[c] ata 23 - communication

AIRCRAFRT FUNDAMETAL ATA 23 COMMUNICATION

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ATA 23 COMMUNICATION

Page 1ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010

Nguyen Vu Truong Son

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-Chức.năng.của.hệ.thống.23.là.gì?....Thông.tin.liên.lạc.(.đàm.thoại.và.tin.nhắn.) -Cấu.tạo.hệ.thống.:.Interphone,.Radio.Communication,.Hệ.thống.điều.tra.tai.nạn.ELT. -Service.interphone.có.mục.đich.làm.gì?... -8.vị.trí.bên.phục.vụ.trong.quá.trình.service.interphone. -Điều.kiện.có.service.interphone.(ground.mode.hoặc.ở.flight.mode.và.mở.SIO.Service-interphone.override.) -Flight.interphone.có.mục.đích.làm.gì?...Liên.lạc.giữa.các.thành.viên.của.tổ.bay....phục.vụ.trong.quá.trình.towing. -Cabin.interphone.có.mục.đích.làm.gì?...Liên.lạc.giữa.tổ.bay.và.buồng.tiếp.viên...Thông.báo.cho.hành.khách....giữa.các.cabin. -Passenger.Address.System......Có.5.ưu.tiên.(tổ.bay.thong.bao.cho.HK)..(Tiếp.viên.thông.báo.cho.HK.về.an.toàn...và.dich.vụ.)....(.thông.tin.giải.trí.tập.trung.)...(Thông.tin.giải.trí.cho.từng.người.) -Có.mấy.dạng.hệ.thống.Radio. +++.VHF..có.3.đài..Liên.lạc.ngắn...Tối.đa.200.dặm. +++.HF.có.2.đài +++.SATCOM.dùng.VHF +++.ARCAS. -Chức.năng.của.Audio.Control.Panel.....Bật.thu.phát....Cài.đặt.thiết.bị.thu.phát....Điều.chỉnh.âm.lượng.thu. -Chức.năng.của.Audio.Management.Unit....Khuyếch.đại.và.lựa.chọn.thiết.bị.âm.tần... -Bảng.cài.đặt.tần.số.Radio.Management.Unit....Cài.đặt.tần.số....dùng.để.cài.đặt.và.chuyển.đổi.tần.số....phải.lựa.chọn.ở.tần.số.standby. ==>có.VHF.và.HF.cài.đặt.tại.đây...ARCAS.thì.tự.động.cài.ở.đây........Có.núm.điều.chình.HF.Sense...dùng.để.điều.chỉnh.độ.nhạy.(*).và.chỉ có.tác.dụng.với.đài.HF... -chọn.chế.độ.kênh.tại.nút. +++.vòng.to.là.điều.thô +++.vòng.nhỏ.là.điều.tinh. -cái.núm.vặn.thì.1.lần.là.chuyển.0.25.MHz -ACARS...Thông.tin.hệ.thống.máy.bay.và.lấy.từ.CMC....Thông.tin.từ.vị.trí.và.lấy.từ.IRS....cập.nhật.thông.tin.cho.ARCAS.thông.qua.MCDU (bàn.phím.của.MB) -Cockpit.voice.recorder....có.3.ghi.âm.từ.thoại.và.1.ghi.âm.tiếng.động.từ.buồng.lái.....Phi.công.KHÔNG.thể.xóa.được...tần.số.kiểm.tra.là. 400hz -Máy.phát.tín.hiệu.khẩn.cấp....Khi.rơi.xuống.nước.là.dùng.dung.môi.là.nước.để.kích.hoạt....Khi.rơi.trên.cạn.là.dùng.lò.xo.kế.nối.với. công.tắc.nguồn.để,kích.hoạt......thời.gian.phát.liên.tục.là.48hrs...cự.ly.phát.tối.đa.200.dặm.với.điều.kiện.là.trên.mặt.đất.hoặc.mặt.nước.... nếu.ở.độ.sâu.8km.sẽ.chỉ.còn.120-125m.

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yCOMMUNICATIONINTRODUCTION

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

INTRODUCTION

SYSTEM OVERVIEWIn this unit we will show you the communication systems of modern aircraft. Wecan divide the systems into three groups.The systems for the communication inside and outside the aircraft are calledthe Interphone and passenger address systems.The radio communication systems are called the VHF system, the HF system,the Satcom system and the ACARS system.Finally two systems are used for accident investigation. These are the voicerecorder and the Emergency Locator Transmitter or ELT in short.The interphone system allows communication between the cockpit and otherareas of the aircraft, for example for maintenance.The passenger address system allows the flight and cabin crew to give an-nouncements to the passengers, for example for flight safety.The VHF communication system allows communication via radio signals over adistance of up to 200 nm, for example with Air Traffic Control or other aircraft.The HF system allows communication over long distances, because HF radiosignals are reflected by the ionosphere of the earth.The Satellite Communication system, SATCOM, allows the cockpit crew tocommunicate over the whole world. It is also used by any passenger pay--phone services on board the aircraft.ACARS stands for aircraft communication, adressing and reporting system. Itallows exchange of information like flight and maintenance data between air-craft and the ground. It uses VHF or SATCOM for communication with theground station.The Cockpit Voice Recorder System or CVR stores all communications of theflight crew for later accident or incident investigations.The Emergency Locator Transmitter, or ELT in short can help to find the loca-tion of the airplane after an accident.The main components of the communication systems are located in the cock-pit:On the pedestal, both pilots are provided with a radio management panel, orRMP in short, for frequency selection of the radio communication systems and

an audio control panel, or ACP in short, to select the different systems for theheadphone and microphone.Additional control functions for the communication systems are located on theoverhead panel and in the cabin.

BeijingAmecoAviation College



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We have three the communication systems of modern aircraft. +++. The systems for the communication inside and outside the aircraft are called the Interphone and passenger address systems. +++. The radio communication systems are called the VHF system, the HF system, the Satcom system and the ACARS system. +++. Two systems are used for accident investigation. These are the voice recorder and the Emergency Locator Transmitter or ELT in short.


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ACARS uses VHF or SATCOM for communication with the ground station.


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-Thường.thì.khi.thông.thoại.người.ta.hay.dùng.flight.interphone. -Nếu.flight.interphone.có.vấn.đề.thì.mới.sử.dụng.service.interphone. -Có.2.jack.cắm.của.service.và.flight.gần.nhau.ngay.tại.nose.gear.


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-Diện.tích.của.MB.khá.lớn.nên.mới.cần.thiết.lập.kênh.thông.tin. service.interphone.và.có.8.jacks.xung.quanh.vị.trí.ngoài.MB.để support.


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 3Figure 1 System Overview

ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010


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-Hệ.thống.liên.lạc.trên.MB: +++.Interphone:.Liên.lạc.nội.bộ.MB +++.Passenger.Address:.Liên.lạc.với.khách.hàg -Hệ.thống.liên.lạc.thông.qua.Radio +++.VHF:.sóng.siêu.cao.tầng +++.HF:.sóng.cao.tầng +++.SATCOM:.vệ.tinh +++.ACARS:.theo.tuyến.riêng.của.từng.hãng.MB -Hệ.thống.điều.tra.sự.cố.tai.nạn:.dùng.cho.thông.tin.đến.tổ.chức .tìm.kiếm.cứu.nạn.và.tìm.kiếm. +++.Voice.Recorder: +++.ELT:.Emergency.Location.Transmitter

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

RADIO FREQUENCIESAny kind of communication needs 2 things. The first is the information you wantto exchange and the second is the carrier of the information.The carrier could be either paper, like a letter or a floppy disc for digital data,or a wire like a telephone line.In the aircraft the interphone, the passenger address and the cockpit voice re-corder system use wires as the carrier to transport the information.




