by: laura stokes jesus daal alec john. identify and explain how the treaty of versailles and the...
TRANSCRIPT
Identify and explain how the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations led to another war.
Determine why the League of Nations was detested by many people.
Identify the US’s contributions to WWI.Understand how the style of war changed
from traditional to modern.
Objectives
The Bolshevik Revolution happened in 1917
The revolution allowed Russia to pull out of WWIFreed thousands of Germans to fight the
Western front in FranceUS fight for “democracy”
Bolshevik Revolution
Spring 1918: 500,000 German Huns advanced forward towards FranceAble to move fast because they moved with
very few arms and suppliesHeavy bombing of Allied linesKrupp Canons shot over 180 shells at
Paris from over 74 miles awayOne of their greatest strengths and weakness
30,000 US troops along with French Marshal Foch sent to stop the taking of ParisFirst American engagement in an European
war
German Spring Offensive
By July 1918, one million German soldiers had died
Second Battle of the MarneWhere: Aisne-Marne Sector (75 miles northeast
of Paris)When: July 15 - September 16, 1918What happened: German Erich von Ludendorff
attacked Marne but were unsuccessful. Foch organized a counterattack
Casualties: 120,000 Allied, 170,000 GermanImportance: Started the German withdraw
German Withdraw
When: September 26 – November 11, 1918
Where: North and Northwest of VerdunWho: General John J PershingGoal: Cut German railroad lines to
Western frontImportance: Biggest operation/victory of
American Expeditionary Force in WWIOutcome: 10% of American army injured
or dead
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
On the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, Germany surrendered to Allied Forces
US Contributions: foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil, and manpowerEndless amounts of US troops demoralized the
Germans
German Surrender
Woodrow Wilson was the “moral leader” of WWI
In Congressional Elections of 1918, he appealed for a Democratic victory.Republican majority was the turn out
Republicans angered because Wilson went to Europe No president had ever traveled to Europe
before
The “Moral Leader”
The conference convened in Paris on January 18, 191932 countries attended (Germany was not
invited)The major decisions were made by the Big Four
— David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Wilson
Wilson took every opportunity to advance his Fourteen Points, in particular his cherished proposal for an association of nations. The others held greater concern for their nations’ security in the future than for Wilson’s idealism.
Paris Conference
Fourteen Points 1. No more secret agreements
("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic
barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon
numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the
colonies should be impartial 6. The German Army is to be
removed from Russia. Russia should be left to developher own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
Fourteen Points 9. All Italians are to be allowed to
live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed forthe Balkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks inthe old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states
Some tension causing issues were: The British opposed any move toward freedom of the
seas, sought primacy in the Middle East and hoped to take control of a number of German colonies
France made no secret of its commitment to regain Alsace and Lorraine
Italian nationalists raised the cry of “Italia Irredenta” (Italy Redeemed) as the slogan for their drive for primacy in the Adriatic
The Japanese wanted German holdings in the Shantung Peninsula of China as well as a number of German islands
Russia wanted Constantinople, but didn’t receive it because of the earlier treaty the Bolshevik government made with Germany
Paris Conference
At the Paris Conference, Woodrow Wilson wanted an association of the world’s countries
The League of Nations would be an assembly with seats for all nations and a council to be controlled by the great powers Goals: disarmament, preventing war through collective
security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global welfare
February 1919: League Covenant created Strengths: 42 initial members (moved up to 60 in the
30’s), Britain and France were “leaders”, could impose economic sanctions, arbitration
Weaknesses: No army, US and Russia weren’t members, poor organization, never agreed on decisions
League of Nations
“The League is very well when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out.”Benito Mussilini
League of Nations
Irish-Americans, isolationists, liberals detested
Republicans had great animosity towards the League of NationsThey claimed it would never be approved
because US didn’t want involvement with Europe
This delighted Allied adversaries in Paris who now had a stronger bargaining power because Wilson wanted to protect American interests by changing the Covenant
League of Nations Controversy
After watching the video and discussing the political cartoons, decide and explain whether the League of Nations was or was not successful.
League of Nations
Class Activity
Territorial: The following land was taken away from Germany : Alsace-
Lorraine (France), Eupen and Malmedy (Belgium), Northern Schleswig (Denmark), Hultschin (Czechoslovakia), West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (Poland)
The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany.
Japan kept economic holdings in Shandong Pledged to return to China later
The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
Germany had to return land to Russia taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia,
Lithuania and Latvia. Poland also received some of this land.
Treaty of Versailles
Military:Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000
menAllowed 6 naval shipsNot allowed: air force, tanks, submarines,
The west of the Rhineland and east of the Rhine River was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed
into this zoneThe Allies were to keep an army of
occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.
Treaty of Versailles
Financial:Loss of vital industrial territory
Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss
ReparationsGermany was forbidden to unite with Austria,
an attempt to keep economic potential to a minimum
Treaty of Versailles
Three vital clauses:1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for
starting the war 2. German had to pay reparations since they
were responsible for the war.– The bulk of which would go to France and Belgium
to pay for the damage done– Payment could be in kind or cash– The figure was not set at Versailles. The Germans
were told to write a blank check, which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at $32 billion
3. League of Nations was to be created to keep the peace
Treaty of Versailles
Called the treaty the Diktat (dictation)Germans weren’t involved with the creation of the
treatyLeft mood of anger throughout GermanyFourteen Points left out
Many didn’t approve of the treaty but were forced to sign it“November Criminals”
In last attempt of defiance, the German navy sank itselfMany German citizens felt that they were being
punished for the mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as it was the government that had declared war not the people.
Satisfied the "Big Three" as in their eyesKept Germany weak yet strong enough to spread
communism
German Reaction
Gases/Chemicals: Tear gas, Red Star (Chlorine), White Star, and Mustard Gas
Presidential Election of 1920Republicans:
President Canidate: Warren G Harding
VP: Calvin CoolidgeAppealed to Pro-
League and Anti-League Parties
Democrats:President: James M
CoxVP: Franklin D.
RooseveltPro-League Party
Presidential Election of 1920Warren Harding won the election
Leads to the fall of the League of Nations