gy³ ivLv hvq ?

‡hŠb wgj‡bi mgq KbWg eënvi Kiv wb‡Ri wek¦¯— eÜz (¯^vgx/¯¿x) Qvov †hŠb

m¤úK© bv ivLv eûMvwgZv cwinvi Kiv GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i mv‡_ †hŠb wgjb †_‡K

weiZ _vKv RxevYygy³ wmwiÄ I m~P eënvi Kiv i³ MÖn‡Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv I my¯’ Rxeb hvcb Kiv

GBW&m mvgvwRK Ges cvwievwiK †¶‡Î wK ai‡Yi cÖfve †d‡j ?

mvgvwRK cÖfveKg©V †jvK K‡g hv‡e Drcv`b eë¯’v †f‡½ co‡e D‡`¨v³v K‡g hv‡e

(g„Zz¨)ci wbf©ikxj †jvK e„w×

cv‡e Amy¯’ wkïi Rb¥ n‡e Abv_ wkïi msL¨v e„w×

cv‡e

cvwievwiK cÖfve cvwievwiK eÜb †f‡½ co‡e mvgvwRK mvnv‡hï Rb¨

Pvc n‡e A_©‰bwZK Pvc m„wó

n‡e ¶zav I `vwi‡`ªï cÖmvi

NU‡Z _vK‡eA‡bï AbyMÖn wb‡q

evuP‡Z n‡emsmvi Rxeb n‡q DV‡e

`ywe©mn I Akvwš—gq

Bmy¨

GBW&m n‡j wK Ki‡Z n‡e ?

Kv‡iv GBW&m nIqv gv‡bB †m Kjw¼Z bq| Avgv‡ì A‡b‡Ki aviYv †h, A‰eafv‡e †hŠb KvR Ki‡jB GBW&m nq Ges Kv‡iv GBW&m n‡j Avgiv Zv‡K Lvivc †Pv‡L †`wL| wKš‘ GUv wVK bq| eis Zv‡K mnRfv‡e †bqv GKRb gvby‡li `vwqZ¡| Zv‡K †mev Kiv, gvbwmKfv‡e mvnm †hvMv‡bv, mngwg©Zv †`Lv‡bv Avgv‡ì KvR | GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i mv‡_ Avgv‡ì ¯^vfvweK AvPiY Kiv DwPZ |

GBW&m n‡j wKfv‡e Pj‡Z n‡e ?

‡Kvb Kvi‡Y hw` GBW&m nq Zvn‡j h_vm¤¢e gvbwmKfv‡e k³ _vKvB eyw×gv‡bi KvR Ges wKfv‡e fvj _vKv hvq †m †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e |

cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœZvi wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e cywóKi I wfUvwgbhy³ Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e wb‡Ri Uz_eªvk, †iRvi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e (Ab¨ †KD

†hb eënvi bv K‡i) ¯^vfvweK KvRKg©, wekªvg I cÖwZw`b wKQz

e¨vqvg Ki‡Z n‡e ‡hŠb wgj‡bi mgq Aek¨B KbWg eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e ‡g‡q‡ì †¶‡Î mš—vb PvB‡j ev wkï‡K ey‡Ki `ya

LvIqv‡Z PvB‡j ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©i civgk© wb‡Z n‡e

Bmy¨

nvwm-Lywk _vKv, †Kvb welq wb‡q `ywðš—v bv Kiv| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e mKj KvRK©g Ki‡Z n‡e|

gvbwmKfv‡e k³ _vKv, wKQz wbqg †g‡b Pjv GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i Rb¨ Ri“ix |

1.6 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: GBWm



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgyw

U

G‡Kev‡i

Rv‡b bv

†hŠb ‡ivM¸‡jv wK wK ?

M‡bvwiqv, wmwdwjm, K¬vgvBwWqv BZ¨vw`

GBWm wK? GKwU gvivZ¥K msµvgK †ivM|

GBWm wKfv‡e Qovq?

GBWm Avµvš— †ivMxi mv‡_ Aiw¶Z †hŠbm½g Ki‡j Ges Zv‡ì i³ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g, Zv‡ì eëüZ m~P wmwiÄ eënvi Ki‡j|

GBWm I †hŠb †ivM †_‡K euvPvi Dcvq wK?

wek¦¯— m½x Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ m½g bv Kiv, Rxevbyg~³ m~P wmwiÄ eënvi, i³ MÖn‡Y mZK©Zv, agx©q wbqg †g‡b Pjv|

cvV: 1.7gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj

Bmy¨

D‡Ïk¨:GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY-

gv`K`ªe¨ I Gi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gv`‡Ki nvZ †_‡K wb‡R, cwievi Ges GjvKvevmx‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwievi I mgv‡R gv`K cÖwZ‡iva m‡PZbZv e„w×‡Z D‡`¨vMx n‡eb|

gv`Kvmw³ wK?

wbZvš—B e¨w³MZ †KŠZ~nj †gUv‡Z wM‡q A‡b‡KB †bkvMÖ¯— n‡q c‡o| ‡mB †bkv Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b †W‡K Av‡b me©bvk| Avgiv A‡b‡K GLbI gv`Kvmw³i e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡q DV‡Z cvwiwb| wKš‘ G wel‡q Avgv‡ì m‡PZbZv AZ¨š— Ri“ix|

gv`K`ªe¨ ej‡Z Avgiv eywS Ggb `ªe¨ hv †L‡j †bkv nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv MvuRv, †dwÝwWj, Pim, fvO, ¸j, RÏ©v, ‡n‡ivBb, †cw_wWb, g` BZ¨vw`| ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ hLb D³ `ªe¨¸‡jvi Ici †bkvMÖ¯— n‡q c‡o ZLb Zv‡K gv`Kvm³ ejv nq| ‡h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi gv`K`ª‡eï Dci hLb †KD †bkvMÖ¯— n‡q c‡o ZLb Zv‡K gv`Kvm³ ejv hvq|

gv`Kvmw³i ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv wK?

gv`Kvmw³i ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡Ki my¯úó †Kv‡bv avibv bv _vKvq A‡b‡KB mn‡R gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| A‡b‡KB Avevi Gi ¶wZKi w`KUv we‡kl

Bmy¨

¸i“Z¡ w`‡q ‡`‡L bv| Avgv‡`i †f‡e †`L‡Z n‡e gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj ev ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv wK?

my¯’ Rxe‡bi Ici gv`K `ª‡e¨i cÖfve

gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨: Rvbvi ¶gZv Ges Kv‡Ri `¶Zv Kwg‡q †`q Av‡eM‡K wbqš¿Ynxb K‡i †d‡j wm×vš— †bqvi ¶gZv Kwg‡q

†`q gvbwmK cxob evwo‡q †`q DMÖ AvPi‡Yi Rb¥ †`q AvZ¥nZ¨vi cÖeYZvi evwo‡q

†`q Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¶gZv

n«vm K‡i Ab_©K ZK© Kivi cÖeYZv ˆZwi K‡i AvNvZ Kivi cÖeYZv ˆZwi nq ciwbf©ikxj K‡i †d‡j gw¯—®‹ I k¦vmh‡š¿i ¶gZv‡K Kwg‡q †`q

kvixwiK ¶wZ: gw¯—‡®‹i mœvqy‡Kvl‡K †g‡i †d‡j ‡Ljvayjvi `¶Zv Kwg‡q †`q kix‡ii ¯^vfvweK DòZvi ZviZg¨ NUvq kix‡ii m~¶è Abyf~wZ¸‡jv Kwg‡q †`q ¯^vfvweK Lv`¨vf¨vm bó K‡i Aš¿ ‡_‡K wfUvwgb †kvl‡Y evav †`q ‡hŠb ¶gZv n«vm cvq

wbivcËv: GBW&m nevi Avk¼v evwo‡q †`q d‡j `yN©Ubvi Avk¼v †e‡o hvq

Bmy¨

Ny‡gi Jla ev Ab¨ †Kvb †bkv`ª‡eï mv‡_ †meb Ki‡j g„Zy¨ ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i

¯§„wZkw³ Kwg‡q †`q

‡ivM wjfvi wm‡ivwm‡mi Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i ü`‡iv‡Mi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i gyL, Lv`¨bvjx I k¦vmbvjxi K¨vÝv‡ii Avk¼v

evwo‡q †`q (we‡kl K‡i m‡½ aygcvb Ki‡j) wKWwb bó K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i ‡ivMcÖwZiva ¶gZv Kwg‡q †`q

A_©‰bwZK ¶wZ Kv‡R duvwK †èvi cÖeYZv ev‡o ¯^v¯’¨ msµvš— Kvi‡Y LiP †e‡o hvq ‡bkvMÖ¯—‡ì wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Ges Aciva †e‡o

hvq d‡j iv‡óªi LiP †e‡o hvq Kg©¶g Rbkw³ n«vm cvq

gv`K`ªe¨ kvixwiK, gvbwmK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK BZ¨vw` w`K †_‡K Avgv‡ì ¶wZMÖ¯— K‡i _v‡K |

gv`Kvmw³i cÖwZ‡iva I Gi cÖwZKvi wKfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e?

gv`K Avgv‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl ¶wZKi| A‡b‡KB wPš—v K‡i, Avgiv wb‡Riv gv`K MÖnY Ki‡ev bv, Ab¨‡KI gv`K MÖn‡Y wbi“rmvwnZ Ki‡ev |

gv`Kvmw³ wKfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq?

Bmy¨

Q‡j ‡g‡q‡ì gb ‡hb gv`K`ª‡eï eënv‡ii w`‡K bv hvq †mRb¨ Zv‡ì cwievi Zv‡ì cÖwZ we‡kl †Lqvj ivL‡Z cv‡i| evwoi gyi“eŸxiv Avš—wiK eënvi, Avì-‡mœn, wb‡R‡ì ˆbwZK ¸Yvejx Ges gnr e¨w³‡ì Kvwnbx ïwb‡q wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡ì‡K my¯’ weKv‡ki c‡_ wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov-

cvwievwiKfv‡e

cwiev‡i gv`K`ªe¨ †meb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e cwiev‡i †KD †bkv Ki‡j Zv‡K Gi Lvivc w`K¸‡jv

†evSv‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g Zv‡K ZvovZvwo my¯’ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e

‡Ljvayjv, mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb I Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R Drmvn w`‡Z n‡e

ag©xq Kv‡R DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e wb‡Ri e¨vcv‡i `vwqZ¡kxj Kiv‡Z n‡e Zv‡ì‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e †h, gv`K`ªe¨ †meb eÜ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Ri B”QvB h‡_ó

we‡bv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcvq Luy‡R w`‡Z n‡e

mvgvwRKfv‡e

mgv‡R gv`K`ª‡eï cÖmvi †iv‡a mvgvwRKfv‡e D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv

M‡íi gva¨‡g gv`K`ªe¨ †mebKvixi Ki“b cwiYwZ Zz‡j aiv

gv`Kvm³‡ì my¯’ K‡i mgv‡R cÖwZôvi eë¯’v Kiv gv`K`ª‡eï mnRjf¨Zv †iva Kiv ‰bwZK wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi cÖmvi NUv‡bv

cvwievi I mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv

Bmy¨

wk¶v I mwVK D‡`¨vM fv‡jv eÜz

wbe©vPb

`vwqZ¡kxjZv BZ¨vw` gv`Kvmw³

cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZKv‡ii c_|

1.7 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: gv`K`ªe¨



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


gv`K`ªe¨ ej‡Z wK ewyS?

†h `ªe¨ †L‡j †bkv nq ZvB gv`K`ªe¨|

K‡qKwU gv`K`ª‡eï bvg ejyb?

MuvRv, g`, Avwdg, ¸j, R`©v, ZvgvK, †n‡ivBb|

gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn‡Y wK wK ¶wZ nq ?

¯^v‡¯’ï ¶wZ, kvixwiK, A_©‰bwZK, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK ¶wZ nq|

gv`Kvmw³ cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z wK Kiv ìKvi?

cwievi †_‡K mš—v‡bi cÖwZ we‡kl bRi †`qv, `vwqZ¡kxj eënvi, Avì †mœn, ˆbwZK ¸Yvejx, gnr e¨vw³‡ì Kvwnbx

Bmy¨

Rvbvi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡q|

2. gvbevwaKvi I mykvmb

bvix wbh©vZb

wkïkªg

†gŠwjK AwaKvi I mykvmb

Bmy¨

‡fvUvwaKvi

bvix I wkï cvPvi

cvV : 2.1bvix wbh©vZb


bvix wbh©vZ‡bi KviY I djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

bvix wbh©vZb ev bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZv AvR mviv we‡k¦ GKwU Av‡jvwPZ welq| eû Kvj a‡i bvix‡K wØZxq †kªYxi gvbyl wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡”Q| Gi cwibwZB n‡jv bvix

Bmy¨

wbh©vZb, hv mvgvwRKfv‡e AZ¨š— N„wYZ GKwU KvR|

bvix wbh©vZb n†jv Ggb †Kvb AvPiY hv cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e kvixwiK, ˆRweK I gvbwmK hš¿Yvi D‡`ªK K‡i, †hLv‡b ivóª, mgvR I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b bvix Zvi AwaKvi Ges Kv‡Ri myweav †_‡K ewÂZ nq|

bvix wbh©vZ‡bi aiY

kvixwiK ¯úk© Ges AvNvZ

Pjv‡divq wewawb‡la Av‡ivc

bvix I wkï cvPvi ‡hŠZzK al©Y ‡g‡q wkï nZ¨v ‡g‡q wkïi †cvkvK I Lvev‡ii ‡¶‡Î wfbœZv I ˆelg¨ GwmW wb‡¶c cwZZve„wË‡Z eva¨ Kiv bvix nZ¨v ZvjvK eû weevn BZ¨vw`

bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cÖfve :

mvgvwRK cÖfve

mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv e„w× cvq| AcwiKwíZ Awbqwš¿Z mš—vb Rb¥ †bq| AvBb k„•Ljvi AebwZ N‡U| wbgœ IRb I Kg †gav m¤úbœ wkï Rb¥ †bq|

gvbwmK cÖfve

Bmy¨

ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv e„w× cvq| ‡RÛvi AmgZv e„w× cvq|

†`‡k bvix wbh©vZb e‡Üi Rb¨ 2003 mv‡j GKwU ms‡kvabx AvBb cvk n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b-

GwmW wb‡¶‡ci m‡e©v”P kvw¯— g„Zz¨`Û ev hve¾xeb Kviv`Û ev GK j¶ UvKv A_©`Û|

al©‡bi m‡e©v”P kvw¯— g„Zz¨`Û ev hve¾xeb mkªg Kviv`Û Ges AwZwi³ GK j¶ UvKv A_©`Û|

‡hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡Y hw` bvixi g„Zz¨ N‡U ev g„Zz¨ NUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq Zvn‡j g„Zz¨`Û I AwZwi³ A_©`Û|

†hŠb wbcxo‡bi Rb¨ 10 ermi, wKš‘ Kgc‡¶ 3 ermi mkªg Kviv`Û Ges AwZwi³ A_©`Û|

bvixi AvZœnZ¨vq cÖ‡ivPbv- †Kvb bvixi B”Qvi wei“‡× †Kvb e¨w³i B”QvK…Z †Kvb Kvh© Øviv m¤£gnvwb nevi cÖZ¨¶ Kvi‡Y †Kvb bvix AvZœnZ¨v Ki‡j ev AvZœnZ¨v Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi Rb¨ 10 ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b 5 eQi mkªg Kviv`Û Ges AwZwi³ A_©`Û|

GZ KwVb AvBb cÖYq‡bi c‡iI bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cwiw¯’wZ bvRyK Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| Avgiv bvix‡K cwic~Y© gvbyl wn‡m‡e fve‡Z| bvix‡K mwVKfv‡e gh©v`v bv w`‡j GB wPÎ e`jv‡e bv| ZvB bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a Avgv‡ì KiYxq n‡jv :

mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv| bvix cvPvi †iv‡a cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv| cÖPwjZ AvBb mnR I ev¯—evqb‡hvM¨ Kiv| wewfbœ ¯—‡i gZwewbgq mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv| bvix‡K gvbyl wnmv‡e gh©v`v †Ìqv|

Bmy¨

¯’vbxq MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡K bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× `vwqZ¡kxj Kiv|

bvix †bZ…Z¡ m„wó Ges me©Î bvixi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|

bvix‡K ¯^vej¤^x wn‡m‡e ˆZix Kiv| bvixi cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½i D‡Ï‡k¨ RbMY‡K

m‡PZb Kiv| †cvóvi, wjd‡jU, cvKvW©, wfwWI wPÎ, wd¬c PvU©

cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g m‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv|

bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva wèm cvwjZ n‡”Q| 1995 mv‡ji 24 AvM÷ w`bvRcy‡ii `kgvBj bvgK ¯’v‡b wZbRb cywjk Bqvmgxb (15) bv‡g GK wK‡kvix‡K al©b I nZ¨v K‡i| GB ee©i I ˆcPvwkK NUbv mviv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| ZLb †_‡K bvix I gvbevwaKvi msMVbmg~n GB w`bwU†K bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva wèm wnmv‡e cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| GQvovI cÖwZ eQi mviv we‡k¦ Avš—R©vwZK bvix wèm cvjb Kiv nq|

Bmy¨

2.1 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: bvix wbh©vZb



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i

Rv‡b bv

bvix wbh©vZb ej‡Z wK ewyS?

