Proteins: Building Blocks of Life

By: Robert Ramirez, David Flores, Eduardo Becerra, Edward Zhu, Aram Gebretensae, and

Thu Tran

Proteins are made up of amino acid chains

They chains are bonded by peptide bonds

Proteins are part of the amino and carboxyl functional groups

Biochemical Makeup

Amino Functional Group

Carboxyl Functional Group

Proteins are formed by dehydration synthesis

Made into a peptide bond

Bonded to other peptide bonds to become a long chain of peptide bonds or a polypeptide

Formation

There are twenty amino acids in our bodies

Can be one chain of amino acids or multiple

Either hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Each sequence of amino acids is unique to itself

Amino Acids

Proteins are part the amino, R, and Carboxyl groups

The amino group acts as a base

The carboxyl acts as an acid

The R or variable group means there is hydrogen present

Amino, R, and Carboxyl groups

Primary structure: A chain of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds

Secondary Structure: The sub-structure of a protein. Shows alpha helices and beta sheets

Primary and Secondary Protein Structure

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure: This is the three dimensional structure of a protein macromolecule. Alpha helices and beta-sheets are compressed in a sphere like figure

Quaternary Structure: The final structure. It is formed by multiple protein macromolecules

Tertiary and Quaternary Protein Structures

Enzymes Amino Acids Hormones Structural proteins Storage proteins Transport Signaling Transport Antibodies Motor Receptors

Types of Proteins

Testosterone

Antibodies

Insulin: Used to break down sugar

Myosin: Allows contraction of the muscles

Hemoglobin: A protein that transports oxygen in the body of an organism

Examples of Proteins

Building Blocks of Life Very important to overall health Build and repair body tissues Key part of metabolism Action proteins help humans contract

muscles Create muscle mass Repair muscles after rigorous workouts

The role of protein in Human life

Peptide bond formation! When the carboxyl group of one amino acid is

next to the amino group of another, a dehydration reaction may occur, removing a water molecule, with a resulting covalent bond – called a peptide bond.

Repeated over and over, this process yield a polypeptide.

Conformation *Reminder: A functional protein is not just a polypeptide chain,

but one or more polypeptides twisted, and folded into a uniquely shaped molecule.

Conformation: three-dimensional arrangement of side groups on a molecule which can freely rotate into different positions without breaking any bonds.

A protein’s specific conformation determines how it works!

In almost every case, the function of a protein depends on its ability to bind to some other molecule.

Like antibodies -> bind to foreign substances in body Enzymes bind to substrates.

Denaturation Protein conformation also depends on the

physical and chemical conditions of the protein’s environment.

If aspects of the environment are altered, like the pH, salt concentration, temperature, the protein may misshape, and untangle.

Denatured protein are biologically dormant :o

Dipeptide bonds A dipeptide is a molecule with two amino

acids, bonded by a single peptide bond!

Glycine + Alanine

Only 1 peptide bond!

The chemical formulas for proteins contains many hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms

There are 3 common roots found in the formulas:

Gly, ser, and ala

Chemical Formulas

Le Amino Acid Structures All of the 20 amino acids have the same

basic backbone, but a different side chain (AKA the R group).

Le 20 amino acids!

These white groups represent a different side chain (R group), thus making each amino acid different!

http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitxer:Amino-group-primary-2D-flat.png

http://www.3rd1000.com/chem301/chem301a.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRNA-interaction.png

http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=biological-molecules-aqa-proteins

Citations for pictures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AminoAcidball.svg

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PrimaryStructure.html

http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/mstanley/outlines/organicAP/aporgchem.html

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/proteins.htm

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=protein+quaternary+structure&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&gbv=2&biw=1600&bih=809&tbm=isch&tbnid=U8t_mPkm3msKHM:&imgrefurl=http://fc.sjsd.net/~gvalentim/FOV1-00043AE4/FOV1-000488C8/Biochemistry.pptx%3FFCItemID%3DS023930F1%26Plugin%3DLoft&docid=2nhZuozs7FbieM&w=800&h=531&ei=_QGVTtrPEY39sQKZt-XvAQ&zoom=1

Citations for pictures (continued)

http://www.worldofmolecules.com/emotions/testosterone.htm

http://www.abpro-labs.com/ http://happyhealthybalance.blogspot.com/2

010/05/insulin-sugar-fat.html http://www.unm.edu/~jimmy/myosin.jpg http://chemistry.wiki.elanco.net/Element+Inf

ormation http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/

v219eh02.gif

Citations for pictures (continued)