c ells molecular biology techniques. w hich type of cell has a nucleus ? 1. prokaryotic 2....
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CELLSMolecular Biology Techniques
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WHICH TYPE OF CELL HAS A NUCLEUS?
1 2
50%50%1. Prokaryotic2. Eukaryotic
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EUKARYOTIC VERSUS PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Prokaryotic - Cells lacking a nucleus. Eukrayotic - Cells containing a nucleus.
Organelles - Membrane-bound bodies found within eukaryotic cells.
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CELL STRUCTURE
Cell wall: Rigid boundaries of the cellCellulose: organic compound that makes up
the majority of plant cell walls Cotton is 90% cellulose
Hemicellulose: Gluelike substance that holds cellulose fibers together within the wall
Pectin: Organic matter that provides stiffness
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CELL STRUCTURE Cell (Plasma) Membrane: Binds all the living components within the protoplasm
Cytoplasm: All cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
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WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE JELLY LIKE SUBSTANCE WHERE MANY CHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKE PLACE AND CELL ORGANELLES ARE EMBEDDED?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Cytoplasm2. Chloroplast3. Nucleus4. Cellulose
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NUCLEUS Nucleus: Control center of the cell, houses DNA, DNA
provides information needed to fulfill the cells’ needs (growth, differentiation, etc) & stores heredity information Nuclear Envelope: Structurally complex pores,
proteins that act as channels for molecules are within the pores, acts as gatekeeper between nucleus and rest of cell
Chromatin: Composed of proteins and DNA, when nucleus divides for mitosis, chromatin coils.
Chromosomes: Condensed condition of chromatin. Each plant/animal cell has its own fixed number of chromosomes, radish has 18, humans have 46.
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WHAT CONTROLS REPRODUCTION AND CONTAINS THE GENETIC INFO OF THE CELL?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. Cell wall2. Nucleus3. Nuclear
envelope4. Plastids
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Endoplasmic Reticulum facilitates cellular
communication and materials channeling. Connected to outer membrane of nucleus Rough ER distributes ribosomes Smooth ER associated with lipid secretion
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RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits composed of RNA and proteins. involved in linking amino acids for the
construction of large protein molecules
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GOLGI APPARATUS are often bound
by branching tubules that originate from the ER. Involved in the
modification of carbohydrates attached to proteins synthesized and packaged in the ER.
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PLASTIDS Plastids: associated with the storage or manufacturing
of carbohydratesChloroplasts: Location of photosynthesis, contain
stacks of grana Grana/Granum: contain thylakoids Thylakoids: contain chlorophyll Chlorophyll: give green pigment
Chromoplasts Found in colored plant organs, like fruits & petals. Some chloroplasts evolve into chromoplasts (like ripening
tomatoes). Leucoplasts
No pigment, assumed to be in roots. May become specialized for bulk storage of starch, lipid or
protein.
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WHAT IS THE LOCATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE CELL?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. Plastids2. Chloroplast3. Chromoplasts4. Leucoplasts
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WHAT GIVES PLANTS THEIR GREEN PIGMENT?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. Grana2. Thylakoids3. Dictyosomes4. Chlorophyll
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MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria release energy produced from cellular respiration. Powerhouse of the cell
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H2O
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
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VACUOLES
Used for storage in plants In mature cells, 90% of
volume may be taken up by central vacuoles bounded by vacuolar membranes.
Filled with cell sap which helps maintain pressure within the cell.
Also frequently contains water-soluble pigments, like anthocynanin which provide color for flowers.
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CYTOSKELETON Cytoskeleton is an
intricate network of microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules control
the addition of cellulose to the cell wall.
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SUMMARY Cytoplasm Jelly like substance where chemical reactions
take place and other parts are embedded. Nucleus Controls reproduction and also contains the
characteristics of the cell. Cell membrane Surrounds the cell and controls what
moves in and out of the cell. Mitochondria Found only in plant cells where respiration
occurs. Chloroplasts These makes plants green. They contain
chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis.
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WHAT GIVES CELLS THEIR SHAPE?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. Cell wall2. Cell membrane3. Sap4. Vacuoles
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SUMMARY Cell wall Gives the cell its shape. The cell's "skeleton". Vacuole Where the cell sap is stored, controls pressure Golgi Apparatus Involved in the modification of
carbohydrates attached to proteins synthesized Endoplasmic Reticulum Facilitates cellular
communication and materials channeling, distributes ribosomes
Ribosomes Involved in protein synthesis
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CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
Cell division process referred to as cell cycle. Divided into interphase and mitosis.
Interphase Period when cells are not dividing.
G1 - Cell increases in size. S - DNA replication takes place. G2- Mitochondria divide, and microtubules produced.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3_PNiLWBjY
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MITOSIS
Mitosis refers to the process of cellular division that produces two daughter cells with equal amounts of DNA and other substances duplicated during interphase. Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the parent
cell. Mitosis occurs in meristems.
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PROPHASE
Chromosomes condense. Strands of chromatin coil and tighten with
centromeres holding each pair of chromatids together.
Nuclear envelope fragments.
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METAPHASE
Chromosomes align at the cell’s equator. Spindle fibers collectively referred to as the
spindle. At the end of metaphase, the centromeres
holding each sister chromosomes separate lengthwise.
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ANAPHASE
Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Spindle fibers gradually shorten as material is
continuously removed from the polar ends.
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TELOPHASE
Each group of daughter chromosomes become surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
Daughter chromosomes become indistinguishable. Nucleoli reappear Spindle fibers disintegrate Cell plate forms.
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MITOSIS IN ACTION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_706798&v=VGV3fv-uZYI&feature=iv