Ggb †Kvb AvPiY hv bvixi kvixwiK, ˆRweK I gvbwmK hš¿Yvi D‡`ªK K‡i d‡j ivóª, mgvR I cwievi Rxe‡b †m Zvi AwaKvi I Kv‡Ri myweav †_‡K ewÂZ nq|

K‡qKwU bvix wbh©vZ‡bi aiY ejyb?

‡hŠZzK, al©Y, GwmW wb‡ÿc, ZvjvK, eûweevn, cvPvi, kvixwiK ¯úk©, AvNvZ, nZ¨v|

bvix wbh©vZ‡bi d‡j Gi cÖfve †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î c‡o?

mvgvwRK, gvbwmK, A_©‰bwZK, ¯^v¯’¨MZ I ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î|

bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z wK Kiv ìKvi?

mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv, cvPvi †iva, AvB†bi mnRxKiY Ges ev¯—evqb‡hvM¨ Kiv, bvix‡K gvbyl wnmv‡e gh©v`v †`qv|

bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva wèm K‡e cvwjZ nq?

24 †k AvMó

Bmy¨

cvV : 2.2wkïkªg

D‡Ïk¨:


wkïkªg wK Ges wkïkª‡gi ¶wZKi w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

wkïkªg cÖwZ‡iv‡a m‡PZb n‡eb Ges wb‡Ri cwievi I GjvKvq wkïkªg cÖwZ‡iv‡a c`‡¶c wb‡eb|

wek¦Ry‡o wkïkªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖwZwbqZ e„w× cv‡”Q| GKvi‡Y Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’v 2002 mvj †_‡K 12 Ryb‡K ÔAvš—R©vwZK wkïkªg we‡ivax w`emÕ cvj‡bi †NvlYv w`‡q‡Q| we‡k¦ eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ 6 Rb wkïi g‡a¨ GKRb wkïkª‡gi m‡½ RwoZ| wkïkªg wkï‡`i kvixwiK, gvbwmK I eyw×wfwËK weKv‡ki cwicš’x|

RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb` Abyhvqx 18 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx cÖwZwU †Q‡j-†g‡q‡K ÔwkïÕ ejv hv‡e|

Bmy¨

Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’vi g‡Z, mKj †`‡ki wkïi mvaviY me©wbgœ eqm 15 eQi|

wkïkª‡gi kvw¯— m‡e©v”P 500 UvKv Rwigvbv A_ev 3 gv‡mi †Rj|

evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª cwiev‡ii wkïiv RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b bvbv ai‡bi †ckvq RwoZ _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡k kZKiv 43 fvM wkï kªgRxex| Giv mvaviYZ evmv-evwoi KvR, †nv‡Uj-Pv‡qi †`vKv‡b, B‡jKwUªK I‡qwìs †j` †gwk‡b, evm †U‡¤úvmn wewfbœ cwien‡bi †njcvi, KviLvbvi kªwgK, gv`K`ªe¨ wewµ, nKvi, †dwiIqvjv, Kzwj wgw¯¿i Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| ‡g‡q wkïiv B”Qv-Awb”Qvq eva¨ n‡q wKsev cvPv‡ii wkKvi n‡q †Rvic~e©K †hŠbe„wË, bqZ wkï c‡Y©vMÖvwd‡Z Rwo‡q c‡o|Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i ‡`‡k wkïiv kªwgK n‡Z eva¨ nq| `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv‡Z AwaK mš—v‡bi Kvi‡Y cwiev‡i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z wkï‡ì †ivRMv‡ii AbymÜvb Ki‡Z nq| MÖv‡g wkïiv evev gv‡qi ms‡M †¶ZLvgvi, av‡bi Kj, gvwU KvUv, iv¯— wbg©vY wKsev gyw` †`vKv‡b kªg †`q| kn‡i Kj-KviLvbv, ¶z`ª eëmv, Mv‡g©›Um, wbg©vb KvR wKsev evmv-evwo‡Z KvR K‡i| bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii wkï‡ì eva¨ n‡q wkïkªg w`‡Z nq|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wkïiv bvbv SuzwKc~Y© †hgb- †hŠb Kgx©, †PvivPvjvb, wewo I e¨vUvix mn ivmvqwbK KviLvbvi KvR, Mvm d¨v±wi, U¨vbvwi, jeb KviLvbv,

Bmy¨

cwienb, gqjv-AveR©bv msMÖn, I‡qwìs, gv`K`ªe¨ Drcv`b I cvPvi, A¯¿ enb I cvPvi Ges D‡Ui RwK wnmv‡e Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q| Gai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R wkï‡ì Rov‡bvi d‡j †`‡ki Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eo evav| cÖvq 13 jvL wkï SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q|

†g‡qwkï†ì weivU Ask K…wlKv‡R wKsev M„ncwiPvwiKvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| †g‡qwkï‡ì kªwgK wn‡m‡e ‡ek Kì i‡q‡Q| KviY cvwikªwgK Kg, gRywi wb‡q †`bìevi K‡i bv, nVvr KvR †Q‡o P‡j hvq bv, wbi‡e mewKQz mn¨ K‡i| wKš— †c‡Ui `v‡q KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqv †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ bvbv wec` IZ †c‡Z _v‡K| Zviv A‡bK mgq †hŠb wbcxob, cvPvi, A‰ea Mf©ve¯’v I SywKc~Y© Mf©cv‡Zi wkKvi nq †ekx|

wkï‡ì ˆkk‡ei †KvgjZv, ˆK‡kv‡ii `yiš—cbv, ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †e‡o DVvi Avb›` mewKQz †K‡o †bq wkïkªg| AcÖvß eq‡m gvÎvwZwi³ kªg Avi SzwKi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì Rxebxkw³ wbt‡kl K‡i †d‡j| cieZx©‡Z Giv `¶ Rbkw³ iƒ‡c M‡o D‡V bv| Giv kix‡ii IR‡bi †P‡q †ekx fvix †evSv enb K‡i| †Kvgj nv‡Z Zz‡j †bq KwVb nvZzwo| B”Qvi wei“‡× wbw¶ß nq wbwl× cjx‡Z|A‡nZzK g„Zz¨SuzwK, fMœ¯^v¯’¨, †ivMe¨vwa, Zv‡ì wbZ¨m½x| wk¶vi Av‡jv †_‡K ewÂZ GB wkïiv mvgwqKfv‡e wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii Avnvi †hvMv‡Z m¶g n‡jI G‡ì mvg‡b _v‡K bv †Kvb fwel¨r| AwaK kª‡gi Kvi‡Y

Bmy¨

Zv‡ì ¯^vfvweK eyw× I weKvk `y‡UvB gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ nq|

wkïkªg e‡Ü Avgv‡ì KiYxq: `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡Y wkïkªg evo‡Q| ZvB `vwi`ª¨

we‡gvP‡b e¨vcK KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| wkï‡ì A‰eZwbK wk¶vi my‡hvM myjf Ki‡Z n‡e| K…lK I gRyi‡ì cb¨ I kª‡gi b¨vh¨ gRyixi eë¯’v

Ki‡Z n‡e| wkïkªg e‡Ü AvB‡bi h_vh_ ev¯—evqb Kiv Ges

AvBb j•NbKvixi wei“‡× K‡Vvi eë¯’v MÖnY| wkïkª‡gi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© wkïi evev-gv‡K m‡PZb

Kiv| wkïkª‡g eva¨ n‡j †m‡¶‡Î wkïi Rb¨ nvjKv Kv‡Ri

eë¯’v Kiv|

RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b, AwffveK‡ì cÖ‡ivPYvq Ges wb‡qvMKZ©vi AvMÖ‡n wkïiv Aev‡a kªg w`‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z Zv‡ì †eu‡P _vKvi Aej¤^b _vK‡jI Rxeb weKvk Ges wbivcËv I myi¶vi AwaKvi jw•NZ n‡”Q|

`vwi`ª¨ hZw`b _vK‡e wkïkªg ZZw`b _vK‡e| Z‡e SuzwKc~Y© wkïkªg e‡Ü mKj‡K D‡`¨vMx n‡Z n‡e| kª‡gi bv‡g wkï‡ì Dci Ab¨vq, †kvlY Ges AgvbweK AvPiY¸‡jv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡ì Rb¨ b¨vh¨ gRyix I wbivc` Kg©cwi‡ek wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Bmy¨

‡hme KviLvbvq a~jvevwj I ¶wZKviK wRwbm eënvi nq †mLv‡b wkï‡ì gv¯‹ eënvi Avi †hLv‡b GwmW eënvi K‡i †mLv‡b wkï‡ì Mvfm eënvi Kivi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

2.2 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: wkïkªg



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgyw

U


wkïkªg ej‡Z wK ewyS?

mvaviYZ 15 eQ‡ii †Kvb wkïkª‡gi mv‡_ RwoZ n‡j †mUv‡K wkkykªg e‡j|

K‡qKwU SzuwKc~Y© wkïkªg D‡jL Ki“b?

†hŠbKgx©, †PvivPvjvb, ZvgvK I ivmvqwbK KvR, U¨vbvix, jeb, cwienb, I‡qwìs, gv`K`ªe¨ BZ¨vw`|

wkïkª‡gi kvw¯— wK?

500 UvKv Rwigvbv A_ev 3 gvm †Rj|

wkïkª‡gi d‡j wK ¶wZ nq?

wkï‡ì kvixwiK, gvbwmK I eyw×wfwËK weKvk nqbv|

Avš—R©vwZK wkïkªg we‡ivax wèm K‡e?

12 Ryb|

Bmy¨

cvV : 2.3mykvmb I †gŠwjK AwaKvi

D‡Ïk¨:


AwaKvi I mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

mykvm‡bi Dcv`vb¸wj ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri GjvKvq ¯’vbxq †mev cÖwZôv‡b mykvm‡bi NvUwZ wPwýZ K‡i eë¯’v wb‡Z HKë× n‡Z cvi‡eb|

†gŠwjK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡R‡ì AwaKvi cÖwZôvq `wi`ª gvbyl GKZve× n‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóª ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖPwjZ wewaweavb Abymv‡i kvmK KZ…©K RbMY‡K cwiPvjbvi cÖwµqv n‡”Q kvmb| Avi †h kvmb cÖwµqvq cÖPwjZ wewa weavb Abymv‡i I RbM‡Yi gZvgZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q mgvR I gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq ZvB mykvmb|

Bmy¨

GK K_vq ejv P‡j, wm×vš— MÖnY Ges wm×vš— ev¯—evqb Kiv bv Kivi †h cÖwµqv Zv-B kvmb| kvmb ZLbB mykvmb n‡e hLb wb‡gœi kZ©¸‡jv cvjb Kiv n‡e|

mykvmb cÖwZôvq cÖ‡qvRbxq 8wU kZ© -

1. RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY2. AvB‡bi kvmb3. ¯^”QZv4. Revew`wnZv5. Kvh©KvwiZv I `¶Zv 6. RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZv7. HKgZ¨gywLbZv8. mvg¨ I mve©RbxbZv

RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY :

mykvmb cÖwµqvi Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q mK‡ji AskMÖnY| kvmb Kv‡Ri me©¯—‡i gZvgZ cÖ`vb, wm×vš— MÖnY, cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯—evq‡b RbM‡Yi mwµq AskMÖnY _vK‡e|

AvB‡bi kvmb :

mykvm‡bi Rb¨ c¶cvZnxb I Kj¨vYKi AvBwb eë¯’v _vKv Ri“ix| GQvovI gvbevwaKvi, we‡kl K‡i msL¨vjNy‡ì AwaKvimg~n ev¯—evwqZ I msiw¶Z n‡e| AvB‡bi c¶cvZnxb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ¯^vaxb, wbi‡c¶ I `ybx©wZgy³ AvBb cÖ‡qvM eë¯’v|

Bmy¨

kvmb cwiPvjbvq RbMYI mKj wbqgKvbyb †g‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| wbqgbxwZ mevi Rb¨ mgvb _vK‡e|

¯^”QZv :

¯^”QZv h_vh_ wbqg I weavb Abyhvqx wm×vš— MÖnY I Zvi ev¯—evqb Kiv| Ab¨ A‡_© †Kv‡bv wm×vš— I Zvi ev¯—evq‡bi cÖfve hv‡ì Dci co‡e Zviv G m¤úwK©Z me Z_¨ webv evavq I mivmwi Rvb‡Z cvi‡e - ZvB ¯^”QZv|

cÖwZôv‡bi kvmb Kv‡Ri †h †Kvb wm×vš— m¤ú‡K© mKj Z_¨ cvIqv hv‡e Ges Zv mnR‡eva¨ iƒ‡c I gva¨‡g mK‡ji Rb¨ mieivn Kiv n‡e |

Revew`wnZv :

Revew`wnZv mykvm‡bi gyL¨ Dcv`vb| ïay miKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n bq, e¨w³MZ KvR I mykxj mgv‡Ri cÖwZôvb I RbmvaviY I Zv‡ì cÖvwZôvwbK †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì Kv‡Q `vqe× n‡Z n‡e| †K Kvi Kv‡Q `vqe× - Zv wbf©i Ki‡e we‡eP¨ wm×vš— ev KvR cÖwZôvb ev ms¯’vi Avf¨š—ixb, bvwK evwn¨K Zvi Dci| ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvb Zvi wm×vš— ev KvR Øviv hv‡ì‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, Zv‡ì Kv‡Q `vqe×| ¯^”QZv I AvB‡bi kvmb Qvov `vqe×Zv ev¯—evqb Kiv hvq bv|

Kvh©KvwiZv I `¶Zv :

mykvm‡bi Av‡iKwU ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q kvmb cÖwµqv I cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †hme KvR K‡i

Bmy¨

Zv‡Z we`¨gvb m¤ú‡ì m‡eŸ©v”P eënvi n‡q _v‡K| mykvm‡bi †¶‡Î `¶Zvi Av‡iKwU w`K n‡”Q Gi Øviv cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì †UKmB eënvi Ges cwi‡ek msi¶Y wbwðZ Kiv|

RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZv :

mykvm‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb I cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K GKwU hyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Y m‡Pó _vK‡Z n‡e|

HKgZ¨g~wLbZv :

mgv‡Ri me ‡¶‡Î †ek wKQz c¶ I wewfbœ `„wófw½ _v‡K| mykvm‡bi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri ¯^v‡_©i h_v_© wm×vš— †KvbwU Ges Zv wKfv‡e ev¯—evqb Kiv hvq †m wel‡q GKwU HKgZ¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZôv‡bi j‡¶¨ mgv‡R we`¨gvb wewfbœ ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv cÖwµqv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

mvg¨ I mve©RbxbZv :