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Any kind of communication needs 2 things. +.The first is the information you want to exchange +.The second is the carrier of the information.

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 5Figure 2 Radio Frequencies


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

radio frequencies cont.All other aircraft communication systems need a wireless carrier to allow com-munication during flight.This carrier is a Radio Frequency or RF signal.The radio frequencies that are used in aviation are divided into 8 frequencybands.The Very Low Frequency, or VLF, band ranges up to 30 kHz. This band is onlyused in military communication systems as a radio frequency but it is also usedfor audio signals which you will see later.The Low Frequency, or LF band is between 30 kHz and 300 kHz. It is not usedfor aircraft communication systems, but is used by public radio stations and theADF navigation system.The Medium Frequency, or MF band is between 300 kHz and 3000 kHz, whichcorresponds to 3 MHz. It is not used for aircraft communication systems, but isused by public radio stations and the ADF navigation system.The High Frequency, or HF band, is between 3 MHz and 30 MHz. It is used bythe HF communication system and allows communication over long distances.The Very High Frequency, or VHF band, is between 30 MHz and 300 MHz. It isused by the VHF communication system which allows communication over dis-tances up to 200 nm. It is also used by navigation systems like the VOR andILS systems.The Ultra High Frequency, or UHF band, is between 300 MHz and 3000 MHzwhich corresponds to 3 Ghz. This band is only used by military communicationsystems and by radar systems like DME, ATC and the GPS navigation system.The Super High Frequency, or SHF band, is between 3 Ghz and 30 Ghz. It isused by the satellite communication system, and the weather radar and radioaltimeter which belong to the navigation systems.The Extremely High Frequency, or EHF is between 30 Ghz and 300 Ghz. It isnot used for communication or navigation systems.




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The radio frequencies that are used in aviation are divided into 8 frequency bands.


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The Very Low Frequency, or VLF


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The Low Frequency, or LF


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The Medium Frequency, or MF


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The High Frequency, or HF


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The Very High Frequency, or VHF


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The Ultra High Frequency, or UHF


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The Super High Frequency, or SHF


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The Extremely High Frequency, or EHF


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-Độ.dài.bước.sóng.là.quãng.đường.lan.truyền.của.sóng.điện.từ.trong.một.chu.kỳ -Độ.dài.bước.sóng.=.vận.tốc.(c=3.10^8).x.Chu.kỳ.(T)


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Sử dụng trong hệ thống HF Communication Cho phép truyền ở khoảng cách xa.


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It is not used for aircraft communication systems, but is used by public radio stations and the ADF navigation system.


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VHF Omni-Range


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Sử dụng trong hệ thống VHF Communication Cho phép truyền ở khoảng cách không xa


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used by radar systems like DME, ATC and the GPS navigation system.


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used by the satellite communication system used by the weather radar and radio altimeter which belong to the navigation systems.


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

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Page 7Figure 3 Frequency Bands



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tầng điện li

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

WAVELENGTHAs you know from electrical fundamentals, a full wave of an alternating current,also called a cycle, has a certain length in time, called Period T.You can calculate T as the reciprocal value of the frequency. So the period of afrequency of 1 Hz is 1 second.When you activate an AC on an endless wire then the electric force will travelwith the speed of light, c , which is 300.000 km in one second.This means that the areas with negative polarity and positive polarity travelwith this speed.The areas with a high concentration of electrons correspond to the negativepeak of the voltage and areas with a low concentration correspond to the posi-tive peak.The wavelength is now defined as the distance between two areas of high orlow electron concentration.For a frequency of 1 Hz this distance would 300.000 km because this is thedistance the electrical force can travel in 1 second.Generally you can calculate lambda by multiplying the period with the speed oflight, c or by dividing c by the frequencyWe have now added the wavelength to each frequency band. You probablyknow that the wavelength is often used to identify a certain frequency bandFor example in a microwave oven the term microwave means that extremlyhigh frequencies are used.




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AC - Điện xoay chiều


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 9Figure 4 Wavelength


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

WAVE PROPAGATION & MODULATIONRadio waves travel differently depending on the frequency. This is called thewave propagation.High frequencies only travel in a direct line, with the so called sky wave so theycan only be used when transmitter and receiver have contact within a visualrange.On earth this is possible up to a distance of 200 nm.For SATCOM, which uses the SHF band, you need satellites to allow receptionaround the earth.The lower the frequency the better the propagation around the world with aground wave.Military systems use this advantage in the VLF and LF band.In commercial aircraft the HF band is used for communication around theworld. In this band the skywave is partially reflected by the ionosphere and re-turns to the ground. Reception quality is not always good because daytimeand selected frequency influence the reflection.To transport information with the radio frequency carrier we must modulate thecarrier frequency with the signal frequency, which is for example the audio sig-nal. This signal has a frequency in the range of up to thirty kilo hertz and iscalled audio frequency or AF.When the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied, this is called Amplitude Mod-ulation, or AM in short.When the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, this is called Frequency mod-ulation, or FM in short.




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-Tín.hiệu.tầng.số.thấp.không.thể.lan.truyền.xa.được -Điều.biên.là.thay.đổi.biên.độ.của.tần.số.sóng.mang.theo quy.luật.thay.đổi.biên.độ.tín.hiệu.âm.thanh -Điều.tần.là.thay.đổi.tần.số.của.


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-Điều.biến.là.gì -Điều.biên.là.gì: When the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied, this is called Amplitude Modulation, or AM in short. -Điều.tần.là.gì: When the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, this is called Frequency modulation, or FM in short.


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 11Figure 5 Wave Propagation&Modulation


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

AUDIO COMPONENTSFor communication in aircraft we need two general components for nearly allsystems:Microphones transfer the acoustic information into an electrical signal.Loudspeakers transfer the electrical signal back into acoustical information.Different types of microphone are used in the cockpit. An area microphone isused by the voice recorder to record the general cockpit sounds a hand--heldmicrophone is used for announcements to the passengers and integrated mi-crophones are contained in the oxygen mask or the headset. These are calledthe boomset.




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Microphones transfer


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Loudspeakers transfer


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+ Microphones chuyển tín hiệu âm thanh sang tín hiệu điện + Loudspeakers chuyển tín hiệu điện trở lại tín hiệu âm thanh


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The BOOMSET are: + An area microphone is used by the voice recorder to record the general cockpit sounds + A hand-held microphone is used for announcements to the passengers + Integrated microphones are contained in the oxygen mask or the headset.


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 13Figure 6 Audio Components



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boomset


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

audio componentsLoudspeakers are used in the cockpit for warning sounds.Small loudspeaker types are used in headsets and boomsets. Boomsets con-tain a combined microphone and loudspeaker.In the cabin you can find loudspeakers in the ceiling for passenger informationand entertainment programs.In addition the cabin crew uses telephone type handsets with a small loud-speaker and microphone for internal communication and passenger announce-ments.



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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 15Figure 7 Audio Components


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

RADIO COMPONENTSFor radio communication we need additional components like antennas, trans-mitter and receiver.A transmitter is equipped to send out the Radio Frequency and a receiver isequipped to receive the information back from the Radio Frequency .When the transmitter and receiver are combined it is called a transceiver.Tocommunicate backwards and forwards there must be a transmitter and receiverat both ends.A transmitter has 3 main components:S an oscillator, which generates the RF--carrier frequency, dependent on the

selected frequency on the radio control panelS a modulator, where the audio information is coupled to the RF--signal with

either an AM or FM modulation and finallyS a power amplifier which generates the necessary power to transmit the sig-

nal. This power is, for example, about 25W in the VHF system and about400 W in the HF system.




