by: janice gatchalian dela cruz

Effects Direct Instruction in Teaching Science for CWA – children with

Autism in Inclusive Program: Basis for Computer Assisted Technology

by:

JANICE GATCHALIAN DELA CRUZ

• Introduction

• Statement of the Problem

• Research Paradigm• Significance of The Study

• Scope and Delimitation• Research Design• Data Gathering Procedure• Statistical Treatment

• Theoretical Framework

Teachers are the chief deliverers of primary services.

They have the roles to play in the educative process because

they are in the most strategic position to bring about

favorable changes in the children to mold them to the king of

persons our society wishes them to be. (Carrier, 1998).

In the editorial published in the Philippine Star dated

March 6, 2006, it stressed that High school students in the

Philippines ranked 42nd out of 45 countries in science.

Filipino grade-schoolers on the other hand ranked 23rd out

of 25 countries in science proficiency.

Introduction

Methods play a vital role in teaching. They serve as the

avenues that must be followed to realize a desired learning

goal. Every teaching methodology that a teacher decides on

follows a unique course of action to insure a successful

completion. Hence, every teacher must be equipped with

knowledge of various teaching approaches and strategies

together with the ability to employ each of them with

proficiency. (Salandanan, 2008)

There’s no such thing as best method or instruction to

be used in teaching but there is/are appropriate for every

case. It is like a puzzle, you’ll look for the most appropriate

method to be utilized in order to suit the students’ needs.

Introduction

One of the most sensitive medical issues is about autism.

Autism is a neural disorder with a combination of being

genetically vulnerable; having impairment in social

interaction and failing communication (Goldstein, 2008).

One emerging method that can be used in teaching

children with autism is the Direct Instruction. It is based

on behavioralistic learning principles (Clark and Starr, 2013).

It is effective in sustaining students’ attention, reinforcing

correct responses, providing corrective feedback and

practicing correct responses.

Introduction

• Introduction





Statement of the ProblemThis study aims to determine the effects of direct

instruction in teaching science for CWA in inclusive in

inclusive setting that will serve as a basis for computer

assisted technology.

Specifically, it will answer the following questions:

1. What is demographic profile of the participants in

terms of:

a. Age

b. Grade

c. exceptionality

d. Degree of exceptionality

Statement of the Problem2. What is the level of effectiveness of direct instruction in

teaching science in the following skills:

a. observation skills

b. classification skills

c. identification skills

d. inferring skills

3. Is there significant difference between the pretest and

posttest results of:

a. Control Group and

b. Experimental Group?

Statement of the Problem

4. Is there a significant difference in the performance of the

control and experimental groups in:

a. Pretest and

b. Posttest?

5. What instructional materials can be recommended to

improve teaching beginning science?

• Introduction





This research is based on the direct instruction theory of

Hunter (1994) called ITIP or Instructional Theory into Practice

model. Madeline Hunter developed a teacher "decision-

making" model for planning instruction.

There are three categories which are considered basic to

ITIP lesson design. (1) Content: Within the context of grade

level, content standards, student ability/needs, and rationale

for teaching, the teacher decides what content to teach.

(2) Learner Behaviors: Teachers must decide what students

will do (a) to learn and (b) to demonstrate that they have

learned. (3) Teacher Behaviors: Teachers must decide which

"research-based" teaching principles and strategies will most

effectively promote learning for their students.

Theoretical Framework

When this design framework is implemented in teaching,

the sequence of the elements a teacher includes is

determined by his/her professional judgment.

Objective

Standards

Anticipatory Set

Teaching

Guided Practice

Closure

Independent Practice

Theoretical Framework

• Introduction





Research Paradigm

• Introduction





Significance of the StudyThe researcher considers this study entitled Direct

Instruction in Teaching Science for CWA as timely and

necessary. Moreover, the researcher believes that it will be of

help to people who will get involve with teaching autistic

students as a case.

Children

Teachers

Parents

Community

School

Future Researchers

• Introduction





Scope and DelimitationThis study will deal on the effects of direct instruction in

teaching beginning science for CWA in inclusive in inclusive

setting at Pembo Elementary School.

This study will be delimited to the participation of two

sections of which inclusion education program is being used.

Each section has two CWA students which will serve as the

subjects of the study.

The study will adopt a quasi-experimental research

design rather than the true experimental design because

randomization of respondents will not be applied.

• Introduction





The study shall use the experimental method of

research.

This is a quasi-experimental study, specifically the

pretest-posttest control group experimental design, which

will be used to determine the effects direct Iinstruction in

ieaching science for CWA in inclusive program. As mentioned

by Campbell and Stanley (1988) Quasi-experimental research

describes what will be when certain variables are carefully

controlled and manipulated.

Research Design

• Introduction





Data Gathering ProcedureSubjects

The subjects of this study shall be the identified CWA

who are officially enrolled at the Pembo Elementary School ,

MakatiCity during the School Year 2013-2014.Two sections

will be selected using the non-probability sampling,

specifically the purposive sampling technique.

Comparability of the Subjects

The subjects of the study will compared accordingly to

form parallel groups. The comparability of the two groups

will be established at the beginning of the experiment. The

factors that will be considered in establishing this will be the

average rating in Science 2, English 2, and the pretest of

the groups.

Data Gathering ProcedureThe pretest and the posttest will be constructed by

the researcher which will be followed by the evaluation on

the validity of the test. The revised tests will then be

subjected to dry-run to for item analysis. The extremely easy

and difficult questions will be scrapped out. The remaining

questions will again be subjected to dry-run for the reliability

of the test before having the final copy of the pretest and the

posttest.

During the experimentation, the pretest will be

given to both control and experimental group. Direct

instruction method will be utilized as the experimental group

while the other is the group will be using traditional methods

of teaching.

Data Gathering Procedure

After the experimentation, a posttest will be given and

the results of the examination will then be treated

statistically, described and analyzed. Findings of the study

will merely constitute to be the performance of the subjects

of the study under different strategies of teaching.

After the performance has been critically analyzed, a

questionnaire will be used by the teacher to determine the

level of effectiveness of direct instruction in terms of

observation, classification, and identification skills.

• Introduction





The mean, standard deviation and the T-test will be

used to determine the comparability of the control and

experimental groups. To compare the performance of the

groups in their pretest and posttest, the F-Test or One-way

Analysis of Variance will be utilized.

The average weighted mean will also be used to measure

the perceived insights and feedbacks to the level of

effectiveness of direct instruction method in developing the

observation, classification, and identification skills of the

CWA. The hypotheses will be tested at .05 level of

significance. The formula for these statistical tests are

embedded in the software PH-STAT. This will be used to

compute the data gathered in the experiment.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Thank You!

by: janice gatchalian dela cruz

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