GKwU mgvR ZLbB cy‡ivcywi Kj¨vYKi nq hLb Gi cÖwZwU m`m¨ Abyfe K‡i †h, G mgv‡R ZviI Ask Av‡Q Ges †KD mgv‡Ri g~javiv †_‡K wew”Qbœ bq|

cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ch©v‡q ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv cÖwZôvi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q mykvmb

AwaKvie¨w³, cwievi, †Mvôx êa ev AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e A‡bï Kv‡Q, mKj cwievi, mgvR, ivóª ev we‡k¦i Kv‡Q hv `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB AwaKvi|

Bmy¨

‡gŠwjK AwaKvi :

Abœ, e¯¿, wk¶v, wPwKrmv, evm¯’vb - GB cuvPwU †gŠwjK Pvwn`v Ges we‡bv`b, wbivcËv, evK& ¯^vaxbZvmn msweav‡b ¯^xK…Z mKj AwaKvi n‡jv †gŠwjK AwaKvi|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n-1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i MY cwil‡` evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Kvh©Ki nq| msweav‡bi 26 - 44 Aby‡”Q‡` evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ 18wU †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| GB AwaKv‡ii cwicš’x †Kvb AvBb cvk Kiv hv‡e bv|

msweav‡b ewY©Z †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n :

agx©q ¯^vaxbZv AvB‡bi †PvL mgZv AvB‡bi mvnvh¨ jv‡fi

my‡hvM gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mgvb AwaKvi ‡MvcbxqZv i¶vi AwaKvi AvBb we‡ivax kvw¯—

†_‡K i¶vi AwaKvi AvZ¥i¶vi AwaKvi mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi msev`c‡Îi AwaKvi ‡gjv‡gkv I msMV‡bi

¯^vaxbZv m¤úwË †fvM I jv‡fi AwaKvi GKB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `Õyevi mvRv bv cvIqvi AwaKvi ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡divi AwaKvi

Bmy¨

B‡”QgZ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ _vKvi AwaKvi

bvix-cyi“‡li mgvb AwaKvi

2.3 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: mykvmb I AwaKvi



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i

Rv‡b bv

AwaKvi wK? AvBbm¤§Z I b¨vqm½Zfv‡e A‡b¨i Kv‡Q hv wKQz `vex Kiv hvq ZvB AwaKvi|

K‡qKwU ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi ejyb?

agx©q ¯^vaxbZv, AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgZv, gZcÖKv‡ki AwaKvi, mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi, AvZ¥i¶vi AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡div, m¤úwË †fvM I jv‡fi AwaKvi, †MvcbxqZv i¶v, AvBb we‡ivax kvw¯— †_‡K i¶vi AwaKvi BZ¨vw`

AwaKvi j•Nb n‡j Avgiv wK Ki‡Z cvwi?

msMVb¸‡jv‡K GKZve× K‡i cÖkvmb‡K Rvbv‡Z cvwi|

mykvm‡bi kZ©¸‡jv ejyb ?

AvB‡bi kvmb, Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv,

Bmy¨

RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY, Kvh©KvwiZv I `¶Zv|

wKfv‡e eyS‡eb Avcbvi GjvKvq ¯‹yj I nvmcvZvjmg~‡n mykvmb Av‡Q wKbv?

mykvm‡bi me¸‡jv kZ© h_vh_fv‡e gvbv nq wKbv, GUv †`‡L Avgiv eyS‡Z cvie G mKj cÖwZôv‡b KZUzKz mykvmb i‡q‡Q|

cvV : 2.4‡fvUvwaKvi


‡fvU wK, †fvUvi nevi †hvM¨Zv I †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvg Aš—©f~w³ BZ¨vw` wel‡q Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|

‡fvU cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡R ‡fvU w`‡eb Ges cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i ‡fvU w`‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Bmy¨

†fvUv‡ii KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb Ges ‡hvM¨ cÖv_x© wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

‡fvU †Kb †è ?

‡fvU n‡jv MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi| †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ n‡e Kviv †`k cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| RbMY n‡jv iv‡óªi bvMwiK| Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY, ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| iv‡óªi g~j Dcv`vb 4wU :

1. RbMY, 2. ‡fŠMwjK mxgv‡iLv 3. miKvi 4. mve©‡fŠgZ¡| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU iv‡óªi ‡fŠMwjK mxgv‡iLv hLb †mB iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K †mB iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ miKvi †`k cwiPvjbv K‡i iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ c~Y©Zv cvq|

Avgiv nvRvi eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv RvwZ| AZx‡Z Avgiv civaxb wQjvg| cvVvb-‡gvNj Avgj †cwi‡q Bs‡iR G†jv †`k kvmb Ki‡Z| ewY‡Ki gvb`Û ivR`Û iƒ‡c †`Lv w`j| `yBkZ eQ‡ii weªwUk kvm‡bi ci fviZ fvM n‡q cvwK¯—vb bv‡g †h †`k †cjvg †mLv‡bI Avgiv ¯^vaxb wQjvg bv|

cvwK¯—vbxiv †fv‡Ui AwaKvi †K‡o wbj| A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ‡kvlY Kij| †mB †kvl‡Yi wei“‡× Õ70 mv‡ji †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kijvg| wKš‘ lohš¿ K‡i Avgv‡ì ‡fv‡Ui ivq A¯^xKvi Kij| Õ71 mv‡j gyw³hy‡× wcÖq Rb¥f~wg cwic~Y© ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡jv|

Bmy¨

Avgv‡`i cÖwZwbwaiv msweavb w`‡jb| Avgiv †cjvg bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM| we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î Ôevsjv‡`kÕ bvg ivóªwU cÖwZwôZ n‡jv| RbM‡Yi †fv‡Ui ivq wQj e‡j GUv m¤¢e n‡qwQj |

RbMY †hgb iv‡óªi Dcv`vb †Zgwb †fvU n‡”Q RbM‡Yi ¶gZv jv‡fi cÖavb gva¨g| †fv‡Ui AwaKvi ZvB Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’i AwaKvi cvIqvi g~jgš¿|

gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖwZôvi gva¨g n‡”Q ivóª| AvaywbK hy‡M ivóª n‡”Q MYZvwš¿K cÖRvZš¿| GB cÖRvZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ miKvi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g MwVZ nq|

gvby‡li AwaKvi I Zv‡`i B”Qv‡K iƒcvqb Ki‡e miKvi| RbMY †mB B”Qvi cÖKvk NUv‡e wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g| msm`xq c×wZ‡Z RbMY mivmwi †fvU w`‡q Ggwc ev msm` m`m¨ wbe©vPb K‡i| Ggwciv RvZxq msm‡` e‡m AvBb ˆZix K‡ib| †mB AvBb w`‡qB †`k cwiPvwjZ nq| myZivs AvBb cÖYqY Kivi †hvM¨Zv hvi Av‡Q, Zv‡KB Avgiv wbe©vwPZ Kie| Zvn‡j †`‡ki Kj¨vY n‡e| G‡Z RbMYI DcK…Z n‡e|

AZGe †fvU I RbMY G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK| †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡iB RbMY iv‡óªi gvwjK nq Avi †fvU †c‡q miKvi MV‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª MwZkw³ jvf K‡i|

‡fvU GKwU bvMwiK I mvsweavwbK AwaKvi| †fvU cÖ`vb cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨| RbM‡Yi kvmb cÖwZôvi cÖ_g avc nj †fvU †`qv Ges iv‡óª

Bmy¨

MYZš¿ PP©vi cÖ_g KvR nj †fv‡Ui AwaKvi‡K mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv| B”QvgZ †fvU w`‡q †fv‡Ui cweÎ AvgvbZ bó Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡Z wb‡Ri AwaKvi ¶zbœ nq| ZvB GKRb m‡PZb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e †`‡L ï‡b ey‡S †fvU †`qv DwPr| Z‡e hv‡K †fvU †`qv n‡e wZwb n‡eb mwZ¨Kvifv‡e †`k‡cÖwgK, Rb`i`x, mr I †hvM¨ cÖv_x©|

‡Kb †fvUvi n‡ev :

bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z ‡fvU w`‡q RbcÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡b wbe©vP‡b cÖv_x© n‡Z ‡hvM¨ cÖv_x© wbe©vPb K‡i kw³kvjx ivóª

cÖwZôv Ki‡Z RbcÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g †`k I RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_© AvBb

cÖYq‡b Ask wb‡Z n‡e|

‡fvUvi nIqvi Rb¨ †hvM¨Zv :

evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e eqm Kgc‡¶ 18 eQi n‡Z n‡e gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ n‡Z n‡e

‡fvU bv w`‡j – A‡hvM¨ I Amr †jvK wbe©vwPZ n‡q MYZš¿ I `vwi‡`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi wec‡¶ KvR Ki‡e|

‡h cÖv_x©i g‡a¨ fvj ¸Yvejx cvIqv hv‡e Zvu‡KB †fvU †`e|

Bmy¨

2.4 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: †fvUvwaKvi



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i

Rv‡b bv

†fvUvi nIqvi †hvM¨Zv wK wK?

evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e, eqm Kgc‡¶ 18 n‡Z n‡e, gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ _vK‡Z n‡e|

‡Kb †fvU wè? †fv‡Ui AwaKvi gv‡b Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’ï AwaKvi cvIqvi g~jgš¿| B‡”Qg‡Zv †fvU w`‡q ‡fv‡Ui cweÎ AvgvbZ bó Kiv gv‡b wb‡Ri AwaKvi ¶zbœ Kiv| ZvB †fvU w`‡q RbM‡Yi kvmb cÖwZôv Kie|

†fvU bv w`‡j wK ¶wZ n‡e?

mgv‡R g›` †jvK wbe©vwPZ n‡q MYZš¿ I Mix‡ei wec‡¶ KvR Ki‡e|

‡fvU †`qvi mgq wK wK we‡ePbv Kiv DwPr?

†`k‡cÖwgK, Rbì`x, mr I †hvM¨ cÖv_x© wKbv Zv †`‡L, ï‡b I ey‡S †fvU w`‡Z n‡e|

Bmy¨

cvV: 2.5bvix I wkï cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva

D‡Ïk¨:


cvPvi wK Ges cvPv‡ii aiY I †KŠkj¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvPvi cÖwZ‡iv‡a wb‡Ri cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i m‡PZb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvPv‡ii cÖPwjZ kvw¯—i wel‡q Rvb‡eb Ges cvPvi cÖwZ‡ivaKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvPvi wK?

Bmy¨

bvix I wkï‡ì‡K AmvgvwRK ev †eAvBbx Kv‡R eënvi Kivi Rb¨ ‡`‡ki wfZ‡i ev evB‡i wewµ K‡i †Ìqv‡K cvPvi e‡j|

‡Kvb ai‡Yi bvix I wkï cvPvi nq:

1. `wi`ª bvix I wkï| 2. wbi¶i I Aíeqmx bvix I

wkï|3. mnR-mij gwnjv I wkï|4. wK‡kvix, AweevwnZv, ZvjvKcÖvß, ¯^vgx

cwiZ¨v³ gwnjv| 5. evox †_‡K cvjv‡bv wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix| 6. PvKzixi D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖvg †_‡K Avmv gwnjv|

mvaviYZ: †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k bvix I wkï cvPvi nq:

fviZ, cvwK¯—vb, ‡bcvj, kªªxjsKv, ga¨cÖvP¨, gvj‡qwkqv|

bvix I wkï cvPv‡ii †KŠkjmg~n wK?

AcniY, fvj Lv‡`ï cÖ‡jvfb, fq-fxwZ cÖ`k©b, abx nIqvi ¯^cœ †`Lv‡bv, ‡`‡k I we‡`‡k fvj we‡qi cÖ‡jvfb, ‡cÖg I wg_¨v fv‡jvevmvi dvu‡` †djv, ‰ea I A‰ea c‡_ we‡`‡k cvVv‡bvi cÖZviYv|

cvPviKvix‡ì wK Kv‡R eva¨ K‡i:

cwZZv e„wË‡Z eva¨ Kiv, abx‡ì iw¶Zv wnmv‡e eënvi Kiv, we‡bv`‡bi Kv‡R eënvi, Akxj Qwe‡Z eënvi, wkï‡ì A½-cÖZ¨½ weµq, gv`Kè¨ †PvivPvjvb Kv‡R eënvi, D‡Ui RwK wnmv‡e eënvi|

bvix I wkï cvPvi †iv‡a

Bmy¨

e‡Ü KiYxq wK wK?

‡h †Kvb ¯’v‡b wkï‡ì bv Qvov ‡Kvb AcwiwPZ cyi“l ev gwnjv‡K evox‡Z Avkªq bv

†Ìqv AcwiwPZ †jv‡Ki †Ìqv Lvevi bv LvIqv ‡cÖg msµvš— e¨vcv‡i †g‡q‡K m‡PZb Kiv GjvKvi m‡›`nRbK †jvK †`L‡j †LuvR-Lei †bIqv AcwiwPZ †jv‡Ki mwVK Z_¨ †R‡b †g‡q ev †Q‡j we‡q

†Ìqv AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb cvov cÖwZ‡ekx‡K m‡PZb Kiv

wkï cvPvi BZ¨vwì kvw¯—:

avivÑ5 Abyhvqx hw` †Kvb e¨w³ cwZZve„wË, †eAvBbx ev bxwZ ewnf~©Z †Kvb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb bvix‡K we‡`k n‡Z Avbqb K‡i ev we‡`k cvPvi ev †cÖiY K‡ib| A_ev µq ev weµq K‡i ev †Kvb bvix‡K fvovq ev Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ n¯—vš—i

K‡i ev Abyiƒc †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb bvix‡K Zvi `L‡j, wR¤§vq ev †ndvR‡Z iv‡L Zvn‡j D³ e¨w³ g„Zz¨`‡Û ev hve¾xeb Kviv`‡Û ev AbwaK 20 eQi wKš‘ Aby¨b 10 eQi mkªg Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡e Ges Gi AwZwi³ A_©`‡ÛI `Ûbxq n‡e|

hw` †Kvb e¨vw³ †Kvb bvix‡K cwZZve„wË ev Ab¨ †Kvb †eAvBbx ev bxwZ ewnf~©Z Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ ev eënvi K‡i ev Zvi B”Qvi wei“‡× weevn Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i ev ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i ev cÖjyä K‡i ev dzmwj‡q †hŠb m½g Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ AcniY K‡i Zvn‡j D³ e¨vw³i hve¾xeb Kviv`Û

Bmy¨

ev 10 eQi mkªg Kviv`‡Û hv 7 erm‡ii Kg n‡e bv| `Ûbxq n‡e Ges AwZwi³ A_©`‡ÛI `Ûbxq n‡e|

hw` †Kvb e¨vw³ ‡eAvBbxfv‡e wkï Avg`vbx, ißvbx ev weµq K‡i ev hw` Avg`vbx, ißvwb ev weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb wkï‡K †Kvb e¨w³ wbR †ndvR‡Z iv‡L ev D³ D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb wkï‡K †Kvb e¨vw³i wbKU cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j D³ e¨vw³ g„Zz¨`‡Û A_ev hve¾xeb Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡e|

hw` †Kvb e¨vw³ gyw³cY Av`v‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb wkï‡K AcniY K‡i ev AvUK iv‡L Zvn‡j D³ e¨vw³ hve¾xeb Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡e|

cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva Kwi,

wbivc` Rxeb Mwo|

2.5 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: bvix I wkï cvPvi

Bmy¨



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i

Rv‡b bv

cvPvi wK? bvix I wkï‡ì AmvgvwRK ev †eAvBbx Kv‡R eënvi Kivi Rb¨ †`‡k ev we‡`‡k wewµ K‡i †`qv‡K cvPvi e‡j |

wkï cvPv‡ii kvw¯— wK?

hve¾xeb GgbwK g„Zz¨`Ê n‡Z cv‡i Aciv‡ai aiY ey‡S 10 eQi mkªg Kviv`Ê hv 7 eQ‡ii Kg n‡e bv Ges AwZwi³ A_©`‡Û `Êbxq n‡e|

cvPviKvix‡ì wb‡q wK Kv‡R eva¨ Kiv nq?

cwZZve„wË, iw¶Zv, Ak¥xj Qwe ˆZix, kix‡ii A½-cÖZ¨½ wewµ, gv`K eëmvq, D‡Ui RwK|

Kv‡ì‡K mvavibZ cvPvi Kiv nq?

