c hapter 4. after you have completed this chapter, you should be able to: 1. define and contrast the...
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CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 4
AFTER YOU HAVE COMPLETED THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:1. Define and contrast the terms Organ
and Organ system.
2. List the 11 major Organ systems of the body.
3. Identify and locate the major organs of each major organ system.
4. Briefly describe the major functions of each major organ system.
5. Identify and discuss the major subdivisions of the reproductive system.
6. Describe current approaches to organ replacement.
In this presentation we will discuss the following:ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
lntegumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System Lympnatic and Immune Systems Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
INTEGRATION OF BODY ORGAN SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ORGAN REPLACEMENT Artificial Organs Organ Transplantation
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY lntegumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System Lympnatic and Immune Systems Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
INTEGRATION OF BODY ORGAN SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ORGAN REPLACEMENT Artificial Organs Organ Transplantation
DEFINITIONS AND DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTSCONCEPTS
A. Organ—a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any tissue alone
B. Organ system—a group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any organ alone
C. A knowledge of individual organs and how they are organized into groups makes more meaningful the understanding of how a particular organ system functions as a whole
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMSA. Integumentary system (Figure 4-
2)1. Structure—organs
a. Skinb. Hairc. Nailsd. Sense receptorse. Sweat glandsf. Oil glands
2. Functionsa. Protectionb. Regulation of body temperaturec. Synthesis of chemicalsd. Sense organ
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
B. Skeletal system (Figure 4-3)1. Structure
a. Bonesb. Joints
2. Functionsa. Supportb. Movement (with joints and
muscles)c. Storage of mineralsd. Blood cell formation
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
C. Muscular system (Figure 4-4)1. Structure
a. Muscles(1) Voluntary or striated(2) Involuntary or smooth(3) Cardiac
2. Functionsa. Movementb. Maintenance of body posturec. Production of heat
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMSD. Nervous system (Figure 4-5)
1. Structurea. Brainb. Spinal cordc. Nervesd. Sense organs
2. Functionsa. Communicationb. Integrationc. Controld. Recognition of sensory stimuli
3. System functions by production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli of various types
4. Control is fast-acting and of short duration
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
E. Endocrine system (Figure 4-6)1. Structure
a. Pituitary glandb. Pineal glandc. Hypothalamusd. Thyroid glande. Parathyroid glandsf. Thymus glandg. Adrenal glandsh. Pancreasi. Ovaries (female)j. Testes (male)
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
E. Endocrine system (Figure 4—6)2. Functions
a. Secretion of special substances called hormones directly into the blood
b. Same as nervous system—communication, integration, control
c. Control is slow and of long durationd. Examples of hormone regulation:
(1) Growth(2) Metabolism(3) Reproduction(4) Fluid and electrolyte balance
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
F. Cardiovascular (circulatory) system (Figure 4-7)
1. Structurea. Heartb. Blood vessels
2. Functionsa. Transportationb. Regulation of body temperaturec. Immunity (body defense)
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
G. Lymphatic and immune systems (Figure 4-8)
1. Lymphatic systema. Structure
(1) Lymph nodes(2) Lymphatic vessels(3) Thymus(4) Spleen
b. Functions(1) Transportation(2) Immunity
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
G. Lymphatic and immune systems (Figure 4-8)
2. Immune systema. Structure
(1) Unique cells(a) Phagocytes(b) Secretory cells
(2) Specialized protein compounds(a) Antibodies(b) Complements
b. Functions(1) Phagocytosis of bacteria(2) Chemical reactions to provide
protectionP
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMSH. Respiratory system (Figure 4-9)
1. Structurea. Noseb. Pharynxc. Larynxd. Tracheae. Bronchif. Lungs
2. Functionsa. Exchange of waste gas (carbon
dioxide) for oxygen in the lungsb. Area of gas exchange in the lungs
called alveolic. Filtration of irritants from inspired aird. Regulation of acid—base balance
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMSI. Digestive system (Figure 4-10)
1. Structurea. Primary organs
(1) Mouth(2) Pharynx(3) Esophagus(4) Stomach(5) Small intestine(6) Large intestine(7) Rectum(8) Anal canal
b. Accessory organs(1) Teeth(2) Salivary glands(3) Tongue(4) Liver(5) Gallbladder(6) Pancreas(7) Appendix
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
I. Digestive system (Figure 4-10)2. Functions
a. Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food
b. Absorption of nutrientsc. Undigested waste product that is
eliminated is called fecesd. Appendix is a structural but not a
functional part of digestive system
e. Inflammation of appendix is called appendicitis
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMSJ. Urinary system (Figure 4-11)
1. Structurea. Kidneysb. Uretersc. Urinary bladderd. Urethra
2. Functionsa. "Clearing," or cleaning, blood of waste
products—waste product excreted from body is called urine
b. Electrolyte balancec. Water balanced. Acid-base balance ·e. In male, urethra has urinary and
reproductive functions
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Page(s) 95-96
ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
K. Reproductive system1. Structure
a. Male (Figure 4-12)(1) Gonads—testes(2) Genital ducts—vas deferens,
urethra(3) Accessory organ—prostate(4) Supporting structures—genitalia
(penis and scrotum)
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
K. Reproductive system1. Structure
b. Female (Figure 4-13)(1) Gonads—ovaries(2) Accessory organs—uterus, uterine
(fallopian) tubes, vagina(3) Supporting structures—genitalia
(vulva), mammary glands (breasts)
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ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS
K. Reproductive system2. Functions
a. Survival of speciesb. Production of sex cells (male:
sperm; female: ova)c. Transfer and fertilization of sex cellsd. Development and birth of offspringe. Nourishment of offspringf. Production of sex hormones
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INTEGRATION OF BODY ORGAN INTEGRATION OF BODY ORGAN SYSTEM FUNCTIONS (FIGURE 4-14)SYSTEM FUNCTIONS (FIGURE 4-14)
A. No one body system functions entirely independently of other systems
B. All body systems are structurally and functionally interrelated and interdependent
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ORGAN REPLACEMENTORGAN REPLACEMENT
A. Loss of function in nonvital organs is not immediately life-threatening; loss of function in vital organs is immediately life—threatening
B. Loss of function in organs can be treated by organ replacement
1. Artificial organs (prostheses) (Figure 4-15)
2. Organ transplantation3. Free-flap surgery4. Stem cell treatment
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CREDITSCREDITS
All photos and references are taken from:
Thibodeau, Gary, & Patton, Kevin. (2005). The Human body in health & disease. Mosby.
ISBN: 0-323-03161-7
All photos and references are taken from:
Thibodeau, Gary, & Patton, Kevin. (2005). The Human body in health & disease. Mosby.
ISBN: 0-323-03161-7