by: lou ann witte medina valley middle school [email protected] genetic testing
TRANSCRIPT
What is Genetic Testing?Genetic testing examines genetic
materials to find gene mutations
Direct examination of DNA molecule detects genetic disorders
A DNA sample can be obtained from any tissue
Topic Web
Genetic Testing
Laws
Ethics
Cost
Genetic Counseling
Human Genome Project
Genetic Engineering
Social Issues
Prenatal Gene
Therapy
Genetic Ancestry
Genetic Tests Used for:Carrier Screening – identifying unaffected
individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease
Screens genetic flaws among embryos used in in vitro fertilization
Prenatal diagnostic testing
Newborn screening
GT Uses continued:Presymptomatic testing for
predicting adult-onset disorders
Confirmation of diagnosis for symptomatic individuals
Forensic/identity testing
Inside Cells Cells – working units of every
living system Cell Nucleus – contains chromosomes Chromosomes – 23 pairs in humans which are
made up of DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) -
instructions needed to direct all activities
Genes – a section of DNA that is coded for a specific trait
DNA DNA base
pairs – A pairs with T G pairs with C
YouTube - Genetics 101 Part 1: What are genes?
23 pairs of Chromosomes
The Human Genome Project mapped every gene on these chromosomes. There are 20,000-25,000 genes on the chromosomes.
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT13 year project by the U.S. Dept. of Energy and
National Institutes of HealthGoals:
Identify 20,000 – 25,000 genes in the human DNA
Store information in genome databasesImprove tools for data analysisTransfer technology to private sectorAddress ethical, legal and social issues that
arise from the project
Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing
Predictive tests will not give a yes/no answerGenetic tests can not guarantee
the disease will developCannot predict how severely the person
carrying the gene will be affectedMany diseases are the result of interaction
between genes and environmentNegative test results may decrease your
quality of life
Pros and Cons continued:
Genetic testing is expensive – insurance doesn’t cover most tests
Validity of tests questioned because of the margin of error associated with tests
Normal test may lull you into a false sense of security
Tests may reveal you are susceptible to heart disease so you make changes to your lifestyle
Helps new parents make decisions about birth of child with special needs
More Pros and ConsAn innocent person could be
convicted of a crime because of inaccurate DNA testing
A person cannot alter their DNA since DNA is unaffected by outside contaminants
DNA can be used to identify family members
DNA is the most precise method of identifying criminals and victims
Trace amounts of DNA at a crime scene can falsely implicate an innocent person
Trends of Genetic TestingGenetic knowledge may be used to
deny: employment
social servicesinsurance benefits (health and life)drivers licenseloans from banksmortgages on houses
medical treatmentmilitary service
More TrendsPre marital genetic testing to determine
compatibilityCarrier screenings given to certain
ethnic groups at high risk for diseases (Tay Sachs – Jewish, Sickle Cell – Blacks)
Fetal gene therapy to diseases or problems found before a child is born
Cures for most of today’s common diseases
Individuals alter their DNA to enhance appearances, athletic abilities, and mental capacity
Future Olympian?Is your unborn
child a future Olympian?
Genetic testing can hold the answer!
Genetic Olympian Corp. will test your child and offer gene therapy to ensure exceptional athletic abilities!!!
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of
2008 GINA is a federal law that protects Americans from being treated unfairly because of differences in their DNA
Prevents discrimination from health insurers and employers on basis of DNA
Does not cover life insurance, disability insurance and long-term care insurance
23andMeA privately held personal genomics and
biotechnology company based in Mountain View, Calif., 23andMe, claims to be developing new methods and technologies that will enable consumers to understand their own genetic information.
Genetic Testing for Health, Disease & Ancestry; DNA Test - 23andMe
Founders: Linda Avey and Anne Wojcicki (married to Sergey Brin the founder of Google)
Questions to Consider1. Who should have access to personal genetic
information and how will it be used?2. Who owns and controls genetic information?3. What are the larger societal issues raised by new
reproductive technologies?4. How do we prepare the public to make informed
choices?5. Should testing be performed when no treatment is
available?6. Should parents have the right to have their minor
children tested for adult-onset diseases?
More Questions7. Do people’s genes make them behave in a
particular way?8. Where is the line between medical treatment
and enhancement?9. Are GM (genetically modified) foods and other
products safe to humans and the environment?10.Who owns genes and other pieces of DNA?11.Will patenting DNA sequences limit their
accessibility and development into useful products?
Websiteswww.genome.gov (has info for educators and students)www.ndsu.edu/pubwebwww.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/infowww.ehow.com/about_5397146_genetic-testing-pros-conswww.cnn.com/HEALTH/bioethics/9808/genetics.part1/www.allaboutpopularissues.org/human-genome-project.htmwww.genomics.energy.gov (ordered poster here- free)www.23andme.com
MOVIE – “Gattaca” – featured a world where children were genetically constructed for perfection – there are two classes of humans: those who are genetically perfect and those who are genetically inferior