`wi`ª bvix I wkï, wK‡kvix, Z¤^x, ZvjvKcÖvßv, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³v, evox cvjv‡bv wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix, PvKzixi D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖvg †_‡K Avmv gwnjv|

cvPvi e‡Ü wK Kiv ìKvi?

wkï‡ì GKv bv Qvov, AcwiwPZ KvD‡K evox‡Z Avkªq bv †`qv, AcwiwPZ Kv‡iv Lvevi bv LvIqv, †cÖ‡gi e¨vcv‡i †g‡q‡ì m‡PZb Kiv, GjvKvq m‡›`nRbK †jvK †`L‡j †LvR †bqv, mwVK Z_¨ bv †R‡b †Q‡j †g‡q‡K we‡q bv †`qv|

Bmy¨

3. cwi‡ek

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv

cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcb

cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM

Bmy¨

cvV : 3.1¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv


¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjw× Ki‡eb Ges wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†ì ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eënv‡i DØz× Ki‡eb|

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eZ©gv‡b GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| ‡ivM evjvB n‡Z gyw³ †c‡Z cÖ_‡gB ìKvi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv| GK mgx¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q Avgv‡ì †`‡k m¨vwb‡Ukb eë¯’v bv _vKvi KviY n‡”Q `yBwU: 1. `vwi`ªZv I 2. m‡PZbZvi Afve|

1. `vwi`ªZv

gvbyl Avw_©K w`K †_‡K ‡hgb Mixe nq, †Zgwb Avevi g‡bi w`K †_‡KI Mixe _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡k Ggb A‡bK †jvK Av‡Q hviv `yyÕ‡ejv †cU f‡i †L‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡m‡¶‡Î wKfv‡e ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡e? kvixwiK my¯’Zv bv _vK‡j Mixe gvbyl KL‡bvB `vwi‡`ªï `yó Pµ †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| kixi my¯’ ivLvi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv cÖ‡qvRb|

Bmy¨

ZvB Avgv‡ì my¯’ _vK‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb m¨vwb‡Ukb eë¯’v|

Amy¯’Zvi nvZ †_‡K euvP‡Z n‡j Av‡M cÖ‡qvRb my›ì cwi‡ek| Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡”Q gjg~Î ‡hLv‡b †mLv‡b Z¨vM Kivi d‡j| Avi G ‡_‡K Amy¯’ n‡”Q Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvbyl| Avµvš— n‡”Q Wvqwiqv, K‡jiv, Avgvk‡qi g‡Zv RwUj I KwVb †iv‡M | Z_¨ m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖwZw`b Wvqwiqvq Avµvš— n‡”Q 342 Rb wkï| Avi gviv hv‡”Q wkïmn cÖvq GK j¶ cwPk nvRvi gvbyl Ges G‡ì wPwKrmv eve` e¨q n‡”Q cuwPk †KvwU UvKv| G‡Z miKv‡ii A‡bK e¨q e„w× cv‡”Q| ïay ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eënvi bv Kivi d‡j cvwbevwnZ †iv‡M we‡k¦ Avgv‡ì g‡Zv †`‡ki 80% gvbyl gviv hvq|

GK Avš—©RvwZK wnmv‡e ‡`Lv †M‡Q, m¨vwbUvix †jwUªb eënvi Ki‡j hZ cvwbevwnZ †ivM Av‡Q Zvi 77% n«vm cv‡e| ZvB mKj‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z|

2.m‡PZbZvi Afve

`wi`ªZv bq, m‡PZbZvi Afv‡eB gvbyl ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb I eënvi K‡i bv| MÖv‡g A‡bK †jvK Av‡Q hviv B‡”Q Ki‡jB ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbyl Amy¯’ n‡j Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q hvq| wKš‘ Zviv Rv‡b bv, wK Rb¨ AmyL nq| Z_¨ m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k 39 fvM †jvK evB‡i gj-g~Î Z¨vM K‡i| hv‡ì cvqLvbv ‡bB 50%, †Lvjv gvV 17%, e‡b RsM‡j 15%, cÖwZ‡ekxi cvqLvbvq 12%, ‡Wvev bvjvq Ges 6% gvbyl hÎZÎ gj-g~Î Z¨vM K‡i|

Bmy¨

Dc‡ii cwimsL¨vb n‡Z eySv hv‡”Q bv †h, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbvi Afv‡e Avgv‡ì GZ †ivMe¨vwa| ZvB my¯’fv‡e euvP‡Z n‡j ¯^v¯’¨-m¤§Z cvqLvbv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †`‡ki Dbœq†bi Rb¨ mevB‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB 2010 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 100% ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb|

wbivc` cvqLvbv wK?

‡h cvqLvbvq gkv-gvwQ-KxUcZ½ BZ¨vw` Xy‡K gjg~‡Î em‡Z cv‡i bv, Ggb cvqLvbv‡K wbivc` cvqLvbv ejv nq cvqLvbvq gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡bi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q d‡j gjgyÎ Øviv cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †ivM Qov‡Z cv‡i bv Ges `~M©Ü Qovq bv Ggb cvqLvbv‡K Avgiv wbivc` cvqLvbv ewj|

wbivc` cvqLvbvi eënvi : ‡hLv‡b †mLv‡b gjZ¨vM Ki‡j Zv †_‡K †ivM Qovq|

evoxi †QvU eo mK‡jiB cvqLvbvq gjZ¨vM Kiv DwPZ| Lvwj cv‡q cvqLvbvq hv‡eb bv| †QvU eo mK‡jiB

m¨v‡Ûj eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e | wkï‡ì gj eo‡ì g‡ji PvB‡Z A‡bK

†ekx †ivM Qovq| wkï‡ì‡K cvqLvbvq gjZ¨vM Kiv †kLv‡Z n‡e|

‡QvU wkïiv cvqLvbvi evB‡i gjZ¨vM Ki‡j Zv‡ì gj m‡½ m‡½ †mLvb †_‡K cwi¯‹vi K‡i cvqLvbvq †d‡j w`‡Z n‡e|

cvqLvbv †_‡K wd‡i G‡m nvZ fvjfv‡e mvevb ev QvB w`‡q ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e |

Avcbvi evwo‡Z cvqLvbv bv _vK‡j AvRB MZ© K‡i evuk, KvV w`‡q Avcwb wb‡RB GKwU ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z wbivc` cvqLvbv ˆZix K‡i †djyb|

Bmy¨

cÖwZevi cvqLvbv eënv†ii ci h‡_ó cwigvb cvwb w`‡q cvqLvbv cwi¯‹vi Ki“b |

‡Lvjv RvqMvq gjZ¨vM Kiv ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ ¶wZKi : ‡Lvjv RvqMvq gjZ¨vM Ki‡j g‡ji Dci gvwQ e‡m Ges

cv I cvLvq K‡i Rxevby wb‡q gvwQ Lvev‡ii Dci e‡m| GB `~wlZ Lvevi †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq|

‡Lvjv RvqMvq gj Z¨vM Ki‡j e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ cyKzi, Lvj I b`xi cvwb wg‡k cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i †Zv‡j| GB `~wlZ cvwb †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq |

‡Lvjv RvqMvq cvqLvbv Ki‡j cvqLvbvq wg‡k _vKv †ivMRxevYy Avgv‡ì kix‡i Xy‡K hvq| Gfv‡e Avgv‡ì K„wg n‡Z cv‡i|

cÖwZwU evwo‡Z ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ˆZix Kiv m¤¢e evwo †_‡K GKUz `~‡i wbw`©ó GKwU ¯’v‡b MZ©

K‡i (2 dzUX6 dzU) M‡Z©i gy‡Li Dci evuk ev KvV w`‡q Ggbfv‡e †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z gvSLv‡b GKwU wQ`ª _v‡K| Ges wQ`ªwUi Dci GKwU wUb ev Kv‡Vi XvKbv ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e | `yM©Ü Kgv‡Z ev gvwQ `~‡i ivLvi Rb¨ eënv‡ii c‡i wKQyUv QvB wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges XvKbv w`‡q wQ`ªwU eÜ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

Bmy¨

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv _vbv Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awd‡m wKsev GbwRI Awd‡m Aí`v‡g cvIqv hvq|

3.1 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z ev wbivc` cvqLvbv wK?

‡h cvqLvbvq (K) gkv gvwQ, KxUcZ½u Xz‡K gjg~‡Î em‡Z cvi‡e bv, (L) gjg~‡Îi Øviv Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡e bv wKsev †ivM Qov‡e bv, (M) `~M©Ü Qov‡e bv- ZvB wbivc` cvqLvbv|

cvwbevwnZ †iv‡M kZKiv KZRb gvbyl gviv hvq?

wbivc` cvqLvbv e¨envi bv Kivi d‡j kZKiv 80 Rb †jvK gviv hvq|

†Lvjv RvqMvq gj Z¨v‡M wK ÿwZ nq?

g‡ji Dci gvwQ e‡m cv I cvLv w`‡q Rxevby G‡b Lvev‡ii Dci e‡m c‡i GB `ywlZ Lvevi †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq| Avevi e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k cyKzi, Lvj I b`xi cvwb `~wlZ K‡i GB `ywlZ Lvevi †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq|

Bmy¨

cvV: 3.2cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcb

D‡Ïk¨:


cwi‡ek Ges cwi‡ek i¶vq e„¶‡ivc‡bi ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwi‡ek `~lYgy³ ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjw× Ki‡eb Ges wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z DØz× Ki‡eb|

cwi‡e†ki fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z †ekx K‡i MvQ jvMv‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡eb|

me gvbylB cwi‡e‡ki Ask| gvbyl I RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ cwi‡ek| cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZwU Dcv`vbB G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK I mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges Giga¨ w`‡qB i¶v cvq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek gvbyl‡K k¦vm-cÖk¦v†mi Rb¨ evZvm †`q, Lv`¨-e¯¿-evm¯’v‡bi †hvMvb †`q| Av‡iv †`q cÖvK…wZK I LwbR c`v_©| GKUv mgq

Bmy¨

wQj hLb gvbyl cÖK…wZi `qvq wbf©i KiZ| wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z Ávb-weÁv‡bi weKv‡k cÖK…wZ‡K gvbyl wb‡Ri Avq‡Ë¡ wb‡q Av‡m| wkíwece e`‡j †`q gvby‡li Rxeb hvcb| ebvÂj aŸsm nq, Pvlvev‡Ì c×wZ cwiewZ©Z nq, cÖK…wZ‡K gvbyl †Lqvj LywkgZ wbqš¿Y K‡i| d‡j NU‡Z _v‡K cwi‡ek `~lY| bó n‡q hvq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨|

MÖvgxY cwievi¸‡jv Zv‡ì wbZ¨w`‡bi Rxeb cwiPvjbvq cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Avi cÖvK…wZK GB cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i g~j fywgKv bvixi| ZvB †h‡Kvb cwi‡ek `~lY I wech©‡qi cÖfve bvixi Dci me ‡_‡K †ekx| bvix cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Ask n‡q IVvq cwi‡e‡ki `~`©kvi mv‡_ bvixi `~`©kv GKvZ¥ n‡q hvq|

evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb †`k| G‡`‡ki gvbyl cÖK…wZi Dci †ekx wbf©i K‡i| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq hLb †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o ZLbB m„wó nq `~l‡Yi| †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y eb¨v, Liv, R‡jv”Q¡vm cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK wech©q cÖwZwbqZ NU‡Z _v‡K| Gi mv‡_ Avevi hy³ n‡”Q gvbe m„ó `~‡h©vM| welv³ †avqv, KjKviLvbvi eR©¨, ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e¨vcK eënvi, AcwiKwíZ bMi I wkívqb, ebvÂj aŸsm cªf„wZi cÖfve co‡Q cwi‡e‡k| DcK~jxq GjvKvq wPswo Pvl Rwg‡Z jeYv³Zv e„w× Ki‡Q| f~Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wb‡Ki gvÎvwZwi³ Dcw¯’wZ bZzb RwUjZv m„wó Ki‡Q| wewfbœ GjvKvq GLb my‡cq cvwbi msKU gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY Ki‡Q|

Bmy¨

ïay Av‡m©wbK bq, Rwg‡Z mvi KxUbvk‡Ki eënvi Lvj wej cyKz‡ii cvwb `~wlZ n‡q gv‡Qi Avevm ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q|

we‡k¦i ZvcgvÎv evo‡Q| evqy `~l†Yi d‡j AvenvIqv Pigfvevcbœ| cÖK…wZ n‡q DV‡Q A¯^vfvweK| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbemf¨Zv AvR Aw¯—‡Z¡i msK‡U c‡o‡Q|

GKB ZvcgvÎv _vK‡j AvMvgx GKkZ eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki 60 fvM mvM‡i Wy‡e hv‡e | wbwe©Pv‡i MvQ wba‡b evZv‡m DòZv ev‡o| Avi GB DòZv †_‡K Avgv‡ì GKgvÎ i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i meyR e„¶|

e„¶ gvby‡li cig eÜz| gvbyl‡K †eu‡P _vKvi me‡P‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY¸‡jvi †hvMvb †`q e„¶| e„¶ gvby‡li Lv`¨, e¯¿, Avkªq w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvB e„‡¶i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv A‡bK †ekx| e„¶ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ e„¶‡ivcb Kg©m~Px Aek¨B ìKvi| e„¶‡ivcb KvRwU we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e‡j mevB‡K e„¶‡ivcb Awfhvb Pvjv‡bv ìKvi| e„¶‡ivc‡bi ¸i“Z¡ :

e„¶ ïay cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvi fvimvg¨B eRvq iv‡L bv, cwi‡e‡ki †mŠ›`h© eû¸‡Y e„w× K‡i| MvQcvjv AwaK e„wócvZ NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| b`xi fv½b †_‡K f~-fvM‡K i¶v K‡i| e„¶ So, eb¨v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK `~‡hv©‡Mi nvZ †_‡K evmM„n‡K i¶v K‡i|

Bmy¨

KZUzKz eb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb:

GKwU †`‡ki †gvU f~-L‡Ûi kZKiv 25 fvM eb _vKv ìKvi| wKš‘ Avg‡ì †`‡k eZ©gv‡b ebf~wgi cwigvb 11 fvM| evsjv‡`‡ki eb f~wgi cwigvb nZvkvRbK| evsjv‡`‡k my›ìeb, fvIqvj eb, gaycy‡ii kvjeb wenvi, wm‡jU I PÆMvg †Rjvq cÖPzi ebf~wg Av‡Q wKš‘ e¨vcKfv‡e Ges AcwiKwíZfv‡e e‡bi MvQ KvUvq †`‡ki mvgwMÖK ebvÂj K‡g hv‡”Q| d‡j MvQcvjvi Afve †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Ges cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ webó n‡”Q|

e„¶‡ivcb †Kb Ki‡ev :

Lv‡`ï Ab¨Zg Drm n‡”Q MvQ Mv‡Qi dj gvby‡li †`‡n cyywó †RvMvq Mv‡Qi KvV †_‡K Nievox, AvmevecÎ, †bŠKv, Mvox,

UªvK, w÷gvi, jÂ BZ¨vw` ˆZix nq MvQ ‡_‡K Avgiv

Rxebi¶vKvix Aw·‡Rb cvB

AvenvIqvi fvimvg¨ i¶vq Mv‡Qi DcKvwiZv me‡P‡q †ekx

MvQ †_‡K 12 j¶ †gwÆK Ub R¡vjvwb KvV †c‡q _vwK

cïcvwLi Rxeb aviY wbf©i K‡i e„‡¶i Dci `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ e„¶‡ivcb Kiv nq

Bmy¨

cwic~Y© I cwiYZ MvQ weµq Ki‡j A_© cvIqv hvq

e„¶ i¶vq KiYxq:

mKj †kªYxi gvbyl‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| AcÖ‡qvR‡b MvQ KvUv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| A‰ea ‡PvivPvjvb eÜ Kivi Rb¨ eb msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v‡K

Av‡iv †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

e„¶ wbab I cÖwZKvi :

e„¶ Avgv‡ì Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡jI bvbv Kvi‡Y Zv †K‡U †djv n‡”Q| cÖvK…wZK R¡vjvwbi Afve, nvRvi nvRvi B‡Ui fvUv †cvov‡bv, wecyj Rb‡Mvwôi R¡vjvwb I Avmevec‡Îi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv, †PvivPvjvb cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì ebR m¤ú` bó n‡q hv‡”Q| GKwU MvQ KvU‡j Ab¨ MvQ jvMv‡bv nq bv| GKwU MvQ KvU‡j `kwU MvQ jvMv‡Z n‡e| ÔaŸsm bq m„wóÕ GB g‡bvfve wb‡q cÖwZwU gvbyl‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| †hfv‡e e„¶ KvUv n‡”Q GBfv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡j AvMvgx K‡qK hy‡Mi g‡a¨ †`k Dò gi“f~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| DòZv e„w× †c‡j c„w_exi Rgv‡bv eid Mj‡Z _vK‡e| G‡Z Avgv‡ì gZ †`‡ki bxPz GjvKv mvM‡i nvwi‡q hv‡e|

ZvB †`k‡K euvPv‡Z n‡j e„¶‡ivcb Kg©m~Pxi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg|

Bmy¨

3.2 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcb



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


cwi‡ek wKfv‡e `ywlZ nq?

welv³ †auvqv, KjKviLvbvi eR©¨, ivmvqwbK mv‡ii AwZ eënvi, AcwiKwíZ bMi, ebvÂj aŸsm, wPswo Pvl BZ¨vw`|

‡ekx K‡i MvQ jvMv‡eb †Kb?