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For radio communication we need additional components: + antennas + transmitter + receiver


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transceiver = transmitter + receiver


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A transmitter has 3 main components: + An oscillator + A modulator + A power amplifier


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Máy.tạo.dao.động


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Radio.Frequency

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

a


Page 17Figure 8 Transmitter Components



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-Bộ.tiếp.nhận.âm.thanh - -Bộ.điều.chế -Bộ.khuyếch.đại.cao.tần -Antenna


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121.500


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-có.2.cách.cài.đặt: +++.Bằng.tay:.Khi.đổi.sân.bay.hoặc.đổi.đường.bay. +++.Thông.qua.máy.chủ.đã.cài.đặt.sẵn


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-Có.2.vòng. +++.Vòng.to.là.điều.khiển.trên.dấu.phẩy +++.Vòng.nhỏ.điều.khiển.sau.dấu.phẩy.


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Máy.tạo.dao.động


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

radio components cont.A receiver has 3 main components:S a tuning circuit which selects only one frequency from the total antenna out-

put. This frequency is selected on the control panel.S a demodulator which recovers the audio signal from the RF signal andS an audio amplifier which generates the necessary power for the audio

equipment.




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A receiver has 3 main components: + A tuning circuit. + A demodulator. + An audio amplifier.

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 19Figure 9 Receiver Components



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-Tín.hiệu.đi.về.là.tín.hiệu.điều.biên -Bộ.lọc.tần.số -Tín.hiệu.cao.tần -Bộ.điều.biến. -Bộ.khuyếch.đại.âm.tần -Loa

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

radio components cont.Antennas are needed to receive or transmit the RF carrier.Aircraft antennas have different sizes and locations. The location depends onthe task of the system and the size depends mainly on the wavelength of thecarrier frequency. This is because an antenna is most effective when its lengthis a minmum of a quarter of the wavelength.The VHF COM frequency range is between 118 MHz and 137 MHz. This corre-sponds to a wavelength between 2.5 m and 2.19 m Therefore, theoretically therequired antenna length should be between 55 cm and 64 cm.As this difference is very small, we could use a fixed antenna length of about60 cm without losing effectiveness. In modern aircraft you can find VHF anten-nas which are shorter than 60 cm, like this one on the photograph. This is pos-sible because you can lengthen an antenna with electronic components. Thissaves weight and reduces the drag.The frequencies of the HF communication system range from 2 MHz to 30MHz. Therefore, the length of the antenna should be between 2.5 m and 37.5m. This big variation does not allow use of a fixed average length.The HF antenna, which has for example a length of 2m must be electronicallylengthened, dependent on the used frequency. This is done by an antennacoupler.




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+ The VHF COM frequency range is between 118 MHz and 137 MHz ==>a wavelength between 2.5 m and 2.19 m ==>The required antenna length should be between 55 cm and 64 cm. + The frequencies of the HF communication system range from 2 MHz to 30 MHz. ==>the length of the antenna should be between 2.5 m and 37.5m. ==>


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Antenna.sẽ.hoạt.động.tốt.khi.chiều.dài.tối.thiểu.bằng.1/4.bước.sóng


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 21Figure 10 Antennas



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Phát.máy.bay.phía.trên.và.vệ.tinh


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Phát.cho.đài.dẫn.đường


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-Bước.sóng.lớn.==>độ.dài.bước.sóng.dài.hơn.==>antenna.dài.hơn


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-Bộ.trở.kháng.chuyển.mạch.antenna.để.antenna. ngắn.hơn.nhưng.có.thể.thu.phát.dc.dải.tần.HF

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

radio components cont.The connection between the transceiver and the antenna is made by specialfeeders, called RF lines.Two different types are used in aircraft. The first type is a co--axial cable typewhich is used up to frequencies of 3 GHz. It has an inner conductor which car-ries the RF and an outer conductor which is grounded. A filler material insu-lates both conductors from each other.The second type are waveguides. These are used above 3 GHz and are spe-cial feeders for radar frequency signals.All RF lines must only be handled by specially trained personnel according tothe instructions in the maintenance manual.Note that transport of the radio signals is disturbed by deformations of the RF--lines. Water in the RF line and corrosion of the contacts will do the same.




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RF.(Radio.Frequency).lines..có.2.loại: +++.Co-axial.Cable....Sử.dụng.cho.tần.số.dưới.3GHz +++.Waveguide....Sử.dụng.cho.tần.số.trên.3Ghz


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ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 23Figure 11 RF Lines



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-Làm.nhiều.dây.dễ.uốn.và.tuổi.thọ.của.dây


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-Cho.phép.làm.việc.dưới.3GHz


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-Sử.dụng.trên.3GHz -Do.nếu.dùng.dây.đồng.sẽ.tạo.ra.bề.mặt.bức.xạ.gây.nhiễu. ==>Truyền.trong.môi.trường.cách.điện.thông.qua.ống.dẫn.sóng


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

radio components cont.Aircraft are equipped with static dischargers at all sharp trailing edges of theairframe. In these areas the friction with air during flight generates static elec-tricity.This static electricity must continously be discharged to prevent build--up ofhigh voltages on the fuselage, because this would damage electronic equip-ment and disturb reception of radio signals.The maintenance manual states how many static dischargers must work prop-erly to guarantee correct operation.




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Friction:...Lực.ma.sát Static.discharger:....Bộ.phóng.điện.tích.tĩnh Disturb:...Nhiễu.loạn. Reception.of.radio.signals:...Thu.sóng.radio.


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Static.Dischargers...... +++.At.all.sharp.trailing.edges.of.the.airframe. +++.The.static.electricity.must.continously.be.discharged to.prevent.build-p.of.high.voltage.on.the.fuselage ==>damage.electronic.equipment.and.disturb.reception. of.radio.signals

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ATA 23 Lesson 1

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 25Figure 12 Static Dischargers



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-Gây.nhiễu: +++.Điện.trường.trên.1000V.sẽ.bức.xạ.ra.sóng. điện.từ.gây.nhiễu.sóng.vô.tuyến. ==>xả.bớt.ra ==>sử.dụng.chổi.phóng.điện.tại.mép.cánh,. đuôi.thăng.bằng.ngang.và.đuôi.đứng


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-Chổi.phóng.điện.


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yCOMMUNICATIONAUDIO SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

AUDIO SYSTEM

AUDIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMThe audio management system controls all functions necessary for crew com-munications.In modern systems a central computer called the audio Management Unit, orAMU in short connects the audio equipment of the captain the first officer and athird crew member with the radio communication and navigation systems.The AMU also allows each crew member to communicate with the other flightcrew members via the flight interphone system.For communication with the cabin crew the cabin interphone system is and forcommunication with maintenance staff at connections in several areas of theaircraft the service interphone system is used.In addition the passenger address system, or PA system in short, allows thepilots to make announcements to the passengers.Finally the AMU transfers all relevant signals to the cockpit voice recorder.Each crew member has an audio control panel, or ACP in short, to select thenecessary communication channel for their own audio equipment.The panels for the captain and the first officer are located on the pedestal andthe panel for the third crew member is either on the overhead panel or locatedon the pedestal. In some aircraft types you can also find a fourth audio controlpanel in the cockpit and even one in the avionic compartmentThe audio equipment for each cockpit crew member consists of a headset,boomset and microphones inside the oxygen mask and in a handheld version.Note that the oxygen mask microphone has priority over the boomset micro-phone when the mask is in use.To use the boomset again you must first restore the oxygen mask in the stow-age box and reset the oxygen mask flag.Loudspeakers make the selected audio audible in the whole cockpit. The pilotscan adjust the audio volume with a control knob near the loudspeaker or on theaudio control panel.




