c 16-foundations of organization structure cont
DESCRIPTION
C 16-foundations of organization structure contTRANSCRIPT
o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r
o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r
stephen p. robbins
e l e v e n t h e d i t i o n
e l e v e n t h e d i t i o n
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N SS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O NE L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N SW W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
Chapter 16Chapter 16
Foundation of Organizational Structure
TWELFTH EDITION
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–3
What Is Organizational Structure?What Is Organizational Structure?
Key Elements:
• Work specialization
• Departmentalization
• Chain of command
• Span of control
• Centralization and decentralization
• Formalization
Key Elements:
• Work specialization
• Departmentalization
• Chain of command
• Span of control
• Centralization and decentralization
• Formalization
Organizational Structure
How job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–4
Key Design Questions and Answers for Designing the Proper Organization Structure
Key Design Questions and Answers for Designing the Proper Organization Structure
The Key Question The Answer Is Provided By
1. To what degree are articles Work specializationsubdivided into separate jobs?
2. On what basis will jobs be grouped Departmentalizationtogether?
3. To whom do individuals and groups Chain of commandreport?
4. How many individuals can a manager Span of controlefficiently and effectively direct?
5. Where does decision-making Centralizationauthority lie? and decentralization
6. To what degree will there be rules Formalizationand regulations to direct employeesand managers?
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–5
What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)
Division of labor:
• Makes efficient use of employee skills
• Increases employee skills through repetition
• Less between-job downtime increases productivity
• Specialized training is more efficient.
• Allows use of specialized equipment.
Division of labor:
• Makes efficient use of employee skills
• Increases employee skills through repetition
• Less between-job downtime increases productivity
• Specialized training is more efficient.
• Allows use of specialized equipment.
Work Specialization
The degree to which tasks in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–6
What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)
Grouping Activities By:
• Function
• Product
• Geography
• Process
• Customer
Grouping Activities By:
• Function
• Product
• Geography
• Process
• Customer
Departmentalization
The basis by which jobs are grouped together.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–7
What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)
Chain of Command
The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom.
Authority
The rights inherent in a managerial position to give orders and to expect the orders to be obeyed.
Unity of Command
A subordinate should have only one superior to whom he or she is directly responsible.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–8
What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)
Narrow Span Drawbacks:
• Expense of additional layers of management.
• Increased complexity of vertical communication.
• Encouragement of overly tight supervision and discouragement of employee autonomy.
Narrow Span Drawbacks:
• Expense of additional layers of management.
• Increased complexity of vertical communication.
• Encouragement of overly tight supervision and discouragement of employee autonomy.
Concept:Concept:
Wider spans of management increase organizational Wider spans of management increase organizational efficiency.efficiency.
Concept:Concept:
Wider spans of management increase organizational Wider spans of management increase organizational efficiency.efficiency.
Span of ControlThe number of subordinates a manager can efficiently and effectively direct.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–9
Contrasting Spans of ControlContrasting Spans of Control
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–10
What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d)
Centralization
The degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization.
Formalization
The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized.
Decentralization
The degree to which decision making is spread throughout the organization.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–11
Common Organization DesignsCommon Organization Designs
A Simple Structure:Jack Gold’s Men’s Store
A Simple Structure:Jack Gold’s Men’s Store
Simple Structure
A structure characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization.
E X H I B I T 16–5E X H I B I T 16–5
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–12
Common Organization Designs (cont’d)Common Organization Designs (cont’d)
Bureaucracy
A structure of highly operating routine tasks achieved through specialization, very formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, narrow spans of control, and decision making that follows the chain of command.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–13
The BureaucracyThe Bureaucracy
Strengths– Functional
economies of scale
– Minimum duplication of personnel and equipment
– Enhanced communication
– Centralized decision making
Weaknesses– Subunit conflicts
with organizational goals
– Obsessive concern with rules and regulations
– Lack of employee discretion to deal with problems
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–14
Common Organization Designs (cont’d)Common Organization Designs (cont’d)
Key Elements:
+ Gains the advantages of functional and product departmentalization while avoiding their weaknesses.
+ Facilitates coordination of complex and interdependent activities.
– Breaks down unity-of-command concept.
Key Elements:
+ Gains the advantages of functional and product departmentalization while avoiding their weaknesses.
+ Facilitates coordination of complex and interdependent activities.
– Breaks down unity-of-command concept.
Matrix Structure
A structure that creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–15
Matrix Structure (College of Business Administration)Matrix Structure (College of Business Administration)
(Dean)
(Director)
Employee
E X H I B I T 16–6E X H I B I T 16–6
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–16
New Design OptionsNew Design Options
Characteristics:• Breaks down departmental barriers.
• Decentralizes decision making to the team level.
• Requires employees to be generalists as well as specialists.
• Creates a “flexible bureaucracy.”
Characteristics:• Breaks down departmental barriers.
• Decentralizes decision making to the team level.
• Requires employees to be generalists as well as specialists.
• Creates a “flexible bureaucracy.”
Team Structure
The use of teams as the central device to coordinate work activities.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–17
New Design Options (cont’d)New Design Options (cont’d)
Concepts:
Advantage: Provides maximum flexibility while concentrating on what the organization does best.
Disadvantage: Reduced control over key parts of the business.
Concepts:
Advantage: Provides maximum flexibility while concentrating on what the organization does best.
Disadvantage: Reduced control over key parts of the business.
Virtual Organization
A small, core organization that outsources its major business functions.
Highly centralized with little or no departmentalization.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–18
Why Do Structures Differ?Why Do Structures Differ?
Mechanistic Model
A structure characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–19
Why Do Structures Differ?Why Do Structures Differ?
Organic Model
A structure that is flat, uses cross-hierarchical and cross-functional teams, has low formalization, possesses a comprehensive information network, and relies on participative decision making.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–20
Mechanistic Versus Organic ModelsMechanistic Versus Organic Models
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–21
Why Do Structures Differ? – StrategyWhy Do Structures Differ? – Strategy
Innovation StrategyA strategy that emphasizes the introduction of major new products and services.
Imitation StrategyA strategy that seeks to move into new products or new markets only after their viability has already been proven.
Cost-minimization StrategyA strategy that emphasizes tight cost controls, avoidance of unnecessary innovation or marketing expenses, and price cutting.
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–22
The Strategy-Structure RelationshipThe Strategy-Structure Relationship
Strategy Structural Option
Innovation Organic: A loose structure; low specialization, low formalization, decentralized
Cost minimization Mechanistic: Tight control; extensive work specialization, high formalization, high centralization
Imitation Mechanistic and organic: Mix of loose with tight properties; tight controls over current activities and looser controls for new undertakings
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16–23
Organization Structure: Its Determinants and Outcomes
Organization Structure: Its Determinants and Outcomes
Implicit Models of Organizational Structure
Perceptions that people hold regarding structural variables formed by observing things around them in an unscientific fashion.