Lv‡`ï Drm, cywói †hvMvb †`q, Ni evwo Avmeve ˆZix Kiv hvq, Aw·‡Rb cvIqv hvq, cïcvwLi Avkªq, `y‡h©vM †gvKvwejv Kiv hvq, Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb nIqv hvq|

e„¶‡ivc‡bi ¸i“Z¡ ejyb?

e„¶ cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvi fvimvg¨ eRvq iv‡L| AwaK e„wócvZ NUvq, b`xi fv½b †iva K‡i, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

‡`‡k KZUzKz eb _vKv ìKvi?

f~-L‡Ûi 25 fvM|

Bmy¨

cvV : 3.3cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM

D‡Ïk¨:


`y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb

`y‡h©v‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges `y‡h©vMc~e©, `y‡h©vMKvjxb I `y‡h©vM cieZx© KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb

`y‡h©v‡M wKfv‡e †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z nq wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i ‡kLv‡Z cvi‡eb|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k Dò gÛjxq AÂ‡ji Aš—f©~³| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ evsjv‡`k we‡kl `ywU cwiP‡q cwiwPZ| cÖ_gwU n‡jv `vwi`ª¨ I AwaK RbmsL¨v Ges wØZxqwU n‡jv cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M| cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M

Bmy¨

h_v: So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v, Liv ev b`xfv½b BZ¨vw` cÖwZ eQiB Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì wecyj ¶wZmvab K‡i| `w¶‡Y mywekvj mgy`,ª DË‡i m‡e©v”P ce©Zgvjv, G `yÕ‡qi gv‡S Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k GB me cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM msNwUZ nq|

hwÌ GB me cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wbg©~j Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e mycwiKwíZ cÖkgb eë¯’v I DbœZ ai‡bi cÖ¯‘wZi gva¨‡g `y‡h©v‡Mi weiƒc djvdj n«vm Kiv m¤¢e| `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ì h‡_ó KiYxq i‡q‡Q| Gme cvjb Ki‡j Rvbgv‡ji ¶q-¶wZ n«vm Ges `ª“Z cybe©vmb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i |

`y‡hv©M wK ?

`y‡hv©M n‡jv cÖK…wZ ev gvbyl m„ó Ggb AcÖZ¨vwkZ, Abwf‡cÖZ I wec`RbK Ae¯’v hv Rb Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK Pjv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i|

`y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv wK?

`y‡hv©M cÖwZ‡iva †gvKv‡ejv Ges ¶q-¶wZ n«v‡mi Rb¨ M„nxZ cwiKíbv, cÖ¯‘wZ, †gvKvwejv Ges `y‡hv©M cieZ©x cyYe©vmb GB mg¯— Kg©KvÛ‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e ejv nq `y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv|

`y‡hv©M cÖeY GjvKvq †h mg¯— `y‡hv©M cÖkgb I cÖZ¨vwkZ `y‡hv©M mg~‡ni ‡gvKvwejvq †h me cÖ¯—wZ gyjK c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K, mvaviYZ Zv‡K cÖvK-`y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv ejv nq|

`y‡hv©M KZ cÖKvi :

K) cÖK…wZ m„ó `y‡h©vM| †hgb: mvB‡K¬vb, eb¨v, f‚wgK¤ú BZ¨vw`|

Bmy¨

L) gvbe m„ó `y‡h©vM| †hgb: hy×, bvMwiK msNvZ, mš¿vm, `v½v-nv½vgv BZ¨vw`|

evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡hv©M mg~n :

U‡b©‡Wv:

GwU mvaviYZ MÖx®§Kvj n‡Z el©vKvj Ges el©vKvj n‡Z kxZKv‡j N‡U _v‡K| U‡b©‡Wvi Kvi‡Y †h me ¶wZ mvab nq Zv n‡jv cÖvYnvwb, evwo-Ni I cï-m¤ú` bó nq BZ¨vw`|

U‡b©‡Wv †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ evwoi Avw½bvq, Av‡k-cv‡k fvix wRwbmcÎ, KvV, wUb, Pv‡li hš¿cvwZ, †jvnv BZ¨vw` †Lvjv RvqMvq Qwo‡q wQwU‡q ivLv DwPr bq| evwoi KvQvKvwQ MvQcvjvi Wvj †K‡U I †Q‡U evwo‡K gy³ K‡i ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|

eb¨v:

evsjv‡`k GKwU e-Øxc nIqv‡Z Gi ga¨ w`‡q wZbwU eo b`x e‡q ‡M‡Q| elv©Kv‡j GB me b`xi Drmmg~n ‡_‡K A_©vr fviZ I †bcvj n‡Z †h cvwb cÖevwnZ nq Ges †`‡k †h e„wócvZ nq Zv enb K‡i e‡½vcmvM‡i wb‡q hvIqv GB b`x¸‡jvi c‡¶ `ytmva¨ n‡q c‡o| d‡j eb¨v nq|

eb¨v wbqwš¿Z GjvKvq evua †f‡½ eb¨v n‡j ¶q¶wZi gvÎv A‡bK e¨vcK I my`~i cÖmvix nq| eb¨vgy³ GjvKv nIqvq

Bmy¨

RbMY eb¨vi Rb¨ cÖ¯—Z _v‡K bv Ges Rxeb hvÎvq e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡m| d‡j eb¨vq ¶q¶wZi cwigvb †e‡o hvq| AZGe euva ˆZixi cvkvcvwk euva i¶Yv‡e¶Y, euv‡ai `~e©j RvqMv wPwýZKiY I cwiPh©v Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b euv‡ai †cQ‡b mnvqK euva wbg©v‡Y miKvix, †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk RbMY‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

mvB‡K¬vb R‡jv”Q¡vm:

FZz cwieZ©‡bi mgq evqy mgy`ª †mªvZ ZvcgvÎv ZviZg¨ Ges evZv‡mi NbZ¡ Kvi‡Y GUv fviZ gnvmvMi I e‡½vcmvM‡i msNwUZ nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb: e‡½vcmvM‡i Lvoxi g‡a¨ nIqvq mvgyw`ªK wbgœPvc ZxiMvgx nIqvi cÖeYZv _v‡K|

R‡jv”Q¡vm N~wY©S‡oi mnhvÎx A_©vr N~wY©So n‡j R‡jv”Q¡vm nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| mvaviYZ: N~wY©So Qvov R‡jv”Q¡vm nq bv| †h N~wY©S‡o R‡jv”Q¡vm Kg †m N~wY©S‡o g„Zz¨ wKsev aŸs‡mi cwigvb Kg| Kv‡RB R‡jv”Q¡v‡m Rxeb euvPv‡bvi c_ Ges Zv wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© †R‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| N~wY©So Avkªq‡K›`ª Ges DuPz ¯’v‡b bvix, wkï, Mevw` cï I e„×‡`i‡K gnvwec` ms‡KZ ‡kvbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| cvwb‡Z fv‡m Ges hv Rxeb i¶vq mvnvh¨ K‡i Ggb fvmgvb e¯‘ evox‡Z ivL‡Z n‡e|

Liv:

Livi KviY nj fvi‡Z ïKbv †gŠmy‡g cvwb cÖev‡ni wefvRb Kiv, eb DRvo, b`xi bve¨Zv n«vm ev el©vKv‡ji cvwb aviY ¶gZv n«vm BZ¨vw`| Livi d‡j K…lK‡`i Rxeb Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU `xN©†gqv`x ‡bwZevPK cªfve c‡o|

Bmy¨

mgqgZ †mP I Pvlvev` c×wZi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Liv cÖwZnZ Kiv hvq| Liv cÖeY GjvKvq wfbœZvi Dci I K…l‡Ki AwfÁZv jä Áv‡bi Av‡jv‡K mwVK †mP c×wZ MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Liv cÖeY GjvKvq Av‡M _vK‡Z †m‡Pi mKj cª¯‘wZ I cÖhyw³ msMÖ‡n ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z k‡mï cvwbi Pvwn`v h_vmg‡q c~iY Kiv hvq|

gnvgvix:

‡h †Kvb `y‡h©v‡Mi (eb¨v, Liv R‡jv”Q¡vm) ci `~wlZ cvwbi Kvi‡Y K‡jiv Ges Wvqwiqv gnvgvix AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q| hwÌ m‡PZbZvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q g„Zz¨nvi A‡bK Kgv‡bv m¤¢e| GQvov e¨vcKfv‡e m¨vjvBb evbv‡bv Ges evRviRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cvwb k~b¨Zv †iva Kiv hvq| Z_vwc el©v †gŠmy‡g Ges eb¨v †k‡l cvwb †b‡g †M‡j g„Zzï nvi h‡_ó †ewk Ges me mgqB G¸‡jvi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U|

g¨v‡jwiqv:

†`‡k †h †h ¯’v‡b eb-R½j Av‡Q †mLv‡b g¨v‡jwiqvi cÖ‡Kvc I cÖv`yf©ve †ewk| mvaviYZ el©v †gŠmy‡gi Av‡M I c‡i Gi cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv †`q|

Av‡m©wbK :

Av‡m©wbK GK ai‡bi wel, hv mivmwi cvb ev †meb Ki‡j g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ| †`‡ki GK weivU AÂj a‡i Ges f‚Mf©¯’ R‡j Av‡m©wb‡Ki cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvq we‡kl K‡i wUDeI‡q‡ji R‡j Gi cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvq gvby‡li wewfbœ †ivM †`Lv w`‡”Q Ges Gi Rb¨ g„ZzÏ N‡U| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z fwel¨‡Z AviI fqven Ae¯’v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

evqy`~lY :

Bmy¨

wk‡ívbœZ †`‡ki g‡Zv evqy`~lY mviv we‡k¦i Rb¨ GKwU eo ûgwK| kn‡ii †auvqv hvbevn‡bi Kv‡jv †auvqv, eR© c`v_©, evqy`~lY GRb¨ we‡klfv‡e `vqx|

f‚wgK¤c :

evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb f‚wgK¤ccÖeb GjvKvq| evsjv‡`‡k AZx‡Z g„`y I gvSvwi ai‡bi K¤cb n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k GB kZvwãi †k‡l AvKv‡ii f‚wgK¤ccªeb GjvKvq cwiYZ n‡e e‡j we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib| f~wgK‡¤úi ¶q¶wZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ evox ˆZixi Av‡M H AÂ‡ji f~-ZvwË¡K Ae¯’v, GKwUf dë, f~wgi MVb BZ¨vw`i e¨vcv‡i †LuvR wbb| f~wgaŸm AÂ‡j evox ˆZixi c~‡e© evoxi b·v-cÖ‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ †nvb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Z…Zxq c‡¶i gva¨‡g Gme cix¶v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

f‚wgaŸm :

f‚wgaŸm cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb wech©q| evsjv‡`‡ki 3wU †Rjv cvnvwo GjvKvq| †mLv‡b A‡bK cvnvwo wUjvI i‡q‡Q| ZvB Gme GjvKvq f‚wgaŸ‡mi Avk¼v A‡bK| f‚wgaŸm AvMvgx‡Z AviI evo‡e| ebf‚wg DRvo n‡”Q| cvnvo ev wUjv AÂ‡ji gvwU w`‡q †QvU wbæ f‚wg fivU Kiv n‡”Q| d‡j f‚wgaŸm evo‡Q|

b`xfvsMb :

b`xfv½b KewjZ GjvKvq Ggbfv‡e Ni-evox ˆZix Kiv DwPr hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mn‡R GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b mwi‡q c~bwb©gvb Kiv hvq| fv½bcÖeY ev fv½‡bi SuywK Av‡Q Ggb RvqMvq ¯’vqx cvKv KvVv‡gv ev feb wbg©vY Kiv DwPr bq|

Bmy¨

`y‡h©v‡Mi cÖev‡n Kx nq :

1. Rxeb nvwb2. AvNvZ/¶Z/Amvg_©¨Zv3. AZ¨vekKxq Lv`¨ k‡m¨i

¶wZ4. m¤cwË aŸsm5. M„ncvwjZ cï-cvwLi

¶wZ6. Rxeb hvc‡bi ¯’weiZv7. euvPvi c_/PvKzwi nviv‡bv8. emev‡mi Ae¯’v ev cwi‡ek e¨vnZ Kiv|9. Rxe‡bi mv‡_ ‡h me †mev cÖwZôvb RwoZ †hgb-

nvmcvZvj, LvIqvi cvwb, cqtwb®‹vkb, we`y¨r, R¡vjvwb, mieivn Kvh©µg aŸsm Ges e¨vnZ K‡i|

10.mvgvwRK I gb¯—vwË¡K Pvc evovq|11.¯’vbxq I RvZxq AeKvVv‡gv aŸsm K‡i|12.Pjgvb Dbœqb cÖ‡Póv e¨nZ K‡i|13.A_©‰bwZK cðvrc`Zv, ¶zav evovq hv Acywó

e‡q Av‡b|14.MÖvg n‡Z RbMY kn‡i Av‡m|

`y‡h©vM c~e©eZx c`‡¶cmg~n :

evwo‡Z wbqwgZ AvenIqv evZ©v ïbvi Rb¨ †iwWI msMÖn Kiv Ges AwZwi³ e¨vUvwi gRy` ivLyb|

Avcbvi evwo‡Z †Kvb GKUv wbw`©ó ¯’vb wPwýZ K‡i ivLyb| †hLv‡b Ri“wi Lv`¨, Lvevi cvwb, w`qvkjvB ev·, †gvgevwZ BZ¨vw` gvwUi wb‡P cuy‡Z ivLv hvq|

`~ieZx© Pi GjvKvq I Mfxi mgy‡`ª PjvPjKvix †R‡j †bŠKvmn mg¯— †bŠhv‡b UªvbwR÷vi †iwWI I