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Audio Management Unit.(AMU) +++...connects the audio equipment of ..... +The captain +The first officer +A third crew member .with.......................................... +The radio communication +Navigation systems. +++...allows each crew member to communicate with the other flight crew members via the flight inter-phone system. +++...the cabin inter-phone system is and for communication with maintenance staff at connections in several areas of the aircraft the service inter-phone system is used. +++...the passenger address system, or PA system in short, allows the pilots to make announcements to the passengers +++...the AMU transfers all relevant signals.(tín.hiệu.liên.quan) to the cockpit voice recorder


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-Kết.cấu.hệ.thống.quản.lý.âm.thanh.gồm: +++.Audio.Control.Panel.:.dùng.để. Chọn.thiết.bị.nào.để.liên.lạc Bật.chế.độ.phát,thu. Điều.chỉnh.âm.lượng. (.KHÔNG.có.điều.chỉnh.tần.số.) +++.Audio.Management.Unit...(AMU).:.dùng.để" Khuyếch.đại.theo.yêu.cầu.của.Audio.Control.Panel Nhận.thông.tin.từ.:. ==>Interphone.System:.Flight,Cabin.và.Service. ==>Audio.Management.System.:.


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The panels (ACP) for ..... +++.The captain and the first officer are located on the pedestal +++.The third crew member is either on the overhead panel or located on the pedestal. +++.The fourth audio control panel in the cockpit and even one in the avionic compartment (In some aircraft types)


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the oxygen mask microphone has priority over the boomset microphone when the mask is in use.


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ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

Loudspeaker

Handheld Microphone


Page 27Figure 13 Audio Management System



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-Có.3.bộ.đài.VHF.gồm:. Left,Right.:.Dùng.cho.Captain.và.F/O Center.:.Dùng.cho.dự.phòng.hoặc.ACARS


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-Rút.lò.xo.bật.nút.để.active.chế.độ.thu. -Điều.chỉnh.âm.lượng.bằng.cách.xoay.nút.này


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-Nhấn.vào.nút.và.hiện.ra.3.vạch. xanh.thì.lúc.đó.sẵn.sàng.phát.


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

AUDIO CONTROL PANELThe ACPs allow a separate selection of reception and transmission channels.The transmission selection is done by pushbuttons. Only one system can beselected at a time which is shown by a light in the selected pushbutton.For the reception selection you must release the corresponding rotating knobby pressing on it. After the knob is released you can now select the audio vol-ume. It is possible to select more than one system at the same time.With a sidetone you can always monitor the transmitted audio with the recep-tion channel.For the communication systems you can select the reception and transmissionfunction but for the navigation systems only a reception is possible.There are 3 VHF transceiver selectors for radio communication, for the left,center and right systems. In other aircraft they are called systems 1, 2 and 3.There are 2 HF transceivers for radio communication. These are either the leftand right systems or systems 1 and 2.The Flight interphone knob selects the channel to communicate with the otherflight crew members.The Cabin knob selects the cabin interphone channel to communicate with thecabin crew.You can also select the service interphone function when the aircraft is onground.The PA knob selects the Passenger Address system to allow announcementsto the passengers.The satcom knob selects the satellite communication system to allow tele-phone calls.Audio information from the navigation systems is needed to identify the se-lected station by Morse code and to get additional voice information.You can select the VOR or ADF navigation system and the ILS or marker bea-con system.You can influence the received signals using the filter selector.When the switch is in the V--position you will only receive the voice informationand in the R position, which stands for range, you will only receive the identifi-cation code.In the B position you receive both audio signals at the same time. You willlearn more about this subject in the navigation unit.

The audio control panel also has a radio transmission or RT switch with 3 posi-tions. The switch position decides whether you transmit or receive audio withthe selected communication system.In the center position the selected communication system is in the receptionmode, so you can hear the received audio from the system.The spring loaded up position selects the transmission mode. This is alsocalled the push to talk or PTT function. You need to activate this switch whenyou want to use the microphones in the boomset or oxygen mask. Only thehandheld microphone has its own push to talk switch.In the Interphone position the microphones are permanently connected to theflight interphone system, so the pilots can talk to each other independently ofthe other selections.All modern audio control panels have basically the same functions. Our exam-ple is used in modern long distance Boeing aircraft and you can find this panelon long distance Airbus aircraft.This audio control panel is used in short distance Boeing aircraft, therefore ithas no switches for the HF and SATCOM systems.One main difference on the 2 panels on the right is that a Voice Only push but-ton controls the audio filter. Pressing the switch cancels the Morse code so thiscorresponds to the V position of the filter selector on the left panel.Instead of the radio transmission position of the switch on the audio controlpanels the pilot can also use a push to talk switch on the control wheelor side-stick.On some control wheel switches you also can also select the permanent inter-phone position.




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VOR: VHF Omni-Range ADF: Automatic Direction Finder (Máy định hướng tự động)


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ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 29Figure 14 Audio Control Panel



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-Điều.thu.bổ.trợ.trong.trường.hợp .nghe.thông.tin.quản.lý.sân.bay


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-R/T.:.Radio.Transmitter.:.Chế.độ.phát.tín.hiệu.sóng.vô.tín -INT.:.Phát.nội.bộ.trong.A/C -Khi.gạt.lên.sẽ.tự.động.trở.lại.giữa.Khi.gạt.xuống.thì.ở.nguyên


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-Có.nút.phát.dc.bố.trí.ở.Side.Stick.hoặc.cần.lái -Phát.là.nhấn.vào.và.hết.phát.là.nhả.ra


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You can influence the received signals using the filter selector. + The V-position you will only receive the voice information + The R position, which stands for range, you will only receive the identification code. + The B position you receive both audio signals at the same time.


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ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

audio control panel cont.If there is a malfunction in Captains or first officers transmission or receptioncircuits in the AMU or ACP they can transfer their audio equipment to the cir-cuits of the third crew member.This is done with a transfer switch usually located on the overhead panel.After the transfer the pilot must use the audio control panel of the third crewmember.




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+Malfunction:..Gặp.sự.cố


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AMU:....Computer ACP:.....Control.Panel


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ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

Handheld Microphone


Page 31Figure 15 Audio Switching



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-Nếu.bảng.của.Captain.hỏng.sẽ.chuyển.về.bảng.dự.phòng -Có.3.bảng.Captain,F/O,và.3rd.Crew.Member.(gồm.CAPT3.và.F/O3)


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ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

INTERPHONE SYSTEMSThe Flight interphone system is used for communication between the cockpitcrew members.In addition the communication with a mechanic on the ground is possible via aboomset connection near the nose gear. This is used for example during thepush back from the gate.When the mechanic wants to communicates with the cockpit he or she mustpress the call pushbutton near the jack.This illuminates the Mechanic call light on the audio control panel accompaniedwith a short audio tone.You can connect your microphone to the flight interphone system by either se-lecting the FLT pushbutton or by switching the radio transmission switch to theinterphone position.The headphones are connected to the flight interphone system by releasing thecorresponding knob.The mechanic call is reset automatically after a time limit or the pilot can manu-ally reset it by selecting a reset pushbutton.The attendants light illuminates on the audio control panel when a cabin atten-dant wants to communicate with a cockpit crew member. The light is also ac-companied by a short audio tone.Pushing the cabin pushbutton connects the microphone to the cabin interphonesystem and releasing the knob connects the headphone to the cabin inter-phone system.The reset of the call is again automatic or done by selecting the reset pushbut-ton.The service interphone system is used primarily by maintenance to connect thecockpit to various areas inside or outside the aircraft.It uses the cabin interphone channels of the audio management system, so thesame selections are necessary for the service interphone.As the service jacks are often located in areas with high moisture and dirt theyare only connected to the interphone system on ground.This is done either automatically by the air--ground sensing circuit or by aswitch on the overhead panel.




