Semi Hypothetical Case City Archetypes-The ScorePP approach to evaluating Emission Control Strategies(1st preliminary version of D9.6)

By multiple colleagues from DTU, MU and UGent

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark2Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, United Kingdom.3Environmental Monitoring, City of Stockholm, Sweden

Content1. Introduction2. The ScorePP focus and approach3. Lack of data4. Emission Control Strategies5. Case Cities and ”Semi Hypothetical Case City Archetypes”6. Examples of preliminary results

The ScorePP approach

Limiting release through:- Substitution- Minimising release from products- Legislation and regulations- Voluntary use reductions

O

D+T

T

D+T

Example: Combined system:

D+TT

+T

Treatment options:- Stormwater BMPs- Household treatment & reuse of WW- On-site industrial treatment- WWTPs- Sludge disposal

Sinks:- Primary: Surface water (WFD)- Secondary: Sediments, soils, groundwater, vegetation, air, humans, ...

R+T

T

Limiting release and emissionsPre-Application Control: Voluntary and regulatory initiatives, legislation, preventative measures, phasing out, substitutions etc

Pre-Environmental Release Treatment: municipal and industrial WWTPs and greywater as well as combined sewer overflows treatment etc

Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment: structural and non-structural stormwater best management practices, management of sinks etc

Limiting release through:- Substitution- Minimising release from produtcs- Legislation and regulations- Voluntary use reductions

O+T

D+TD+T

T

TT

D+TD+T

D+TT D+TT D+TT

Treatment options:- Stormwater BMPs- Household treatment & reuse of WW- On-site industrial treatment- WWTPs- Sludge disposal

Sinks:- Primary: Surface water (WFD)- Secondary: Sediments,

soils/gr.water, humans, ...

WP2: Analysis of case cities2.1 Baseline studies in case cities2.2 Identification of PPs for further work in case cities2.3 Improved monitoring in case cities (presented yesterday)2.4 Identification of appropriate emission control strategies in case cities2.5 Substance flow analysis for selected PPs in case cities2.6 Evaluation of identified emission control strategies

CITY OF STOCKHOLM

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Surfacewater

Air Urbansoil

WWTPsludge

kg/y

ear

WasteincinerationGardening

Agriculture

Contaminant inzincDetergents

Food

Artist paint

Car wash

Traffic

Long rangetransport

A

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Surfacewater

Air Urban soil WWTPsludge

B

Cadmium loads (kg/year) in case city A and B

WP2: Analysis of case cities2.1 Baseline studies in case cities2.2 Identification of PPs for further work in case cities2.3 Improved monitoring in case cities (presented yesterday)2.4 Identification of appropriate emission control strategies in case cities2.5 Substance flow analysis for selected PPs in case cities2.6 Evaluation of identified emission control strategies

There is a huge lack of data

Thus, we also work on a more general level, with ”semi-hypothetical case city archetypes” ...

Batteries Paints Plastics

Cadmium

WATER Direct WATER Indirect (sewers)

Urban Run-off (sep. stormw.)

Benzene DEHP

From: C. Viavattene, Middlesex University

Emission Control Strategies (ECS)Emission control strategies are combination of individual options(source control barriers or treatment units)

The ScorePP ECS’s:1: Baseline2: Implementation of relevant EU directives3: 2 + Household voluntary initiatives and on-site treatment4: 2 + Industrial Best Available Technologies 5: 2 + Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment (stormwater and CSO)6: 2 + Advanced end-of-pipe treatment

Emission Control Strategies (ECS)ECS1: Baseline (no treatment at all; only consisting of unlimited release based on the ES concept)

ECS2: Implementation of relevant EU directives; UWWT, sewage sludge and IPPC Directives etc.

ECS3: ECS2 + Household voluntary initiatives and on-site treatment, for example greywater treatment, household recycling of batteries, etc. ECS4: ECS2 + Industrial BAT and beyond. Generic BAT is also applied to small-scale industries (facilities) in this case, such as barbershops or paint retailers that are not specifically covered elsewhere by chemical regulations. Technologies beyond current BAT that are implemented for large-scale production plants are also covered by this ECS.

Emission Control Strategies (ECS)ECS1: Baseline (no treatment at all; only consisting of unlimited release based on the ES concept)

ECS2: Implementation of relevant EU directives; UWWT, sewage sludge and IPPC Directives etc.

ECS 5: ECS2 + Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment (stormwater, CSOs and old contaminated sinks). Here, stormwater treatment, street sweeping, mitigation and treatment of CSOs as well as cleanup of historical contamination (e.g., dredging of harbour sediment) is all included.ECS 6: ECS2 + Advanced end-of-pipe treatment. The UWWT (91/271/EEC) calls for secondary treatment of urban wastewater, here tertiary treatment and advanced oxidation processes are explored.