Bmy¨

jvBdeq ivLyb Ges wbqwgZ AvenvIqv evZ©v ïbyb|

muvZvi KvUv Ges Mv‡Q DVvi †KŠkjvw` fvjfv‡e AvqË Ki“b| cÖ‡qvRb gyn~‡Z© AwZ mn‡R wfRv Mv‡Q DVvi Rb¨ `woi gB evwb‡q ivLyb|

jvBd R¨v‡KU, jvBdeq, Mvwoi cyiv‡bv Uvqvi I evqyfwZ© wUDe, cvw÷‡Ki Wªvg BZ¨vw` evwo‡Z msi¶Y Ki“b|

AcmviY wb‡`©k †c‡j †Kv_vq Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡eb, Zv wVK K‡i ivLyb|

AvmevecÎ, hš¿cvwZ, wUb BZ¨vw` fvjfv‡e †MvQv‡bv Ae¯’vq N‡ii wfZ‡i ivLyb| KviY cÖej evZv‡m D‡o G¸‡jv gvby‡li ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

gvwU †d‡j evwoi wfUv DuPz Ki“b| bZzb evwo ˆZwii mgq evwoi wfUv DuPz Kivi Dci ¸i“Z¡ w`b|

`y‡h©vM mgqKvjxb c`‡¶c :

†iwWI‡Z cÖPvwiZ AvenvIqv evZ©v wbqwgZ ïbyb|

wew”Qbœ Pi GjvKv †_‡K mZ¡i wbivc` ¯’v‡b P‡j Avmyb|

evwoi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvRbgZ wPov, gywo, Pvj, Wvj, Lvevi cvwb, K‡qKwU bvwi‡Kj, w`qvkjvB ev·, †gvgevwZ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cvÎ I cvwb wb‡ivaK e¨v‡M ‡i‡L 2 nvZ MZ© K‡i gvwUi wb‡P cyu‡Z ivLyb|

gwnjviv gv_vi Pz‡ji †ebx A_ev †Luvcv euvayb Ges UzKiv Kvco w`‡q gv_vi Pzj †eu‡a ivLyb|

†R‡j †bŠKvmn mKj †bŠhvb DcK‚‡ji KvQvKvwQ wbivc` ¯’v‡b wb‡q Avmyb|

Avkªq ‡K‡›`ª hvIqvi Rb¨ wkï, e„× I Amy¯’ e¨w³‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ Ki“b|

Bmy¨

Avkªq ‡K‡›`ª hvIqvi c~‡e© Mevw` cïi euvab †Q‡o w`b|

evwo‡Z we`y¨r ms‡hvM _vK‡j Avkªq †K‡›`ª hvIqvi c~‡e© †gBb myBP eÜ K‡i w`b|

j¶¨ ivLyb †KD †hb Avkªq †K‡›`ªi †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b gjg~Î Z¨vM bv K‡i Ges mevB †hb ¯^v¯’¨ wewa †g‡b P‡j|

`y‡h©vM cieZx© c`‡¶cmg~n :

Avcbvi g‡bvej AUzU ivLyb| Ni-Pvcv cov, Mv‡Qi Wv‡j AvU‡K cov cvwb‡Z

fvmgvb †jvK‡`i D×vi Ki“b| iv¯—v-NvU I evwoN‡ii AvwObvq Qov‡bv

wQUv‡bv KvV, wUb, †jvnv fv½v, MvQcvjv BZ¨vw` mwi‡q †djyb|

AvnZ †jvKR‡bi †mev Ki“b Ges cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv w`b|

†¯^PQv‡meK I Kg©x`j‡K mvnvh¨ Ki“b| wb‡Ri Nievwo †givgZ Ki“b Ges Nievwo †givg‡Z

Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ Ki“b| N~wY©S‡oi mv‡_ R‡jv”Q¡vm cvweZ GjvKvq

†Kv‡bv cyKzi, K‚c BZ¨vw`i cvwb cvb Ki‡eb bv| gvwUi wb‡P cyu‡Z ivLv mwÂZ cvwb †ei K‡i cvb

Ki“b| cvwb dzwU‡q cvb Ki“b A_ev weï×KiY ewo cvwbi

cv‡Î w`‡q Kgc‡¶ GKNÈv c‡i †mB cvwb cvb Ki“b|

Bmy¨

3.3 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


`~‡h©vM wK? cÖK…wZ ev gbyl¨ m„ó AcÖZ¨vwkZ,wec`RbK Ae¯’v hv RbRxeb‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Pjv e¨vnZ K‡i|

cÖK…wZ m„ó `y‡h©vM wK?

mvB‡K¬vb, f~wgK¤ú, eb¨v, Liv, b`xfv½b|

`y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j wK ¶wZ nq?

Rxeb nvwb, Lv‡`¨i Afve, m¤úwË bó, mvgvwRK I gvbwmK Pvc ev‡o, Avw_©K AbUb †`Lv †`q|

`y‡h©v‡Mi nvZ †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z wK Kiv DwPr?

`y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv Ges `y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M I c‡i wK KiYxq Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv ivLv|

Bmy¨

cvV : 4.1Rb¥ wbeÜb

D‡Ïk¨ t


Rb¥wbeÜ‡bi cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

wbR cwievi, AvZ¥xq I cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i wkï Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j Rb¥ wbeÜb Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥ wbeÜb cÖwZwU wkïi Rb¥MZ AwaKvi| RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb‡` R‡b¥i ciciB wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb wbwðZ Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| 1873 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ wbeÜb AvBb Abymv‡i GKwU wkï R‡b¥i 8 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK|

Bmy¨

cÖwZwU wkïi AwaKvi myi¶vi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q Zvi Rb¥ wbeÜb Kiv| wkkyi Rb¨ mKj AvBb I wewaweavb h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mwVK eqm wba©vib LyeB cÖ‡qvRb|

GKRb wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi d‡j Zvi mwVK eqm wba©vib QvovI ‡m Av‡iv eû myweav cv‡e| Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï cv‡e iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ| evsjv‡`‡k wkï m¤úwK©Z AvB‡b wkï AwaKvi i¶vq ivóª `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †`‡k wkkyi Rb¥ wbeÜb n‡jv wkï‡`i ¯’vqx cvwievwiK cwiwPwZ| Avi Rb¥ wbeÜb mb` n‡”Q †`‡ki gvby‡li GKwU AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZcÎ|

evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥ wbeÜb AvB‡bi AvIZvq BDwbqb cwil`, †cŠimfv I K¨v›Ub‡g›U †evW© Rb¥ wbeÜb Kivi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡cÖvß| 2004 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i mKj wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q|Rb¥ wbeÜb bv Kivq Amyweavmg~n:Rb¥ wbeÜb bv nevi d‡j cvPvi nIqv wkï Zv‡`i wbR †`k, Ni, Avkªq Ges bvMwiKZ¡ †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| Rb¥ wbeÜb bv n‡j †fvUvi wn‡m‡e mwVK mg‡q bvg Aš—f©~w³ nq bv, PvKzixi eqmmxgv wba©vib mgm¨v nq, we‡`‡k cov‡kvbvq mgm¨v nq, †`‡ki bvMwiK wn†m‡e cÖgvY Kiv hvq bv, ¯‹z‡j mwVK mg‡q fwZ© Kiv‡bv hvq bv Ges evj¨weevn ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|

Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi DcKvwiZv :

Bmy¨

RvZxqZv I bvMwiKZ¡ cÖgvY evj¨ weevn †iva m¤¢e wkï kªg mn‡R eÜ Kiv hvq wK‡kvi wePvi eë¯’vq wkï‡ì †¶‡Î AvPiY wbwðZ Kiv

hvq mwVK RbmsL¨v wba©vi‡Yi d‡j ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v

BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †mev cwiKíbv MÖnY m¤¢e nq wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ eqm evov‡bv-Kgv‡bvi cÖeYZv ‡iva

Kiv hvq wkï AwaKvi msi¶‡b AvBbMZ mnvqZv †c‡Z, †hgb

¯‹z‡j fwZ©, cvm‡cvU© cvIqv, †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvg †jLv‡bv, ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvIqv, weevn, m¤úwË weµq I DËivwaKvi wVK Ki‡Z Rb¥ mb` cÖ‡qvRb

PvKzixi eqmmxgv wba©viY Kiv hvq|

wW‡m¤î 2008-Gi ci eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Rb¥wbeÜb mb` 16wU †mev cÖvwß‡Z cÖ‡qvRb n‡e-cvm‡cvU© ˆZix weevn †iwR‡óªkb wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© PvKix‡Z wb‡qvM WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ ˆZix †fvUvi ZvwjKv ˆZix Rwg ‡iwRwóª e¨vsK wnmve †LvjvAvg`vbx ißvbx jvB‡mÝ Ki‡Z M¨vm, cvwb, we`y¨r I †dvb ms‡hvM †c‡Zevoxi bKkv Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z wVKv`vix jvB‡mÝevox †iwRwóª‡UªW jvB‡mÝRvZxq cwiPq cÎ U¨v· cwiwPwZ b¤î

Rb¥ wbeÜb wKfv‡e nq:wkïi wcZv-gvZv ev AwffveK wb‡R A_ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv gva¨‡g 6 (Qq) eQi ch©š— eqmx wkïi Z_¨ wba©vwiZ di‡g wjwce× K‡i Zv mivmwi BDwbqb cwil` ev †cŠimfvq Rgv w`‡Z nq| †Pqvig¨vb Z`‡š—i gva¨‡g

Bmy¨

mZ¨Zv hvPvB K‡i Av‡e`b cÖvwßi 10 Kg© wè‡mi g‡a¨ wbeÜb w`‡Z cv‡ib|

6 eQ‡ii D‡aŸ© hv‡ì eqm Zviv Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡j BDwbqb miKvix ¯^v¯’¨ wK¬wb‡Ki †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi A_ev miKvix GgweweGm Wv³vi Av‡e`bKvixi eqm m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn di‡gi wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b cÖZ¨qb Ki‡eb Ges mswkó IqvW© †g¤^vi Av‡e`bKvixi Rb¥¯’vb m¤ú‡K© di‡gi wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b cÖZ¨qb Ki‡eb| AZ:ci BDwc/ †cŠi †Pqvig¨vb wkï Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi Av‡`k w`‡eb| Rb¥ wbeÜxKiY Kg©m~wP‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv wefv‡Mi gvVKgx© I BDwc †PŠwK`vi /`dv`vi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi KwZcq mvaviY wbqg : cÖ‡Z¨‡K Rb¥ wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e ‡hLv‡b Rb¥ †mB ¯’v‡bi BDwbqb A_ev †cŠimfvq

wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e 6 eQi ch©š— wcZvÑgvZvi †`qv Z_¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ wcZvi cwiPq Rvbv bv _vK‡j gvZvi cwiP‡q Rb¥

wbeÜb Kiv hv‡e RgR ev”Pvi †¶‡Î 2wU c„_K wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e wbeÜ‡bi c~‡e© wkïi g„Zz¨ n‡j Rb¥ wbeÜb K‡i

g„Zz¨ wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e Rb¥ mb‡` fyj n‡j 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wd Qvov ms‡kvab

Kiv hv‡e h_v mg‡q Rb¥ wbeÜb I mb‡ì Rb¨ †Kvb wd w`‡Z nq

bv Wywc‡KU I Bs‡iRx Rb¥ mb` wb‡Z miKvi wba©vwiZ

wd w`‡Z nq

Bmy¨

eqm ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡j BDwbqb cwil‡ì †ejvq Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi Ges †cŠimfvi †¶‡Î †Rjv g¨vwR‡óª‡Ui wjwLZ Av‡`k cÖ‡qvRb wKš‘ eqm 10(`k) eQi c~Y© n‡j †Kvb Kg©KZ©v Av‡`k w`‡Z cvi‡eb bv|

Av‡e`bKvix Rb¥ mb` PvB‡j Av‡e`‡bi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ KZ„©c¶ Zv w`‡Z eva¨| Ab¨_vq wej‡¤î KviY Av‡e`bKvix‡K wjwLZfv‡e Rvbv‡Z n‡e|

4.1 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: Rb¥ wbeÜb

cÖkœ DËiDËi`vZ

vi msL¨v


cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i

Rv‡b bv

Rb¥ wbeÜb Kivi myweav wK?

RvZxqZv I bvMwiK‡Z¡i cÖgvY, wkïkªg I evj¨ weevn eÜ, PvKzixi eqmmxgv wba©vib, cvm‡cvU© †c‡Z Rwg µq weµq, †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvg †jLv, ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cvIqv BZ¨vw`

wKfv‡e Rb¥ wbeÜb Ki‡Z nq ?

wkïi wcZv-gvZv ev AwffveK A_ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv gva¨‡g 6 eQi ch©š— eqmx wkïi Z_¨ di‡g wj‡L BDwbqb cwil` ev †cŠimfvq Rgv w`‡Z n‡e|

Rb¥ wbeÜ‡bi d‡j KqwU †mev cvIqv hv‡e?

16wU †mev|

KLb †_‡K eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Rb¥ mb`

2008 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv†mi ci †_‡K|

Bmy¨

jvM‡e?

cvV : 4.2evj¨ weevn I eû weevn

D‡Ïk¨:


evj¨ weevn I eû weev‡ni Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb

evj¨ weevn I eû weev‡n wb‡R‡`i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb

G †_‡K wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i gv‡S evj¨ weevn I eû weevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Bmy¨

hw` †Kv‡bv mvevjK cyi“l †Kvb bvevjK †g‡q‡K, †Kvb bvevjK †Q‡j ‡Kvb mvevjK †g‡q‡K we‡q K‡i A_ev †Q‡j †g‡q `yÕRbB bvevjK bvevwjKv nq Zv‡KB evj¨ weevn e‡j| A_©vr 18 eQ‡ii bx‡P ‡Kv‡bv †g‡qi Ges 21 eQ‡ii bx‡P †Kv‡bv †Q‡ji we‡q n‡jB Zv‡K evj¨ weevn e‡j|

evj¨ weev‡ni Amyweavmg~n :

kixi †f‡½ hvq (¯^v¯’¨ bó nq)

¯^vgx-¯¿xi wfZi wgjwgk nq bv

Aí eq‡mB msmv‡ii †evSv gv_vq c‡o

¯^vgx-¯¿xi m¤úK© eyS‡Z cv‡i bv

k¦ïi, kvïoxi mgv`i eyS‡Z cv‡i bv

Aí eq‡m Nb Nb mš—vb nq

gv I wkï cywónxbZvq †fv‡M

SMov ev cvwicvwk¦©K Akvwš— †j‡M _v‡K

Zvjv‡Ki msL¨v ev‡o

eû weevn e„w× cvq

evj¨ weev‡ni kvw¯— :

GKgvm †gqv` ch©š— webvkªg Kviv`Û wKsev GK nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv A_ev Dfq `ÛB n‡Z cv‡i| G kvw¯— evj¨weevnKvix, weevn m¤úbœKvix Ges Awffve‡Ki †¶‡ÎI

Bmy¨

cÖ‡hvR¨| hviv weevn Av‡qvR‡b RwoZ _vK‡e Zv‡ì †¶‡ÎI GB kvw¯— cÖ‡hvR¨| G AvB‡b msNwUZ Aciva m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡cB †dŠR`vix Aciva| myZivs wbtm‡›`‡n Gi wePvi c×wZ †dŠR`vix Kvh©wewai Aaxb AbyaŸ© 6 gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`Û †hvM¨ Aciva¸wji welq msw¶ß c×wZ‡Z AbywôZ n‡e| G Rb¨ evj¨weevn wb‡iva AvB‡bi Aax‡b †Kv‡bv Aciva msNwUZ n‡j Gi wePvi †dŠR`vix wewa AvB‡bi 260 (K) avivi AvIZvf~³ n‡e|

evj¨ weevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq:

cÖwZwU wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e| GjvKvi MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³, †Pqvig¨vb I †g¤î‡ì‡K

