by: hadeel al dwaikat
DESCRIPTION
Air quality and potential health hazards of radioactive materials and heavy metals associated with contaminated dusts in Amman, Jordan. By: Hadeel Al Dwaikat. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Rec-Show 2008 1
Air quality and potential health hazards of radioactive materials and
heavy metals associated with contaminated dusts in Amman,
Jordan.
By: Hadeel Al Dwaikat
Rec-Show 2008 2
Introduction
This research discusses the air quality and pollutant in Amman,
Jordan during 2001-2002, and the potential health hazards associated
with those pollutant .
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Types of Studied Samples
1-Streets dust samples (110), gathered by brushing, twice a year, in winter (January) and in Summer (August).
2-Air dust samples (400) gathered by manual dust collector, on a monthly basses for one whole year.
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Studied Samples Locations Figure 1: A map of Amman and Al Rusaifa study areas showing
the location of the street samples and dust collectors
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Figure 2: The design of the directional dust collector used in this study.
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Table 1: Locations of the collector’s installation
sites, and reasons for choosing them.
Collectors Site
Reason
Central Amman Amman City Centre Library
Low altitude area relative to the other locations, stagnant air, highly
populated with high traffic density.
West Amman Natural Resources Authority Building
High altitude area, open, residential, local small industrial with heavy traffic.
North Amman Abu Nusair Medical Centre
High altitude area, open, residential location away from the influence of
industry and heavy traffic
East Amman Marka Air port station Mixed residential, commercial and industrial activities.
South Amman Al Jwaideh main forest Pine tree forest, residential with no big industrial activities.
Al Rusaifa Mining
Al Rusaifa phosphate mining site
Phosphate mining area, surrounded with phosphate by-products hills and
close to the main dumping area of Amman city.
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Studied Air Pollutants in related with health hazard
1-Heavy Metals
2-Radioactive Elements
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Table 2: List of the heavy metals, essential,
toxic, natural, and anthropogenic in origin Heavy Metals
Biological Impact Sources
Essential
trace elements
Non essential
elements
Very toxic Anthropo-genic
influence
From
mining
source
From agricultural
and forest source
Fossil
fuel
Co, Cr, Cu,
Mn, Mo, Ni,
Se, Zn
Ag, As, Ba,
Cd, Hg, Pb,
Sb, Ti
As, Co, Bi, Ni,
Cu
Zn, Sn, Se, Te,
Pd, Ag, Cd, Hg,
Ti, Pb, Sb.
Ag, Cd As, Ni,
Cu,, Zn, Sn, Pb,
Sb, Hg.
Ag, As, Au,
Ba, Bi, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Hg,
Mn, Mo, Ni,
Pb, Pt, Sb,
Se, Sn, U, V,
Zn ,Th
As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg,
Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, U,
V, Zn
As, Ba,
Cd, Pb,
Mn, Se,
V, Zn.
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Heavy Metals
Health hazard
Lead Pb
Lead is associated with the neurological disease . and haematological alterations. A significant contributor to mortality throughout history
Chromium Cr
Some Chromium compounds (Chromium VI) are toxic and carcinogenic to human and animals . The bronchial tree is the major target organ for the
carcinogenic effects, and cancer primarily occurs following inhalation.
Manganese Mn
Manganese is toxic if inhaled. causing various psychiatric conditions including movement disorders (Parkinson’s disease), respiratory effects such as
pneumonia, and reproductive dysfunction
Nickel Ni
When inhaled it targets the respiratory organs, causing allergic reactions and increases the risk of lung and nasal cancers
Vanadium V
Results in respiratory problems, ranging from changes in the upper respiratory tract, to more serious effects such as chronic bronchitis and
pneumonitis which occurred at levels above 1mg/m3.
Copper Cu
While Copper is an essential metal for humans, it can prove toxic in high concentrations. Effects include diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, coma and
ultimately death. The inhalation of dusts of Copper salts can lead to perforation of the nasal septum.
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Table 3: The international standards used in this study, for trigger concentration of heavy metals (µg/g air –dried sediments ).
