(c) 2012 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. chapter 10 socioemotional development in adolescence...
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(c) 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 10
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
PowerPoints developed by Nicholas Greco IV, College of Lake County, Grayslake, IL
(c) 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Identity Identity is a self-portrait composed of many
pieces, including:vocational/career identitypolitical identityreligious identityrelationship identityachievement; intellectual identitysexual identitycultural/ethnic identityinterestspersonalityphysical identity
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Erikson’s View
Erik Erikson first understood the centrality of identity for adolescent developmentPsychosocial moratorium
Erikson’s 5th stage: identity versus identity confusion
Crisis -- the exploratory period of identity development
Commitment -- personal investment in identity
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Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity
Identity diffusionindividuals have not yet experienced a crisis
or made any commitmentsundecided and uninterested in occupational
and ideological choices Identity foreclosure
have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis
parents hand down commitments to their adolescents before they have had a chance to explore different options on their own
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Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity
Identity moratorium individuals in the midst of a crisis but whose
commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
Identity achievement individuals who have undergone a crisis and
made a commitment
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Ongoing Search
Resolution of the identity issue during adolescence does not mean that identity will be stable through the remainder of life
Questions about identity come up throughout life
These cycles may be repeated throughout life
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Ethnic Identity
Ethnic identity -- enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
Bicultural identity -- adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture
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Ethnic Identity in Immigrant Groups
First-generation immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change muchthey may or may not develop a new identity
Second-generation immigrants are more likely to think of themselves as “American” possibly because citizenship is granted at
birthethnic identity is likely to be linked to retention
of their ethnic language and social networks
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Autonomy and Attachment
Adolescent’s push for autonomy and responsibility puzzles and angers many parents
As the adolescent pushes for autonomy, the wise adult relinquishes control where the adolescent can make reasonable decisions, but continues to guide the adolescent
Boys are given more independence than girls Secure attachment may be important in
adolescents’ relationships with their parents
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Parent-Adolescent Conflict
Much of the conflict involves the everyday events of family life (e.g., keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home by a certain time, use of the phone)
The conflicts rarely involve major dilemmas such as drugs or delinquency
Conflict with parents often escalates during early adolescence, remains somewhat stable during the high school years, and then lessens as adolescence ends
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Old and New Models Old model -- as adolescents mature they detach
themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parentsparent-adolescent conflict is intense and
stressful throughout adolescence New model emphasizes parents as important
attachment figures and support systems in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is
moderate rather than severeeveryday negotiations and minor disputes not
only are normal but serve a positive function
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Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent
Relationships INSERT FIGURE 10.2 HERE
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Friendships
Sullivan discussed the importance of adolescent friendshipsFriends are important in shaping the
development of children and adolescentsEveryone has basic social needs, friends help
meet social needsTeenagers are motivated to seek out close
friendsForeshadows the quality of romantic
relationships in adulthood
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Peer Groups
Standards of peer groups and the influence of crowds and cliques become increasingly important during adolescence Peer pressure -- conformity to peer standards Cliques -- small groups ranging from 2 to about 12;
members are usually same sex and about the same age; develop an in-group identity
Crowds -- larger and less personal groups; membership based on reputation; and they may or may not spend much time together
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Dating and Romantic Relationships
Dating can be a form of recreation, a source of status, a setting for learning about close relationships, and a way of finding a mate
Three stages of romantic relationshipsEntering into romantic attractions and
affiliations at about age 11 to 13Exploring romantic relationships at
approximately age 14 to 16Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about
17 to 19
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Dating in Gay and Lesbian Youth
Many sexual minority youth date other-sex peers, which can help them clarify their sexual orientation disguise it from others
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Sociocultural Contexts and Dating
Influence may be seen in differences in dating patterns among ethnic groups
Values, religious beliefs, and traditions often dictate the age at which dating beginshow much freedom in dating is allowedwhether dates must be chaperoned by adults
or parentsthe roles of males and females in dating
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Dating and Adjustment
There is a link between dating and romantic relationships with measures of adjustment
Those who date are more likely to have Higher levels of social acceptanceHigher levels of friendship and romantic
competence Early dating and “going with” someone is
associated with adolescent pregnancy and problems at home and school
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Traditions and Changes in Adolescence Around the Globe
Fewer adolescents around the world die from infectious diseases and malnutrition now than in the past
The experiences of male and female adolescents continue to be quite different
Some adolescents grow up in closely knit families with extensive extended kin networks that retain a traditional way of life
Some cultures give peers a stronger role in adolescence
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Rites of Passage
Rite of passage -- ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one status to anothergain access to sacred adult practices, to
knowledge, and to sexuality often involve some form of ritual death and
rebirth, or by means of contact with the spiritual world
(Kottak, 2009)
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Do we have rites of passage for American
adolescents? We do not have universal formal
ceremonies to mark passage from adolescence to adulthood
Certain religions do (e.g., Jewish bar and bat mitzvah, the Catholic confirmation)
School graduation ceremonies come the closest
Social organizations may have ceremonies like initiations or debuts
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Immigration
Relatively high rates of immigration contribute to the growth of ethnic minorities in the United States
Immigrants often experience stressors such as language barriers, separations from support networks, changes in SES status, the dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate
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Immigrant Family Issues
Many come from collectivist cultures in which family obligation is strong
For adolescents, this obligation may mean assisting parents in their occupations and/or contributing to the family’s welfare
The long hours immigrant youth work in such jobs can be detrimental to their academic achievement
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Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status
Not all ethnic minority families are poor
Economic advantage does not entirely enable minorities to escape prejudice, discrimination, and bias
However, poverty contributes to the stressful life experiences of many ethnic minority adolescents
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The Media
There has been a dramatic increase in media multitasking
Television viewing and video-game playing peak in early adolescence and then begin to decline
Older adolescents spend more time listening to music and using the computer
Increased Internet useCyberbullyingSex crimes
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Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile delinquent -- label applied to an
adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal delinquency rates among minority groups and
lower-socioeconomic-status youth are especially high
These groups have less influence over the judicial decision-making process and may be judged more delinquent
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Causes of Delinquency
Many causes have been proposed, including heredity, identity problems, community influences, and family experiences
Adolescents with a negative identity may find support for their delinquent image among peers, reinforcing the negative identity norms of many lower-SES peer groups and
gangs are antisocial
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Causes of Delinquency
Parental monitoring is especially important in determining whether an adolescent becomes a delinquent
Family discord and inconsistent and inappropriate discipline and sibling influences are also associated with delinquency
Having delinquent peers greatly increases the risk of becoming delinquent
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Depression Adolescent girls consistently have higher
rates of depression than adolescent boys females twice that of males
Family factors place adolescents at risk for developing depression
Poor peer relationships are associated with adolescent depression
Problems in adolescent romantic relationships can also trigger depression, especially for girls
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Suicide
Suicide behavior escalates in adolescence and then increases further in emerging adulthood
Suicide is the third-leading cause of death in ages 10 to19
Although a suicide threat should always be taken seriously, far more adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit it
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Gender Differences in Suicide
Females were more likely to attempt Males were more likely to succeed in
committing suicideMales use more lethal means, such as gunsFemales are more likely to cut their wrists or
take an overdose of sleeping pills
Suicidal adolescents often have depressive symptoms
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The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention
Programs Four problems that affect the most
adolescents drug abusejuvenile delinquencysexual problemsschool-related problems
Those who have more than one of these problems are more at risk
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Successful Programs
Programs that have been successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems found these common components Intensive individualized attention Community-wide multi-agency collaborative
approaches Early identification and intervention