Rvbv‡Z n‡e| AwffveK‡ì Dci mvgvwRK Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| evj¨ weevn †iv‡a KvRx I Bgvg‡ì `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b

mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e| evj¨weevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a AwffveK‡ì ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv

m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡Z n‡e| ‡Kv_vI evj¨ weevn msNwUZ n‡j mswkó GjvKvi nxW

evsjv‡`k Awd‡m Rvbv‡Z n‡e|

eû weevn¯¿x eZ©gvb _vKv Ae¯’vq cybivq we‡q Kiv‡K eû weevn e‡j| Bmjvg ag© eû weevn‡K wbwl× K‡iwb| Z‡e eû weevn‡K kZ©hy³ K‡i‡Q|

Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z eû weev‡ni kZ©¸‡jv n‡jv :

‡mœn-fvjevmvi w`K †_‡K mKj ¯¿x‡K GKB `„wó‡Z †`L‡Z n‡e|

mKj ¯¿xi mv‡_ mgvb eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Bmy¨

mKj‡K mgvbfv‡e fiY‡cvlb w`‡Z n‡e|

mvaviY gvby‡li c‡¶ a‡g©i GB me kZ© cvjb K‡i eû weevn Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB ejv hvq ag© eûweevn‡K wbi“rmvwnZ K‡i‡Q|

eûweev‡ni Lvivc w`K¸‡jv:

msmv‡i LiP e„w× cvq msmv‡i Afve †`Lv †`q RbmsL¨v ev‡o msmv‡i Akvwš— e„w× cvq msmv‡i †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì mwVKfv‡e jvjb cvjb Kiv

hvq bv ¯^vgx-¯¿xi mym¤úK© _v‡K bv msmv‡i wnsmv †e‡o hvq|

eûweev‡ni wbqg:

1. eZ©gvb ¯¿xi wjwLZ AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e, 2. ¯^vgx‡K BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU wØZxq we‡qi AbygwZ †P‡q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e, 3. ‡Pqvig¨vb Dfq c‡¶i cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡q mvwjkx cwil` MVb Ki‡eb|

mvwjkx cwil` eûweev‡ni KviY ev †hŠw³KZv hvPvB Ki‡eb| A_©vr ¯¿x mš—vb Rb¥`v‡b, mvsmvwiK I `v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b A¶g wKbv †`L‡eb| Dc‡iv³ AbygwZ cÎ e‡j ¯^vgx eû weevn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

eû weev‡ni kvw¯— :

mvwjkx cwil‡ì AbygwZ Qvov eû weevn msMwVZ n‡j 1 (GK) ermi ch©š— webvkªg Kviv`Û A_ev

Bmy¨

10,000 (`k nvRvi) UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv A_ev Dfq `‡Û `wÛZ n‡e|

eû weevn †iv‡a KiYxq :

we‡q†Z †iwR‡óªkb Kivi Rb¨ mevB‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|

eû weev‡n wbi“rmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

evj¨ weevn I †hŠZzK †jb‡`b eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

‡g‡q‡ì wkw¶Z I ¯^vej¤^x K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|

4.2 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: evj¨ weevn I eû weevn

cÖkœ DËiDËi`vZvi

msL¨v


cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU

G‡Kev‡i Rv‡b

bv

evj¨ weevn wK? 18 eQ‡ii bx‡P †g‡q A_ev 21 eQ‡ii bx‡P †Q‡ji we‡q‡K evj¨ weevn e‡j|

evj¨ weev‡ni kvw¯— wK wK?

GKgvm †Rj ev 1000UvKv Rwigvbv A_ev Dfq `Ê n‡Z cv‡i|

evj¨ weev‡ni d‡j wK ÿwZ nq?

¯^v¯’¨ bó, SMov Akvw¯—, NbNb mš—vb, gv I wkïi Acywó, eû weevn e„w×, Zvjv‡Ki msL¨v e„w×|

eû weev‡ni Kzdj wK ?

msmv‡i LiP e„w×, Akvw¯— ev‡o, Afve †`Lv †`q, RbmsL¨v e„w×|

eû weev‡ni kvw¯— wK wK?

mvwjkx cwil‡ì AbygwZ Qvov eû weevn Ki‡j 1 ermi †Rj ev 10000 UvKv

Bmy¨

Rwigvbv ev Dfq `Ê n‡Z cv‡i|

eû weev‡ni nvZ †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z wK Kiv DwPr?

‡iwR‡óªkb Qvov we‡q bv Kiv,evj¨ weevn I †hŠZzK eÜ Kiv, †g‡q‡`i wkw¶Z I ¯^vejw¤^ Kiv|

cvV : 4.3‡hŠZzK

D‡Ïk¨:


‡hŠZz‡Ki Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

‡hŠZzK †jb‡`b Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡eb|

‡hŠZzK cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

‡hŠZzK GKwU AgvbweK mvgvwRK KzcÖ_v| GB cÖ_vi AvIZvq weevn Kv‡j Kb¨vi gvZv-wcZv Øviv eic¶‡K bM` A_© I g~j¨evb `ªe¨ mvgMÖx, †hgb-¯^Y©vjsKvi, wUwf, d«xR BZ¨vw` cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖ“wZ‡K †evSvq| †hŠZzK‡K cYcÖ_vI ejv P‡j|

Bmy¨

‡Kv‡bv weev‡ni ei ev e‡ii wcZv-gvZv ev cÖZ¨¶fv‡e weev‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ ei c‡¶i Ab¨ ‡KD weev‡ni mgq ev Zrc~‡e© ev êevwnK m¤úK© _vKvKv‡j weevn w¯’i ev AUzU ivLvi k‡Z© weev‡ni cY wnmv‡e K‡b c‡¶i wbKU `vexK…Z A_©, mvgMÖx ev Ab¨wea m¤ú`‡K †hŠZzK e‡j| Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kvb weev‡ni K‡b c¶ KZ©„K weev‡ni ei ev e‡ii wcZv gvZv ev cÖZ¨¶fv‡e weev‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ Ab¨ KvD‡K D³ weev‡ni mgq ev Zrc~‡e© ev êevwnK m¤úK© _vKvKv‡j weevn w¯’i AUzU ev w¯’i ivLvi k‡Z© weev‡ni cY wnmv‡e cÖ`Ë ev cÖ`v‡b m¤§Z A_©, mvgMÖx ev Ab¨wea m¤ú`†K †hŠZzK eySv‡e| (bvix I wkï wbh©vZb `gb 2003 ms‡kvab AvBb)

‡hŠZzK †bIqv wK ai‡bi Aciva :

‡hŠZzK †bIqv kvw¯—‡hvM¨ Aciva| †h wb‡e ev hviv wb‡e Zv‡ì mevi mvRv n‡e| G Rb¨ †hŠZzK †bIqvi Aciva‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Avgj A‡hvM¨, Rvwgb A‡hvM¨, Av‡cvl A‡hvM¨| myZivs †hŠZzK `Ûbxq Aciva|

‡hŠZzK †bIqvi kvw¯—i cwigvb :

‡hŠZzK †bIqvi Rb¨ 1 †_‡K 5 eQi ch©š— Kviv`Û ev 5 nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv ev Dfq `ÛB n‡Z cv‡i| †h e¨w³ †hŠZzK †bIqvi e¨vcv‡i mnvqZv Ki‡e ZviI GKB iKg kvw¯— n‡e Ges †h e¨w³ †hŠZzK `vex Ki‡e ZviI GKB iKg kvw¯— n‡e| GQvov †hŠZzK MÖn‡Y hw` †KD DØy× K‡i †mB e¨w³I 3 aviv Abyhvqx Acivax n‡e Ges Zvi

Bmy¨

kvw¯— n‡e|

bvbv Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì mgv‡R †hŠZzK Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK evev gv Avw_©K A¯^”QjZv ev mvgvwRK `„wóf½xi Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡K msmv‡ii †evSv g‡b K‡i| ZvB †evSv jvN‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ wKsev Dchy³ cvÎ †c‡j †jv‡f c‡o †hŠZzK w`‡q †g‡qi we‡q †`q| Avevi †Q‡j c¶ g‡b K‡i GKwU †g‡q‡K we‡q Kiv gv‡b Zv‡K I Zvi gv evev‡K mg~n wec` †_‡K D×vi Kiv| ZvB †Q‡j c¶ GB my‡hv‡M †g‡qc‡¶i KvQ †_‡K myweav †c‡Z Pvq| GQvovI Avw_©K Am”QjZv, †Q‡ji covïbvi LiP Pvjv‡bv, †Q‡j †eKvi n‡j eëmv Kiv ev we‡`k cvVv‡bv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y †Q‡jc¶ †hŠZzK `vex K‡i|

‡hŠZzK †`qv ev †bqvi cwiYwZ KL‡bvB fv‡jv nq bv| hviv †hŠZzK w`‡q‡Qb ev wb‡q‡Qb AvcvZ `„wó‡Z Zv‡ì‡K jvfevb g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU Kj¨v‡Yi PvB‡Z AKj¨vYB †ekx e‡q Av‡b| †hŠZzK w`‡Z wM‡q GKwU †g‡qi cwievi‡K Avw_©K Pv‡ci g‡a¨ co‡Z nq| GKwU †Q‡ji cwieviI †Kej †hŠZzK wb‡q m”Qj n‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Z cvwievwiK myL-kvwš— bó nq Ges cwievi aŸs†mi w`‡K P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| †hŠZz‡Ki `vex †gUv‡Z bv cvivq A‡bK †g‡q wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq Ges AKv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡i| Avevi A‡b‡K AvZ¥nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bq|

ZvB †hŠZzK e‡Ü mK‡ji m‡PZbZv Ges †hŠZzK cwinvi Kiv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡ì mevi mw`”QvB cv‡i mgvR †_‡K †hŠZzK cÖ_v `~i Ki‡Z|

Bmy¨

Avmyb, †hŠZzK‡K bv ewj| mevB wg‡j †hŠZzKgy³ evsjv‡`k M‡o Zzwj|

AvZ¥m‡PZbZvB †hŠZzK cÖ_v ‡iva Kivi †kªô Dcvq

4.3 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: †hŠZzK



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


‡hŠZzK wK? ‡hŠZzK GKwU AgvbweK mvgvwRK KzcÖ_v| we‡qi mgq Kb¨vi AwffveK Øviv eic¶‡K A_© I g~jëvb `ªe¨ mvgMÖx cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖ“wZ‡K †evSvq|

‡hŠZzK wK ai‡bi Aciva?

kvw¯—‡hvM¨ Aciva|GwU Avgj A‡hvM¨, Rvwgb I Av†cvl A‡hvM¨| myZivs †hŠZzK `Êbxq Aciva|

‡hŠZz‡Ki wK kvw¯— ?

1 †_‡K 5 eQ‡ii Kviv`Ê ev 5000 nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv ev Dfq `Û n‡Z cv‡i|

†hŠZzK cÖwZ‡iv‡a wK Kiv DwPr?

mevi m‡PZbZv cÖ‡qvRb| †hŠZzK e‡Ü Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mw`”QvB cv‡i GB Awfkvc †_‡K mKj‡K i¶v Ki‡Z|

Bmy¨

¯¿x Mf©eZ©x _vK‡j ZvjvK Kvh©Ki n‡e bv|

ZvjvKcÖvß ¯¿x‡K cybivq we‡q Ki‡Z cvi‡e| (wnjv we‡qi †Kv‡bv AvBb †bB)|

ZvjvKcÖvß ¯¿x‡K 90 w`‡bi (wZb gvm) fib-†cvlb I †`b‡gvn‡ii UvKv w`‡Z n‡e|

bvevjK †Q‡j mš—vb 7 erm‡ii bx‡P ¯¿xi Kv‡Q _vK‡Z cvi‡e Ges Zv‡KI fiY †cvlb w`‡Z n‡e| †g‡q _vK‡j weev‡ni AvM ch©š— ¯¿xi Kv‡Q _vK‡Z cvi‡e Ges Zv‡KI fiY †cvlb w`‡Z n‡e|

¯^vgx wKfv‡e ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡i| Zvi AvBbMZ w`KÑ

¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z PvB‡j ¯¿xi GjvKvi BDwbqb cwil‡ì ‡Pqvig¨vb I ¯¿x‡K wjwLZ †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|

†Pqvig¨vb †bvwUk cvIqvi w`b †_‡K 30 w`‡bi gv_vq Dfq c¶‡K †W‡K mg‡SvZv Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb| †Póv e¨_© n‡j-

60 w`‡bi gv_vq wØZxq êV‡K em‡e| GLv‡bI Dfq c¶‡K WvKv n‡e| GLv‡b †Póv e¨_© n‡j-

Z…Zxq ‰eVK 90 w`‡bi gv_vq em‡e| AveviI Dfq c¶‡K †evSv‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡e| hw` Dfq c¶ wgjvwgwk bv nq †Pqvig¨vb wjwLZ w`‡eb| †mB wjwLZ †bvwUk wb‡q KvRx Awd‡m hv‡e| †mLv‡b 200 UvKv wd w`‡q (†Q‡j c¶) ZvjvK Kvh©Kix n‡e| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, †Pqvig¨vb †`b‡gvni Ges fiY †cvl‡bi UvKv Av`v‡qi eë¯’v wb‡e|

Zvjv‡Ki ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv :

ZvjvK cÖvß gwnjvi LvIqv-covi Amywe‡a nq|

‡Q‡j-†g‡qiv gv-evevi Avì hZœ cvIqv †_‡K ewÂZ nq|

Bmy¨

evev-gv I †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì cwiPq _v‡K bv|

ZvjvKcÖvß gwnjvi cybivq we‡q †Ìqvi Amywe‡a nq|

‡jv‡K N„Yv I AeÁvi `„wó‡Z †`‡L|

es‡ki gvb gh©v`v K‡g hvq|

gvgjv †gvKÏgvi m„wó nq|

gy‡L gy‡L ZvjvK w`‡j AvBbZ ZvjvK nq bv|

ZvjvKcÖvß ¯¿xi †`b‡gvni I 90 w`‡bi fib‡cvlb Av`v‡qi Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡ev|

‡bvwUk Qvov ZvjvK †Ìqv eÜ Ki‡ev|

4.4 wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV hvPvB: ZvjvK



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


ZvjvK wK? we‡q mvgvwRK I †Ìqvbx Pzw³| ¯^vgx hLb GB Pzw³ f½ K‡i we‡q †f†½ †`q ZLb †mUv‡K ZvjvK e‡j|

ZvjvK n‡e bv KLb?

g~‡L gy‡L ej‡j, ¯¿x Mf©eZx _vK‡j

wKfv‡e ZvjvK Kvh©Ki n‡e

¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z PvB‡j BDwbqb

Bmy¨

cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb I ¯¿x‡K †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|

Zvjv‡Ki ¶wZKi w`K wK?

fib‡cvl‡Yi Amyweav, mš—vb gv evevi Avì hZœ †_‡K ewÂZ, N„Yv I AeÁvi `„wó‡Z †`‡L, gvgjv †gvKÏgv nq|

cvV: 4.5¯’vbxq †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb

D‡Ïk¨:

(1)¯’vbxq †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wPb‡Z cvi‡e Ges wb‡R‡ì †mLv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡b hv‡e|