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-Flight.Interphone.:. Giữa.các.thành.viên.trong.cockpit Trong.quá.trình.kéo.dắt.máy.bay.với.người.kéo.dắt.máy.bay -Cabin.Interphone.:. Tổ.bay.gọi.tiếp.viên.ở.khoang.hành.khách. Tiếp.viên.trưởng.gọi.lên.Cabin. Tiếp.viên.gọi.giữa.các.buồng.với.nhau. -Service.Interphone.:. Khi.dưới.mặt.đất.và.CÀNG.BỊ.NÉN. Giữa.người.làm.máy.bay.với.người.ngồi.trong.cockpit.......


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-Fight.mode: +++.Khi.đang.bay +++.Khi.kích.càng.máy.bay.để.bảo.trì ==>Service.Interphone.không.hoạt.động ==>Sử.dụng.Service.Interphone.Override.để.sử.dụng lại.Service.Interphone


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Có.8.vị.trí.Interphone -Buồng.Avionic.và.Càng.mũi.là.1 -Sau.thân -Buồng.càng.chính -2.Động.cơ. -2.Cánh -Buồng.APU


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-Hình.thức.liên.lạc.thuộc.dạng.hữu.tuyến.(Có.dây)


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ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

SVCE INTOVRD

Handheld Microphone


Page 33Figure 16 Interphone System



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-Khi.càng.bị.nhấc.lên.==>đang.ở.Flight.mode -Dùng.nút.này.để.override.và.bật.lại.chế.độ.Service.Interphone.System

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

PASSENGER ADDRESS SYSTEMThe purpose of the passenger Address system, or PA System in short, is togive information to the passengers.Information can come from the cockpit or cabin crew or from a tape playerused for pre--recorded announcements.Also, when available, boarding music can be played in the cabin.Finally, the PA system generates chimes as attention getters.The PA system uses PA amplifiers, which are located in a separate unit or partof a modern cabin communication systems called, for example, CIDS orACESSThe PA amplifier give the inputs a different priority to prevent a mixture of theaudio signals.The highest priority is the input from the cockpit crew and the second priority isthe purser followed by the other cabin crew members.The fourth priority is the pre--recorded announcements and the least importantinput is the boarding music.The PA system also generates chimes as attention getters. They are not in-cluded in the priority circuit, so they will always sound in addition to other audio.A high chime sounds when a passenger calls the cabin crew and a High -- Lowchime sounds when one cabin crew member calls another crew member or thecockpit.A Low chime comes on when the Fasten Seatbelt or No Smoking signs areswitched on.The PA amplifier can increase the audio volume to make sure that all an-nouncements can be heard clearly by the passengers.First, the output increases when an engine is started, usually detected by theengine oil pressure switch.The volume level is further increased when the oxygen masks are releasedafter a cabin decompression, triggered by the fourteen thousand feet pressureswitch.




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+++Passenger.Address.System:.Hệ.thống.thông.báo.trao.đổi.với.KH -Thông.tin.bằng.hình.ảnh...(VD:..Kí.hiệu.hình.ảnh....) -Thông.tin.bằng.ngôn.ngữ...(VD:...Loa...) -Thông.tin.thông.qua.các.chương.trình.tự.động -Boarding.music -generates.chimes.as.attention.getters....(phát.ra.tiếng.chuông.cảnh.báo) . +++Information.can.come.from:.. -from.the.cockpit -from.the.cabin.crew -from.a.tape.player.used.for.pre-recorded.announcements


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CIDS:.......Cabin.Intercommunication.Data.System


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The PA amplifier give the inputs a different priority to prevent a mixture of the audio signals: +The highest priority is the input from the cockpit crew +The second and the third priority is the purser followed by the other cabin crew members. +The fourth priority is the pre-recorded announcements +The least important input is the boarding music.


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The PA system also generates chimes as attention getters. They are not included in the priority circuit, so they will always sound in addition to other audio. +A high chime sounds when a passenger calls the cabin crew +A High - Low chime sounds when one cabin crew member calls another crew member or the cockpit. +A Low chime comes on when the Fasten Seatbelt or No Smoking signs are switched on.


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Page 35Figure 17 Passenger Address System



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-1..Thông.tin.từ.tổ.bay.đến.cabin ==>Cockpit.thông.báo.khi.đang.đi.vào.vùng.trời xấu,.... -2..Thông.tin.từ.tiếp.viên.đến.hành.khách ==>Tổ.tiếp.viên.thông.báo.thông.tin.dịch.vụ. -3..Thông.tin.từ.hành.khách.đến.tiếp.viên ==>Hành.khách.cần.gặp.tiếp.viên -4..Nằm.trong.chương.trình.bình.thường. ==>Một.bộ.phim.hay.ca.nhạc.... -5..Lựa.chọn.riêng.của.khách.hành.trong.dịch.vụ ==>Khách.hàng.chọn.riêng.chương.trình.trong kho.dữ.liệu.giải.trí.


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Mạch.khuyếch.đại.âm.thanh

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

passenger address systemTo make a PA announcement from the cockpit the pilot must press the PA pushbutton on the audio control panel. On some aircraft types this pushbutton mustbe held for the duration of the announcement.Often there is an additional handset especially for PA announcements. Thisbypasses the audio control panel.All PA audio can be heard by the pilots when the PA knob is released. With thissidetone the pilot can check that his own announcement is transferred to thecabin loudspeakers and that cabin crew announcements are not interrupted




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ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 37Figure 18 PA System


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER SYSTEMThe cockpit voice recorder or CVR in short is a very important component forevaluation of aircraft incidents or accidents, because it keeps a continuousrecord of all cockpit crew communications and sounds in the cockpit.Two different types of voice recorders are presently in use. The analogue taperecorder stores the last 30 minutes of the flight on an endless tape. Older re-cordings are automatically erased.The digital solid state recorder stores the last 120 minutes of the flight inmemory. Here previous recordings are also automatically overwritten.The cockpit voice recorder system usually has the following components:S the recorder itself which is located near the flight data recorder usually in

the tail section of the aircraftS a control panel usually located on the overhead panel andS an area microphone which is either located on the control panel or in a sep-

arate locationOn the front of the recorder you can find an underwater Locator Beacon.The cockpit voice recorder has four audio inputs. 3 inputs come from the audiomanagement unit and correspond exactly to the audio which the flight crewhear in their headphones. As all transmissions are also repeated in the head-phones the recording contains the reception and transmission.The 4. input is the general cockpit sounds from the area microphone.The voice recorder starts recording automatically when one engine is started orwhen the aircraft is in--flight at the latest.The recording stops 5 minutes after shutdown of the last engine on the ground.With the erase switch on the control panel you can erase the complete record-ing when the aircraft is on the ground and the parking brake is set. This is tokeep the privacy of the crew.You can test the voice recorder by pressing the test push button on the controlpanel.This starts the recorder and records a test signal on all four channels. In manyaircraft types you need to activate the recorder power with the ground controlswitch first.During the test the pointer in the meter must deflect to the green area or a sta-tus indicator must indicate pass. In modern aircraft the test is usually done withthe central maintenance computer system.

You can monitor a test recording when you connect a set of headphones to thejack on the panel.




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-Một.trong.những.hệ.thống.điều.tra.tai.nạn.và.thanh.tra.bay -Thiết.bị.ghi.âm.thanh.buồng.lái...Gồm.chức.năng: +++.Tiếng.động.và.cuộc.nói.chuyện +++....... -Ghi.được.30.phút.và.ghi.cuốn.chiếu. -Không.hỗ.trợ.ghi.hình.ảnh.


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-Chế.độ.ghi.tự.động -Chế.độ.ghi.bằng.tay


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Two different types of voice recorders are presently in use +The analogue tape recorder stores the last 30 minutes +The digital solid state recorder stores the last 120 minutes of the flight in memory


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The cockpit voice recorder system usually has the following components: + The recorder itself which is located near the flight data recorder usually in the tail section of the aircraft + A control panel usually located on the overhead panel + An area microphone which is either located on the control panel or in a separate location


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The cockpit voice recorder has four audio inputs. +3 inputs come from the audio management unit and correspond exactly to the audio which the flight crew hear in their headphones. As all transmissions are also repeated in the headphones the recording contains the reception and transmission. +The 4. input is the general cockpit sounds from the area microphone.