Three kinds of case citiesScorePP case citiesCase cities in other European projectsSemi-hypothetical case city archetypes

ScorePP case citiesPrague (Czech republic)Stockholm (Sweden)Saint Malo (France)San Sebastian (Spain)Quebec (Canada)

Vastly different with respect to climate, industry, treatment technologies and environmental awareness.

+ Real-life monitoring, existing industries and release patterns etc

- Limited by missing or confidential information

Case cities in other European projectsReview of European water related projects (1998-2008)87 reviewed, 31 contacted and 17 replies

Primary selection criteria: Geographical location Good contacts

Secondary selection criteria:City characteristics; ClimateEnd-usersManagement & governanceTechnique/structure

’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes’Semi-hypothetical case cities are defined

Designed to represent different geographical and urban systems

All data needed for further work (modelling, visualisation, multi-criteria analysis, evaluation of emission control strategies) is by definition available, because we “construct it” !

Emission Control Strategies for “semi-hypothetical case city archetypes”

Emission control strategiesTrends and prospects – case city 2025

Urban systemEconomicalSocialStakeholder involvementTechnicalUrbanisation (% impermeable surfaces, housing density etc)Industrialisation (%: heavy & light industry, white-collar business, agriculture etc)Logistics (types and amounts of transport)Government, legislatureNon-governmental organisations, voluntary initiativesResources (raw materials, refinement)Economics: GNP, Gini coefficient Social: Human Development Index (HDI) Public/private waterworks and wastewater treatment plants

Geographical systemClimateEnvironmental Size (area, population, density)Climate (inland/coastal; southern/northern)Water resources (groundwater, surface water, desalination)

Geographical

system

Urban

system

Emission control

strategies

SHCCA’s and ECS’sTwo SHCCA’s defined, a Eastern Europe Inland (EI) and a Nordic Europe Coastal (NC)EI

1.2 M inhabitantsGDP per head: 40 000 EUREPER-level A: 7050% combined sewers

NC0.51 M inhabitantsGDP per head: 80 000 EUREPER-level A: 3090% combined sewers

BothSecondary treatment

SFA’s and ECS evaluations in ScorePPPP Cace city

A and BEI NC IUWS

ModelB[a]P X X X (EI)Cd X X XDEHP X X X (NC)Diuron X XHCB X XHg X X XNi XNPs X XPBDE X XC10-C13 X X

Example: C10-13, SHCCA ”Eastern Inland”

Example: C10-13, SHCCA ”Eastern Inland”

Example: DEHP, SHCCA ”Northern Coastal”

Example: DEHP, SHCCA ”Northern Coastal”

23

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

0.5

1

1.5

2Rain [mm/5min]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

River stretch 5 [µg/L]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.0163

0.0164

0.0165

Groundwater [µg/L]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1004.44

4.445

4.45

4.455

Air [ng/m³]

time [d]

Example: scenario: decoupling stormwater (infiltration pond)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100050

100150200250300Infiltration pond

soil (ug/kg solids)

Combined sewer systemStormwater to infiltration ponds

ConclusionsThe examples shown here are ”preliminary”, i.e. the actual numbers and the way to present them may change over the next monthsThe overall aim is to synthesize as much information from the project as possible, in task 9.6 and 9.7

Emission Control Strategies are combinations of individual Emission Control OptionsSemi-Hypothetical Case City Archetypes are defined to allow generalisation and avoid problems with lacking dataWe have defined a range of ”standardised” ECS (#1-#6) that we will evaluate for selected SHCCA’s, as well as for the case citiesThis, remaining part of the work will focus on a selection of PPs as shown previously

Source Control Options for Reducing Emission of Priority Pollutants from Urban Areas

Thanks to colleagues from DTU Environment:H.-C. Holten Lützhøft, E. Eriksson, L. Vezzaro, H. Birch, A. Ledin

to many other colleagues from:Middlesex University, UKGent University, BelgiumAnjou Recherge, FranceENVICAT Consulting, BelgiumUniversity of Ljubljana, SloveniaESTUDIS, SpainEnvironmental Monitoring, Stockholm City, SwedenmodelEAU, Canada

and to the European Commission:

Project Coordinator: Peter Steen MikkelsenDTU Environment, Dept. of Environ. EngineeringTechnical University of Denmarkpsm@env.dtu.dk

www.scorepp.eu

Project planWP Mth Resp. 1-12 13-24 25-42

WP1: User requirement analysis and dissemination to end-users

DTU

WP2: Analysis of case studies AR

WP3: Source characterisation of priority pollutants DTU

WP4: Limiting release of priority pollutants ENVICAT

WP5: Treatment options MU

WP6: GIS-based identification of emission control measures

UL

WP7: Models and monitoring strategies UGent

WP8: Socio-economic analysis of source control measures

ESTUDIS

WP9: Integration of knowledge and comparison of emission control strategies

DTU

WP10: Project management and coordination DTU

Establishing technical-scientific

facts

GIS, models, monitoring

Socio-economic and integrated analyses

Case studies

Advisory board, PPRIS

Now!