Bmy¨

(2)wKfv‡e miKvix my‡hvM-myweav MÖnY Kiv hvq †m wel‡q aviYv jvf Ki‡e Ges wb‡R‡ì Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡b D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

cÖK…Zc‡¶ miKvi n‡jv RbMY Øviv m„ó, RbMY‡K †mev`vbKvix m‡e©v”P ivóªxq msMVb| miKvi RbMY Øviv wbe©vwPZ Ges RbM‡bi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi KvR KivB miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡| miKvix Kg©Pvixiv (Dc‡Rjv, BDwbqb, †Rjv I Ab¨vb¨ ch©v‡q) †eZb cvq RbM‡Yi Dci wewfbœ ai‡bi †h Ki avh© Kiv nq, Zv msMÖn K‡i| Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ Ki w`w”Q| cÖwZwU `ªe¨ µ‡qi mv‡_B Avgiv (VAT = Value Added Tax) f¨vU I Ki w`w”Q| GQvov Rwgi LvRbv w`w”Q| Avgv‡ì cÖ`Ë K‡ii UvKv w`‡q miKvix Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb fvZvw` cÖ`vb Kiv nq| AZGe, miKvix mKj Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix Avgv‡ì †meK| Avgv‡ì Kj¨v‡Y KvR KivB Zv‡ì cÖavb I cÖ_g KZ©e¨| GQvov miKvix †h me †mev I Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bq Zv Avgv‡ìB Rb¨| miKvi n‡jv RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa Øviv m„ó GKwU cÖwZôvb Ges Zviv RbM‡Yi KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZkÖ“wZe×| miKvix cÖkvmb‡K we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi wbKU ‡mev †cuŠ‡Q ‡Ìqvi GKwU eë¯’v n‡jv ¯’vbxq miKvi| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii `yÕwU ¯—i - BDwbqb cwil` Ges Dc‡Rjv cwil`|

mnvqK Z_¨:

GKRb m‡PZb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡e nv‡Zi bvMv‡j wK wK miKvix my‡hvM-myweav i‡q‡Q

Bmy¨

Ges wKfv‡e Zv MÖnY ev AR©b Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ miKvix my‡hvM-myweavi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb Kiv n‡jv:

IqvW© ch©vq:1. MÖvg¨ mvwjkx‡Z †g¤^vi‡`i mnvqZv †bqv|2. miKvix †mevg~jK cÖKí ev¯—evqbKv‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³

¶wZMÖ¯’ ev ewÂZ bv nIqvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv †bqv|3. wfwRwW I wfwRGd KvW© myôzfv‡e Bmy¨‡Z

mnvqZv cvIqv|4. Ab¨vb¨ miKvix fvZv cÖvwß‡Z mnvqZv cvIqv|

BDwbqb ch©vq:1. MÖvg¨ mvwjkx‡Z †g¤^vi †Pqvig¨vb‡`i mnvqZv

†bqv|2. miKvix cÖKí I †mevg~jK cÖKí ev¯—evqbKv‡j †Kvb

e¨w³ ¶wZMÖ¯’ ev ewÂZ bv nIqvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv †bqv|

3. wfwRwW I wfwRGd KvW© myôzfv‡e Bmy¨‡Z mnvqZv cvIqv|

4. Ab¨vb¨ miKvix fvZv cÖvwß‡Z mnvqZv cvIqv|

5. PwiÎ, bvMwiKZ¡, Iqv‡ikvb I Ab¨vb¨ mb` cÖvwß|6. †eAvBbx I Ab¨vqfv‡e hv‡Z cywjwk wbh©vZb ev

†MÖdZvi bv K‡i †m †¶‡Î mnvqZv cvIqv|

Bmy¨

7. we`¨gvb eo ai‡bi (†Ìqvbx I †dŠR`vix Dfq †¶‡Î) Ø›Ø, weev` ev MÛ‡Mv‡ji †¶‡Î b¨vh¨ wePvi jv‡f mnvqZv cvIqv|

8. BDwbqb ¯^v¯’¨ wK¬wbK n‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvIqvi mnvqZv †bqv|

9. miKvix wiwjd ev †ikb cÖPwjZ _vK‡j †hvM¨ e¨w³‡K †mB my‡hvM MÖn‡Yi mnvqZv ‡Ìqv|

Dc‡Rjv ch©vqK…wl wefvM:

K…wl wel‡q civgk© †bIqv| K…wl wel‡q bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ AR©‡b Z_¨MZ I

nv‡Z Kj‡g wk¶v cvIqv| KxU bvkK, mvi, †mP BZ¨vw` eënvi msµvš—

civgk© MÖnY|

cï cvjb:

cï cvjb m¤cÖmvi‡Y civgk© MÖnY| DbœZ I ksKi Rv‡Zi Mev`x cï cÖRbb I cÖwZcvj‡b

civgk© I mnvqZv †bIqv| jvfRbK I DbœZ cïcvj‡b bZzb bZzb aviYv cÖ`vb|

grm¨ wefvM:

êÁvwbK wfwË‡Z jvfRbK gvQ Pv‡l mnvqZv †bqv| AeëüZ Rjvk‡q êÁvwbK I jvfRbK gvQ Pv‡l

mnvqZv cÖvwß|

cjx Dbœqb:

Bmy¨

GjvKvq kvwš-k„•Ljv i¶vq mnvqZv †bqv| Lvm Rwg/ cyKzi jxR/ nvU-evRvi jxR cÖvwß‡Z

mnvqZv MÖnY| miKvix D”P

ch©v‡q †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mnvqZv|

f~wg :

Rwgi `wjj, cP©v, cvÆv jv‡f mnvqZv †bqv|

Lvm Rwgi ZvwjKv cÖvwß‡Z mnvqZv `vb|

Rwgi myôz †iK‡W© mnvqZv cvIqv|

Avgiv mevB hw` miKvix my‡hvM-myweavmg~‡ni e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb _vwK Ges miKvix my‡hvM-myweav mg~‡n Avgv‡`i AwaKvi Av‡Q e‡j Rvwb| Zvn‡j wba©vwiZ cÖwµqvq Avgiv G my‡hvM¸‡jv MÖnY K‡i jvfevb n‡Z cvwi|

4.5 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb



cy‡ivcywi

‡gvUvgywU


¯’vbxq †mev ej‡Z wK eySvq?

†hme cÖwZôvb †_‡K RbMY‡K ¯’vbxqfv‡e †mev †`qv nq|

Bmy¨

K‡qKwU ¯’vbxq †mev cÖwZôv‡bi bvg ejyb?

we`¨vjq, ¯^v¯’¨wK¬wbK, f~wg Awdm, BDwbqb cwil`

wKfv‡e Gme cÖwZôv‡bi my‡hvM-myweav cvIqv hvq?

cÖwZôv‡bi my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wba©vwiZ my‡hvM myweav wel‡q †LvR Lei wb‡q Hme cÖwZôv‡b †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|

miKvix my‡hvM myweav bv †c‡j wK Kie?

GjvKvi mKj‡K AewnZ K‡i mevi mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨v‡M KZ„©c‡¶i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwU

Bmy¨

nxW evsjv‡`k-i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ `wi`ª RbM‡Yi mvg_©¨vqb I Zv‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb ˆZix Kiv| G j‡¶¨ mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa I `wi`ª‡ì wb‡q IqvW© I BDwbqb ch©v‡q ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb msMwVZ Kiv| G msMVb¸‡jvi mgwš^Z D‡`¨vM GjvKvi `wi`ª‡ì AwaKvi Av`vq I ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvav‡b f~wgKv ivL‡e| GRb¨ AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb Kvh©µg wbæwjwLZ Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡e-

wcwWwc `j¸‡jv‡K Kvh©Kix `j wnmv‡e DbœxZ Kiv n‡e, †hb Zviv mvgvwRK msMVb (CBO) wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mBmv‡_ `‡ji m`mïv gvbevwaKvi I MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n†e;

`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx‡K Dbœqb cÖwµqvq hy³ Kivi Rb¨ mn‡hvMx `j Ges mvgvwRK D‡`¨v³v‡ì wb‡q D”P ch©v‡qi ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb ‰Zix Kiv n‡e; G¸‡jv IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwU bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡e|

¯’vbxq IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwUi D‡Ïk¨:

`wi`ª bvix-cyi“‡li Rb¨ ¯’vwqZ¡kxj msMVb M‡o †Zvjv;

GKwU b¨vh¨, mg„×kvjx Ges MYZvwš¿K mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv;

MÖvgxY ¶gZv KvVv‡gv‡Z `wi`ª‡ì AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv;

miKvix-†emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM †i‡L `wi`ª‡ì c‡¶ †mev cÖvwß wbwðZ Kiv;

nxW evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px m¤ú‡K© ¯’vbxq †bZ…e„‡›ì mv‡_ gZwewbgq Kiv;

¯’vbxq ch©v‡q DbœqbgyLx Kg©Kv‡Û f~wgKv ivLv;

Bmy¨

IqvW© KwgwU

GKRb gwnjv m`‡m¨i wbe©vPbx GjvKvi Iqv‡W© wcwWwc mvgvwRK msMV‡bi msL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i IqvW© KwgwUi c` msL¨v wba©vwiZ n‡e| KwgwU 7, 9 ev 11 m`m¨ wewkó n‡Z cv‡i|

KwgwUi †gqv` n‡e 2 eQi| cÖwZ `yB gv‡m GKevi mfv n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wba©vwiZ mgq QvovI †h †Kvb mgq mfv Avnevb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

IqvW© KwgwU MVb c×wZ:

1. cÖwZ Iqv‡W© wcwWwc `‡ji Ges mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q GKwU IqvW© KwgwU MwVZ n‡e|

2. mvgvwRK `j¸‡jv (CBO) wb‡gœv³ kZ© AR©b Ki‡jB IqvW© KwgwU‡Z Aš—f©~³ n‡Z cvi‡e-

`jwU ¯’vqx Ges Kgc‡¶ GKeQi wbqwgZfv‡e e‡m;

`jwU ¯’vbxqfv‡e mvgvwRK Kv‡R wKQz D‡jL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q;

GjvKv‡Z `jwU Zvi KvR Ges †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi Rb¨ mvgvwRK msMVb wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ;

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cÖwZ `yB eQi ci ci `jwU †bZ…Z¡ cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ evrmwiK mfv Wv‡K;

RbmsMV‡b `jwU mwµq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq KwgwU mg~‡ni m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i;

`jwU‡Z F‡Yi wKw¯— Av`v‡qi nvi fvj;

¯’vbxq KwgwU‡Z `jwUi cÖwZwbwa _vK‡e Ges ¯’vbxq mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e|

IqvW© KwgwU MV‡bi Rb¨ mswkøó Iqv‡W©i mvgvwRK `j¸‡jv Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki†e| GKB mv‡_ nxW evsjv‡`‡ki mKj Kg©KZ©v I Kgx© ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ êVK K‡i Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡e| c‡i GB cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡q IqvW© KwgwU MwVZ n‡e|

IqvW© KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨:

1. MÖvgxY ¶gZv KvVv‡gv‡Z AskMÖnY-

†fvUvwaKvi wel‡q m‡PZbZv m„wó;

¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY;

¯’vbxq wewfbœ KwgwU‡Z †hgb- ¯‹zj/gv`ªvmv, evRvi, gmwR`/gw›ì BZ¨vw`‡Z AskMÖnY;

ga¨¯’Zvi Av‡qvRb;

¯’vbxq mvwjkx cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY|

2. civgk©‡Ki f~wgKv- miKvix †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mym¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i `wi`ª gvby‡li †gŠwjK †mev cÖvwß wbwðZ Kiv;

Bmy¨

3. ¯’vbxq m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi;

4. mvgvwRK Kv‡Ri D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ges AmvgvwRK Kv‡R cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv-

GjvKvq RbMY‡K ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eënv†i DØy× KiY;

beRvZ‡Ki R‡b¥i ci ci Rb¥ wbeÜ‡b DØy× KiY;

RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK wèm cvjb|

IqvW© KwgwUi cwic°Zvi (Graduation) ¯—i ev ch©vq

mvgvwRK msMVb¸‡jv wk¶v_©xi gZ| GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv‡` Zviv wkLb I MVb Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ _v‡K, AZ:ci Zviv cwic° nq| GB cÖwµqvq _vKvKvjxb Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ wKQz m~PK/wb‡`©kK _vK‡e| GB ¯—i¸‡jv n‡e wZbwU, h_vµ‡g-

m‡PZbZv e„w× I MVb ¯—i cwic° Ges MÖvRy‡qkb ¯—i MÖvRy‡qkb cieZx© ch©‡e¶Y ¯—i

¯—i mgqKvj D‡jL‡hvM¨ KvR I djvdj

m‡PZbZv e„w× I MVb ¯—i

2 eQi ¯^-eë¯’vcbv:

wb‡Riv mfv WvK‡e Ges cwiPvjbv Ki‡e;

mgm¨v I mvgvwRK Bmy¨ wPwýZ K‡i mgvav‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM wb‡e;

nZ `wi`ª‡ì c‡¶ KvR Ki‡e;

wb‡Riv wm×vš— wb‡e Ges wgwbUm ivL‡e|

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cwic° Ges MÖvRy‡qkb ¯—i

3 eQi ‡hvM¨ GKvwaK †bZ…Z¡ m„wó Ki‡e ;

miKvix-†emiKvix my‡hvM-myweav `wi`ª‡ì Rb¨ Av`vq Ki‡e;

¯’vbxq m¤ú†ì myôz eënvi Ki‡e;

`wi`ª‡ì Avkªq Ges RbM‡bi Av¯’v _vK‡e|

MÖvRy‡qkb cieZx© ch©‡e¶Y ¯—i

1 eQi nx‡Wi cÖwZ wbf©ikxjZv Kg‡e;

wb†R‡ì GKwU Znwej _vK‡e|

BDwbqb KwgwU BDwbqb KwgwU MVb c×wZ:

1. cÖwZ BDwbq‡bi IqvW© KwgwU, mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa I nxW ÷vd‡ì mgš^‡q BDwbqb KwgwU MwVZ n‡e|

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2. BDwbqb KwgwU MV‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mfv Avnevb K‡i IqvW© KwgwU, mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa I nxW ÷vd‡ì mgš^‡q BDwbqb KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡e|

KwgwUi †gqv` n‡e 2 eQi| cÖwZ `yB eQi Aš—i KwgwU MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z bZzb K‡i wbe©vwPZ n‡e| cÖwZ wZb gv‡m GKevi mfv n‡e| Riæix cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wba©vwiZ mgq QvovI †h †Kvb mgq mfv Avnevb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbqb KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨:

1. `wi`ª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v wbqwgZ I †UKmBfv‡e miKvix-†emiKvix I ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖvwß wbwðZ KiY;

2. mKj †¶‡Î `wi`ª‡ì ¯^v_© msi¶Y;

3. ga¨¯’Zvi gva¨‡g ØÜ gxgvsmv;

4. ¯’vbxq wbe©vPbmgy‡n AskMÖnY;

5. Ab¨vb¨ †mevg~jK cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© eRvq ivLv;

6. IqvW© KwgwUi mvg_©¨ e„w×i Rb¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb;

7. IqvW© KwgwUi Kvh©µg mycviwfkb I gwbUwis|

Kvh©Kix IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwUi êwkó¨ n‡e wbgœiƒc:

hviv `wi`ª RbM‡Yi K_v ïb‡Z AvMÖnx nq

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abx I `wi‡`ªi cv_©K¨ K‡i bv

gvby‡li `y:mg‡q cv‡k _v‡K

K_v I Kv‡R wgj _v‡K

RbM‡Yi ¶wZ nq Ggb KvR K‡i bv

mš¿vm ev mgvR we‡ivax KvR †_‡K RbMY‡K i¶v K‡i

‡Kvb cÖKvi `ybx©wZ‡Z hy³ nq bv

bvh¨ wePvi Ges wbi‡c¶ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i|

Dc‡iv³ ˆewkó¨ m¤úbœ cÖwZôvY mvavib RbM‡bi Av¯’v I wek¦vm AR©‡b m¶g nq|

‡h cÖwZôvb hZ‡ekx `wi`ª RbM‡bi RxebhvÎv I RxweKv‡K BwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB cÖwZôvb ZZ‡ekx Kvh©Ki| ‡mB cÖwZôvb Av‡iv †ekx Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i hw` †mLvb †_‡K `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx-

¯^í mg‡q Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb I mgm¨vi mgq Kv‡Q cvq

hw` †mev wb‡q `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx DcK…Z nq

`y:mg‡q fvj civgk© cvq

cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M ÎvY I miKvwi my‡hvM myweav Av`vq K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b: wmj‡f÷vi nvj`viwek¦bv_ ivq

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