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The recording stops 5 minutes after shutdown of the last engine on the ground.


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With the erase switch on the control panel you can erase the complete recording when the aircraft is on the ground AND the parking brake is set.


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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 2

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 39Figure 19 Cockpit Voice Recorder System



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Có.4.đường.ghi.vào.Recorder.System -Captain -F/O -3rd.member -Ghi.tiếng.động.cockpit

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yCOMMUNICATIONVHF COMMUNICATION

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

VHF COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTIONThe VHF communication system is used for short distance voice and datacommunication with ground stations or other aircraft.The VHF frequency range for aircraft communication systems is from 117.975MHz to 137 MHz .Note that the frequency of 121.5 is an international emergency frequency,which is used, for example, by the emergency locator beacon.The spacing between each communication channel is normally 25 kHz, whichmeans that 760 frequencies, also called channels, are available.In Europe more channels are required in high flight levels, therefore modernsystems use a channel spacing of 8.3 kHz which means more than 2000 chan-nels are available.




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-VHF -HF -SATCOM -ACARS


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-VHF1:Captain -VHF2:F/O -VHF3:use.for.ACARS


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+ The VHF communication system is used for short distance voice and data communication with ground stations or other aircraft.

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ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 41Figure 20 VHF Communication System


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ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

SYSTEM COMPONENTSModern aircraft have 3 independent VHF systems. Two systems are a mini-mum requirement for commercial flights.System #1 is normally used for the captains voice communication and System#2 for the first officer„s voice communications.The third system is normally used for the ACARS system., but it could also beused for voice communication if one of the other systems fail.Each VHF communication system has a transceiver in the avionics compart-ment and an antenna. The three antennas are installed at different locations onthe aircraft fuselage.




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+Modern aircraft have 3 independent VHF systems. +Two systems are a minimum requirement for commercial flights.


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+System #1 is normally used for the captains voice communication +System #2 for the first office's voice communications. +System #3 is normally used for the ACARS system, but it could also be used for voice communication if one of the other systems fail.


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ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 43Figure 21 VHF System Components



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-Giữa.MB.với.MB -Giữa.MB.với.Sân.bay -Khoảng.cách.khoảng.350km

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ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

system componentsUsually you can find the antennas for VHF numbers one and three on the up-per fuselage and the antenna for VHF number two on the lower fuselage.The VHF communication systems are controlled by radio management panels,RMP in short, which allow frequency selections and audio control panels whichallow audio selections.The transceiver has both a transmitter and a receiver for either receiving ortransmitting signals.You can hear a received signal with your audio equipment when you select theknob on the ACP and the correct frequency on the RMP.You must always listen to a selected station first before you start a transmis-sion to prevent communication interruptions with another aircraft.To transmit information to the selected station you must push either the radiotransmission switch on the ACP or operate the push--to--talk switch on the con-trol wheel.When the transmission works with the normal output power of about 25 W, youcan hear your own voice in the headphones with the sidetone.A missing sidetone is always an indication for a system failure.




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The VHF communication systems are controlled +by radio management panels (RMP) which allow frequency selections +by audio control panels (ACP) which allow audio selections.


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You can hear a received signal with your audio equipment when you select: + the knob on the ACP + the correct frequency on the RMP.


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ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 45Figure 22 VHF System Components



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-Đang.phát -Sử.dụng.tần.số.điều.biên.

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ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

RADIO MANAGEMENT PANELThe Radio Management Panel is the component where you make frequencyselections for the VHF and HF radio communication systems.Each RMP can control any system. The selected system is shown by the lightin the pushbutton.During normal operation the captain„s panel controls the VHF and HF number 1systems and the first officers RMP controls VHF and HF number 2.The third RMP is usually used for VHF number three.The RMP has two frequency windows. The left window is called the active win-dow. It shows the operating frequency of the selected system.The other is called the standby window which shows a new selected frequency.Note that the window shows either ACARS or DATA when you select VHF sys-tem number 3, because no manual frequency selection is necessary forACARS.When you press the transfer button on an RMP, the frequencies change win-dows. This means that the standby frequency becomes the active frequencyand vice versa.All RMPs are constantly updated by each other. When you activate a frequencyon one RMP it is also visible on the other RMPs when the same system is se-lected.On some radio management panels, for example, on modern airbus aircraft,you can find an area for the frequency selection of navigation systems. This isonly used when normal tuning via the flight management system is not avail-able.

SYSTEM OPERATIONLet„s now see an example of how to establish a connection to a VHF groundstation.First you must crosscheck that the selection for your audio equipment is doneon your audio control panel and that the required VHF communication systemis selected on the radio management panel.The required frequency is selected by turning the frequency selector knob. Thischanges the frequency in the standby window.After selection of the correct frequency you must activate the frequency for theVHF system #1.

Now the VHF COM number one system is tuned to the correct frequency. Be-fore you transmit your request to the VHF ground station listen to the receptionto make sure that no actual communication is in progress.You can now start the transmission, by activating one of the push--to--talkswitches.




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+The Radio Management Panel is the component where you make frequency selections for the VHF and HF radio communication systems. +Each RMP can control any system. The selected system is shown by the light in the push-button


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The RMP has two frequency windows. + The left window is called the active window. It shows the operating frequency of the selected system. + The other is called the standby window which shows a new selected frequency.


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All RMPs are constantly updated by each other. When you activate a frequency on one RMP it is also visible on the other RMPs


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ATA 23 Lesson 3

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 47Figure 23 Radio Management Panel & Operation



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-Khoảng.cách.liên.lạc.xa..Có.thể.lên.đên.1200km.(Trong.khi.VHF.tầm.300km) -Truyền.tốt.trong.thời.tiết.tốt.


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-HP.Sense.Trip:..Độ.nhạy.của.máy.thu -Tín.hiệu.nhỏ.nhất.mà.đưa.vào.máy.thu.mà.vẫn.còn.thu.được.


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VHF.không.có.điều.chỉnh.độ.nhạy.này.


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-HF:.Phản.xạ.ở.tầng.điện.ly -VHF:.Có.phản.xạ.nhưng.không.bằng.HF

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yCOMMUNICATIONHF COMMUNICATION

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 4

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

HF COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTIONThe HF communication system is used for long distance communication.HF communication systems are installed on many long distance aircraft forworld wide communication.The ionosphere around the world is used as a reflector for the radio signals toreach areas outside the line of sight. Unfortunately the Ionosphere changes itsconditions. For example the intensity of sunlight determines the quality of re-ception.In modern aircraft types the SATCOM system replaces the HF system, be-cause it guarantees a reliable long distance communication.




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The HF communication system is used for long distance communication.


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intensity of sunlight: cường độ ánh sáng


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ATA 23 Lesson 4

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Page 49Figure 24 HF Communication



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-HF:.Phản.xạ.ở.tầng.điện.ly -VHF:.Có.phản.xạ.nhưng.không.bằng.HF

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ATA 23 Lesson 4

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

HF SYSTEM COMPONENTSUsually two independent HF communication systems are installed in long dis-tance aircraft.Each system has a transceiver, which is located in the avionics compartmentand an antenna which is usually located in the leading edge of the vertical sta-bilizer.On older aircraft types or aircraft with three HF systems you also can find a rodtype antenna at the wing tip.An antenna coupler is needed to tune the antenna to the selected HF--fre-quency. It is installed near the antenna.




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+ Usually two independent HF communication systems are installed in long distance aircraft. + located in the avionics compartment + an antenna which is usually located in the leading edge of the vertical stabilizer.


