Is a psychological phenomenon that refers to an individual would not help a victim when there is others present to help.

Bystander increase because they did not want to involve in any incident happen and they less likely to take responsibility for taking action to help.

Psychologist first research case on bystander effect was Kitty Genovese case.

What is Bystander Effect ??

Focuses Variables

Noticing, or failing to notice, that something

unusual is happening’

Correctly interpreting an

event as an emergency’

Deciding that it is your

responsibility to provide help

Summary of mini experiment

Observations are recorded and

converted into video clips

All videos footages are set

in Universiti Tunku Abdul

Rahman, Kampar Campus.

The approach that we conduct

is when our victim fall her

notes while her left leg is injured

and she is holding a crunch

Start off with only one people to more than one

people

When the number of witnesses

increases, the probability of our victim get help

due to the factor of pluralistic

ignorance and diffusion of

responsibility.

Pick several places, Block A ,Block B &

Block C

METHOD PARTICIPANT INSTRUMENT

PROCEDURES

PARTICIPANT

Our group member as the left leg injured person, Ms. Alice Ng

Wai Mei.

Ms. Cecilia Tan Chwei Ying & Ms. Fiona Lee Pei Xiang - camera

shooters.

People who helped the injured person

from starting to ending of the video -

UTAR students, lecturers or staffs.

INSTRUMENT

Mobile phones

as camera function

Crutch borrowed

from Miss

Annie

A file

A stack of papers

PROCEDURES

Friday morning, 8.30 a.m.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

(UTAR) Kampar.

Our experimenter is holding her

notes and crutch, then suddenly she

drop her notes.

Video Clip

Analysis of mini experiment

Literature Review

Literature Review

Inspired by the 1964 attack and murder of Kitty Genovese.

brutally attacked twice and eventually murdered near her home,

An estimated 38 witnesses heard or observed the attack and did not provide assistance

(Manning, Levine, and Collins, 2007)

Latané and Darley (1968) - ◦studying bystanders in emergency situations.◦social influence◦diffusion of responsibility

Most people would agree safety in numbers.

Hart & Miethe – ◦Bystanders are the social audience in many

crime events, and their actions and reactions may affect both the risks of the onset of violence and its ultimate consequences to the victim

As a witness to a crime, we faced with a couple of different options of how to proceed.

1st choice : just walk away. We aren’t directly involved, and would prefer not to be

2nd choice : indirectly intervene on the problem. Calling 911 or emergency services are a way to assist in the problem without physical inserting yourself in the situation

3rd choice: directly intervene.

Diffusion of responsibilityLatané and Darley (1968) - “diffusion of

responsibility” when other bystanders are present in an emergency situation, as opposed to when there is one witness with the sole responsibility of acting in an emergency.

Bystanders are less likely to intervene in emergency situations as the size of the group increases.

The presence of others makes one feel less personally responsible for responding to events

Each additional person present lowers the chances of anyone helping at all

People tend to assume that someone else will provide the necessary help.

Darley and Latane claimed to have demonstrated and supported their theory of diffusion of responsibility.

As the number of people in the group increased, the subject felt less personal or individual responsibility to take action.

It is not only the responsibility for helping that is shared when others are present, but also the potential guilt or blame for not helping

Social Influence

Emergency situations refers to an individual’s likelihood to react based on other people’s actions.

If other people who are observing the situation see it to be a nonemergency, the individual will be less likely to react.

Latané and Darley (1968)

The Circle of Respect (2012) : “…bullying rarely takes place without an audience -

kids are around to see bullying 85 percent of the time. But even though they see it, kids usually don’t try to stop bullying, and may even be unknowingly encouraging it.” If kids don’t see others stepping in, they are less likely to

take action themselves. Hart & Miethe (2008)

observe is the social norm of “minding one’s own business.” Fear of misunderstanding the situation or feeling like they shouldn’t intrude on a private matter may deter intervention.

The fear of becoming a victim of the current or future crimes may influence a bystander to not act on the visible problem

Witnesses of bullying and cyber bullying often don’t intervene in the situation in fear of being victimized themselves.

Reason why people may not help:assume that other bystanders are more qualified to

help, such as doctors or police officers

People may also experience evaluation apprehension and fear losing face in front of the other bystanders

afraid of being superseded by a superior helper, offering unwanted assistance, or facing the legal consequences of offering inferior and possibly dangerous assistance.

Conclusion

Research shows that we achieve

our aims.

UTAR students

willing to help the needy.

Bystander effect occur when other

people do not give helps.