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ATA 23 Lesson 4

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 51Figure 25 HF System Components


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ATA 23 Lesson 4

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HF system components cont.The HF transceiver has a transmitter and receiver that functions in the sameway as the VHF transceiver. Transmission happens with an output power of200 to 400 W.The frequency and system selection on the RMP is done in the same way, asfor the VHF system.The HF frequency range is from 2 MHz to about 25 MHz in steps of1 or 0.1 kHz.With the AM pushbutton on the RMP you can select two different operationalmodes for HF.When the push button is pressed the first time the AM mode is selected. AMstands for amplitude modulation. This mode transmits the modulated signal viaa carrier.When the push button is pressed again the default SSB mode is selected. SSBstands for single side band. This mode transmits the modulated signal withouta carrier, giving a better transmission efficiency.With the HF sensitivity selector knob on the RMP you can adjust the sensitivityof the reception.Note that some RMP types have a SQL knob instead. Here you can select thesquelch level which is the level for the noise suppression.On older aircraft types you can find a separate HF control panel with the samecontrol functions as described for the RMP.The antenna coupler must tune the antenna to the selected HF frequency be-fore you can start any transmission. Reception is always possible without anew coupler tuning.Briefly pressing one of the push--to--talk switches for the first time will start thetuning.You can hear a 1 kHz tone as long as the tuning lasts. The tuning is very fast inmodern systems but older systems need up to 10 seconds.When the antenna coupler has completed the tuning, the 1 kHz tone stops, andyou can start transmission by pressing the push--to--talk switch a second time.You can monitor the correct transmission with the sidetone when normal trans-mitting power is available.



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Page 53Figure 26 HF System Components



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-Tăng.hệ.số.khuyếch.đại -Giảm.tạp.âm.


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Audio.Control.Panel


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-Muốn.thu.tốt.thì.điện.trở.mạch.vào.phải.tăng

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 4

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

SYSTEM OPERATIONFrom what you have learned in the VHF lesson and in this lesson you shouldbe able to do the necessary steps to establish HF communication.With the first step connect your audio equipment to the HF system # 1.On the audio control panel you have now connected the audio equipment tothe transmission and reception channel of HF #1.You have selected the HF system #1 to AM mode on the RMP.The selected frequency is now shown in the standby frequency window.When the frequency is activated you must first check if this frequency is busybefore you start a transmission.Lets assume that no communication is in progress, so that you can start tuningthe antenna coupler.Pressing the radio transmission or push--to--talk switch the first time after a newfrequency selection tunes the transmitter and the coupler to the new frequency.When the tuning tone has stopped you can start your communication with theselected ground station.



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ATA 23 Lesson 4

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

3,495 18.530


Page 55Figure 27 HF System Operation


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yCOMMUNICATIONACARS

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

ACARS

ACARS INTRODUCTIONThe Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting system or ACARS inshort, is a datalink communication system which can transfer messages anddata between the aircraft and the ground, for example the airline operation cen-ter and ATC.It uses the VHF Communication system #3 or the Satellite Communication sy-stem dependent on the aircraft location.The data sent by ACARS is received by the ground station of a network provi-der which transports the data via its network to the users.The data transfer in this direction is called the downlink. Consequently the datatransfer from the ground to the aircraft is called the uplink.ACARS transmits and receives either automatic reports, which usually dependon the flight profile and manual reports which are independent of the flight pro-file.The OUT report transmits aircraft information and the time when all aircraftdoors are closed and aircraft movement starts.The OFF report transmits aircraft information and the time when the aircraftlifts off, detected by the landing gear air - ground switches.The ON report transmits aircraft information and the time when the aircraft tou-ches down, detected by the landing gear air - ground switches.The IN report transmits aircraft information and the time when the first aircraftdoor is opened.The estimated time of arrival , or ETA in short, is automatically transmitted 120minutes, 20 minutes and seven minutes before the arrival.The aircraft condition monitoring system, ACMS, transmits an engine reportautomatically during each flight and whenever an engine problem is detected,for example an EGT exceedance.The loadsheet report is an uplink from the ground to the aircraft during takeoffpreparation.Manual ACARS reports are started by the pilot, airline ground staffor ATC.A call request is transmitted to the aircraft if the ground station wants to com-municate with the flight crew via voice communication. This is used instead ofthe old SELCAL system.

ATC will use ACARS in the future air navigation system, FANS, to send re-quests to the aircraft, for example �Maintain speed�. You will learn more aboutFANS in the Navigation unit.A report request is a downlink when the flight crew requires specific informa-tion. These are, for example, airport or weather data, or information for thepassengers or crew.Information for the crew or the passengers is an uplink as a response to a re-port request. For example it gives information about the departure gates fortransit passengers and the next flight for the crew.Maintenance reports can be started from the central maintenance computersystem, CMCS, to transmit test results or maintenance reports to the airlinemaintenance center.




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-Liên.lạc.theo.tuyến


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ACARS uses (+ The VHF Communication system #3 OR + The Satellite Communication system) AND + dependent on the aircraft location.


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yCOMMUNICATIONACARS

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 57Figure 28 Acars Overview



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-Thường.là.thông.báo.từ.MB.đến.nơi.đích.trong.trường.hợp.thiếu.hoặc.hư.phụ.tùng.

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yCOMMUNICATIONACARS

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

ACARS OPERATIONA typical ACARS system has a central computer called the Management Unit,or MU in short. It is the link between the aircraft components and the VHF orsatellite communication systems.The VHF communication system #3, also called the center system, is now acti-vated for voice communication. ACARS operation is possible with VHF com-munication system #3if you can read DATA or ACARS in the window of the ac-tive frequency. The ACARS MU automatically selects the required VHFfrequency, but does not display it on the RMP.ACARS uses the SATCOM system if a VHF ground station is not usable. Thisdepends on the aircraft position which is provided by the Flight ManagementComputer system or IRS.ACARS gets maintenance related data from the Central Maintenance Compu-ter and the aircraft condition monitoring system. In addition ACARS gets air-craft status information from several discrete signals, for example door andgear switches. The software of the management unit can be updated with theData Loader when required.ACARS operation is controlled from an MCDU and the printer allows the crewto get a hardcopy of each report.The ACARS main menu gives the operator access to different functions.You can either request reports for an uplink or create reports for a downlink.The available choices depend on the flight phase, in our example they are fromthe pre--flight phase.You can also write a telex to a ground station or request a voice contact from aground station.Finally you can select a list of all uplink messages and get access to miscella-neous pages. From the miscellaneous page you can select information aboutthe ACARS frequencies for the different areas of the world.The OOOI status pages give information about the OUT, OFF, ON and INdownlinks and allows checking and editing of the status conditions.The VHF and Satellite statistic pages show how many transmissions and re-ceptions happened in the past and the parameter page gives access to codedinformation.From the ACARS maintenance page you can select information about all partnumbers of the system, the ACARS system status and all information aboutthe status of the VHF and Satellite communication system. Finally you can dodifferent types of system test.




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ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 59Figure 29 Acars Main Menue


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yCOMMUNICATIONACARS

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

SATCOM INTRODUCTIONThe satellite communication or SATCOM system has three main components.First, the satellites, secondly the aircraft earth stations, abbreviated as AESand finally the ground earth station, or GES.The SATCOM system provides reliable world--wide digital data transfer forACARS, Cockpit Voice and telex communications and Passengers Voice, telexand fax communications. All communication systems can use SATCOM at thesame time. Transmission and reception also work at the same time so that nor-mal telephone conversation is possible.SATCOM uses 4 satellites in a geostationary orbit, which means that they arelocated about 23.000 miles or 36.000km above the earth„s surface. This provi-des a coverage between latitudes of 75° north and 75° south.Over 255 SATCOM ground earth stations, world--wide, transmit and receive thedata to and from the satellites.




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SATCOM +First, the satellites +Secondly the aircraft earth stations, abbreviated as AES +Finally the ground earth station, or GES.

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ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 61Figure 30 SATCOM Components



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-Một.số.tần.số.dùng.cho.khẩn.cấp. -Một.số.tần.số.dùng.cho.ACARS

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yCOMMUNICATIONACARS

FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

SATCOM SYSTEM COMPONENTSThe aircraft earth station, AES is the part of the SATCOM system which is lo-cated onboard the aircraft. It„s architecture depends on the system manufactu-rer and the needs of the airline.A typical system has a satellite data unit or SDU in short, a radio frequencyunit, or RFU, a high power amplifier, called HPA in short and a low noise ampli-fier and diplexer, abbreviated to LNA / DIP.Finally it has a beam steering unit, BSU in short and an antenna.The Satellite Data Unit is the heart of the SATCOM system and controls all theconnections to other aircraft systems, for example ACARS, pilots audio systemand passenger telephone system.It stores all satellite positions and frequencies, and automatically selects thenearest satellite dependent upon the present position of the aircraft. Differentfunctions and tests can be selected from the MCDU via the SATCOM menu.Let us now see briefly how a satellite communication is done. First the SDUsends the communication data to the RFU. It generates a carrier--frequency of1,6 GHz and modulates it with the data. After amplification in the High Powerand Low Noise Amplifiers the signal reaches the BSU and the antenna.The SATCOM system uses either 1 topmounted or 2 sidemounted antennas onthe upper part of the fuselage.Both types are high gain antennas with several antenna elements. They trans-mit a steerable beam in the direction of the satellite. The beam direction is con-trolled by the BSU dependent on the aircraft position and heading, thereforethe IRS must be functional if the antennas are to be used. The high gain anten-nas allow high data transmission rates, which is necessary for normal SAT-COM operation.Some systems also use a low gain antenna on top of the fuselage, which trans-mits a fixed beam. This allows only a low data rate communication, for examplefor ACARS, but no voice communication. The advantage of this antenna type isthat it does not need a BSU nor aircraft position data from the IRS.Note that the concentrated beam of the SATCOM antennas is high powered,so SATCOM must only be used if no personnel or metal parts are near the an-tenna. Refer to the maintenance manual for more detailed information.A received signal goes from the antenna to the Diplexer which separates thetransmission and reception signals.From the diplexer the data goes via the RFU to the SDU, where it is demodula-ted and distributed to the related systems.



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ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 63Figure 31 SATCOM System Components



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Bộ.khuyếch.đại. điều.biên.công suất.lớn


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Bộ.điều.khiện. quay.bước.sóng

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ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)Emergency locator transmitters, or ELTs in short, help search--and--rescuecrews to find aircraft that accidentally land away from an airport or ditch intowater.Two different types of ELT are used in aircraft. The first type is a fixed transmit-ter which is installed in the upper aft section of the aircraft fuselage. The se-cond type is a portable buoyant type, which you can find near the life rafts inthe cabin ceiling.All ELTs transmit two radio signals on international emergency frequencies.One signal at the VHF frequency of 121,5 MHz, and the other at the UHF fre-quency of 243MHz. Both radio signals are modulated with a swept--tone signal.UHF and VHF frequencies can only be received up to a distance of about200 nautical miles, so a rescue crew can only find the aircraft if it is located in-side this range.Therefore the fixed ELT transmits an additional signal at 406 MHz via a smallantenna near the vertical stabilizer. This signal can be received by satellitesand allows world--wide loaction of aircraft. The signal contains information ab-out the aircraft type and tail--sign and if available also the last known presentposition.The ELTs are powered by an internal battery for at least 48 hours.The portable ELT becomes active when the battery comes in contact with wa-ter or when a small pin is removed from the battery.The fixed ELT is automatically activated when an internal g--switch detects anacceleration of more than 5 G in the longitudinal axis. The fixed ELT can alsobe activated manually from a control panel on the cockpit overhead panel.Note that for a test you must only switch on the ELT during the first five minu-tes of an hour for a maximum of fifteen seconds. All other transmissions willstart search and rescue operations immediately.During the test you can hear the swept--tone signal when you tune the VHFcommunication system to 121,5 MHz.




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-Máy.phát.định.vị.khẩn.cấp


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Two different types of ELT are used in aircraft. + The first type is a fixed transmitter which is installed in the upper aft section of the aircraft fuselage. + The second type is a portable buoyant type, which you can find near the life rafts in the cabin ceiling.


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All ELTs transmit two radio signals on international emergency frequencies. + One signal at the VHF frequency of 121,5 MHz + The other at the UHF frequency of 243MHz.


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The ELTs are powered by an internal battery for at least 48 hours.


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The fixed ELT is + automatically activated when an internal g-switch detects an acceleration of more than 5 G in the longitudinal axis. + can also be activated manually from a control panel on the cockpit overhead panel.


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The portable ELT becomes active when + the battery comes in contact with water + a small pin is removed from the battery.


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ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002


Page 65Figure 32 Emergency Locator Transmitter



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-Rơi.xuống.biển: +++.Nếu.rơi.1.cục.thì.vẫn.còn.nổi.lập.lờ.trên.mặt.biển ==>Phát.tối.đa.200.dặm.trong.2.tần.số.121.5MHz.và.243MHz +++.Nếu.chìm.xuống.đáy. ==>từ.3-5km.vẫn.có.thể.phát.dc.và.bán.kính.là.120m


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MB.tìm.kiếm


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-Rơi.trên.đất.liền: +++.có.1.chốt.để.có.thể.bật.lò.xo.ra.do.xung.lực mạnh.khi.chạm.đất.

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FUNDAMENTALS

ATA 23 Lesson 5

HAM US/F kl 01.2.2002

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK



TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page i

ATA 23 COMMUNICATION 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTRODUCTION 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SYSTEM OVERVIEW 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RADIO FREQUENCIES 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WAVELENGTH 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WAVE PROPAGATION & MODULATION 10. . . . . . . . . . . . .AUDIO COMPONENTS 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RADIO COMPONENTS 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AUDIO SYSTEM 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AUDIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AUDIO CONTROL PANEL 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INTERPHONE SYSTEMS 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PASSENGER ADDRESS SYSTEM 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER SYSTEM 38. . . . . . . . . . . . .

VHF COMMUNICATION 40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INTRODUCTION 40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SYSTEM COMPONENTS 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RADIO MANAGEMENT PANEL 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SYSTEM OPERATION 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HF COMMUNICATION 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INTRODUCTION 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HF SYSTEM COMPONENTS 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SYSTEM OPERATION 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ACARS 56ACARS INTRODUCTION 56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ACARS OPERATION 58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SATCOM INTRODUCTION 60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SATCOM SYSTEM COMPONENTS 62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT) 64. . . . . .


TABLE OF FIGURES


Page: ii

Figure 1 System Overview 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 2 Radio Frequencies 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 3 Frequency Bands 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 4 Wavelength 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 5 Wave Propagation&Modulation 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 6 Audio Components 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 7 Audio Components 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 8 Transmitter Components 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 9 Receiver Components 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 10 Antennas 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 11 RF Lines 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 12 Static Dischargers 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 13 Audio Management System 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 14 Audio Control Panel 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 15 Audio Switching 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 16 Interphone System 33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 17 Passenger Address System 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 18 PA System 37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 19 Cockpit Voice Recorder System 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 20 VHF Communication System 41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 21 VHF System Components 43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 22 VHF System Components 45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 23 Radio Management Panel & Operation 47. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 24 HF Communication 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 25 HF System Components 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 26 HF System Components 53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 27 HF System Operation 55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 28 Acars Overview 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 29 Acars Main Menue 59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 30 SATCOM Components 61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 31 SATCOM System Components 63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figure 32 Emergency Locator Transmitter 65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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