Heavy Metal Zn Pb Ni Cr Cu Co
Trigger concentrations
ICRCL 1987 µg/g 130 500 20 25 50 n/a
Threshold trigger
concentrations
ICRCL 1990 µg/g 1000 300 n/a n/a 250 n/a
Dutch guidelines
(1994/5) µg/g 500 150 100 250 100 50
WHO guidelines
1997 µg/m3 0.5~1
WHO guidelines
2000 µg/m3 0.5
Threshold trigger
concentrations
DEFRA and EA
2002 µg/g 300 450 75 100 130 na
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Streets Dust Samples
Heavy metals concentration
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Table 4: Winter street sample heavy metal concentrations, and their relation to international standards (the bold font values are
those exceeding the international triggers)
sample location Zn µg/g Pb µg/g Ni µg/ g Cr µg/g Cu µg/g Co µg/gmedian 24.5 13.4 9.2 6.6 6.3 1.5
mean 24.6 18.3 10.0 7.0 8.7 2.1S D 11.9 13.8 3.8 3.0 6.4 2.2
C V % 48.3 75.4 38.5 42.9 73.0 101.3maximum 43.8 49.2 17.9 13.7 25.4 5.7minimum 5.8 0.0 4.7 2.0 0.9 0.0
Range 38.0 49.2 13.2 11.7 24.5 5.7median 22.8 36.7 11.4 13.4 7.0 0.2
mean 24.6 58.9 12.7 12.7 16.5 1.0S D 9.5 51.9 5.1 5.6 21.9 1.5
C V % 38.6 88.1 40.2 44.2 132.2 140.0
maximum 40.0 165.9 20.2 19.4 73.7 3.6minimum 12.5 12.3 5.5 4.3 2.8 0.0
Range 27.5 153.6 14.7 15.1 70.9 3.6median 28.5 54.8 6.6 8.8 21.9 0.4
mean 24.9 304.9 8.0 8.8 18.4 0.8S D 7.1 434.8 2.8 1.6 9.9 1.0
C V % 28.6 142.6 34.7 17.6 53.9 130.7
maximum 29.5 807.0 11.2 10.4 26.1 1.9minimum 16.7 53.0 6.2 7.3 7.2 0.0
Range 12.8 754.0 5.0 3.1 18.9 1.9median 31.7 49.6 14.3 9.6 12.2 0.0
mean 31.4 50.9 15.9 15.4 12.2 0.6S D 12.7 32.9 9.0 14.5 7.9 1.3
C V % 40.4 64.7 56.4 94.2 64.3 223.7
maximum 55.0 117.7 31.5 44.2 29.4 4.2minimum 11.5 10.5 3.9 2.4 2.2 0.0
Range 43.5 107.2 27.6 41.8 27.2 4.2median 15.5 30.9 6.9 5.5 6.1 0.0mean 14.7 27.6 7.0 5.5 8.0 0.5S D 4.7 17.0 3.0 2.4 6.0 0.7C V % 32.3 61.5 43.0 42.7 74.5 158.3maximum 22.4 59.9 12.5 10.4 21.1 1.9minimum 6.4 3.3 3.4 1.4 2.4 0.0Range 16.0 56.6 9.1 9.0 18.7 1.9
1-South Amman
area n=13
2- West Amman
area n=10
3- East Amman
area n=3
4- Amman Centre
=12
5-North Amman
area n=10
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Table 5: Summer street sample heavy metal concentrations, and their relation to international standards (the bold font values are
those exceeding the international triggers) Location
Zn µg/g Pb µg/g Ni µg/g Cr µg/g Cu µg/gCo µg/g
median 23.3 26.4 5.8 5.9 10.2 0.4mean 31.1 52.9 8.4 8.2 15.3 2.1S D 19.6 114.8 7.4 5.6 10.5 2.8
C V % 63.1 217.2 87.8 67.8 68.8 135.5
maximum 76.9 431.8 24.8 24.2 37.4 9.6minimum 10.1 2.6 1.5 4.1 4.3 0.0
Range 66.8 429.2 23.3 20.1 33.1 9.6median 24.3 59.8 6.1 9.3 21.4 0.2
mean 34.9 81.1 8.0 14.4 38.8 1.3S D 31.7 60.9 5.5 14.7 58.4 1.7
C V % 91.0 75.2 68.6 101.8 150.5 133.8
maximum 122.4 193.0 18.9 53.9 202.6 4.2minimum 11.3 11.1 2.2 4.3 7.4 0.0
Range 111.1 181.9 16.7 49.6 195.2 4.2median 18.3 30.4 8.6 6.4 8.3 1.5
mean 28.0 37.6 42.3 77.6 21.0 2.7S D 20.8 12.6 62.9 123.8 24.9 2.9
C V % 74.2 33.5 148.8 159.5 119.0 104.5
maximum 51.8 52.1 114.9 220.6 49.7 6.0minimum 13.8 30.2 3.4 5.9 4.9 0.7
Range 38.0 21.9 111.5 214.7 44.8 5.3median 42.9 46.8 9.5 8.4 15.8 1.9
mean 49.7 50.1 11.5 10.0 21.7 3.4S D 33.1 35.1 8.3 3.6 14.7 3.5
C V % 66.7 70.1 72.2 36.2 67.6 103.6
maximum 150.0 129.5 30.0 18.7 53.5 11.6minimum 18.5 6.4 3.5 6.5 8.0 0.0
Range 131.5 123.1 26.5 12.2 45.5 11.6median 22.4 70.4 17.3 17.2 14.1 5.7
mean 31.9 60.2 16.5 15.6 17.1 5.2S D 22.0 40.6 7.6 7.4 11.2 2.6
C V % 68.8 67.5 46.3 47.7 65.6 50.5
maximum 66.9 101.1 26.2 25.8 34.2 8.4minimum 9.9 10.0 6.1 4.4 2.5 1.1
Range 57.0 91.1 20.1 21.4 31.7 7.3median 28.0 9.7 10.3 12.2 6.5 4.3
mean 29.4 24.0 10.4 12.2 7.4 4.0S D 9.1 27.9 2.7 5.2 3.8 1.5
C V % 30.9 116.6 25.9 42.6 51.4 36.3maximum 43.3 91.5 14.6 19.6 12.9 6.5minimum 17.5 3.3 5.9 4.8 2.3 1.7
5-North Amman
area n=7
6-Al-Rusaifa
area n-9
1-South Amman
area n=13
2- West Amman
area n=10
3- East Amman
area n=3
4-Amman Center
13
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Figure 3: Street sample heavy metal mean concentrations, their temporal distribution and relation to the international trigger value (the red arrows point to the Pb, Ni and values exceeding the international triggers).
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Figure 4: The spatial distribution of the heavy metal trigger values in street samples (mean concentrations).
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Collector Dust SamplesHeavy metals concentration
Giving according to seasons
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Table 6:
Spring dust collector sample heavy metal concentrations, and their relation to international standards (the bold font values are those exceeding the internation
al triggers)
location Zn µg/g Pb µg/g Ni µg/g Cr µg/g Cu µg/g Median 0 606 29 40 54 Mean 0 852 21 34 54S D 0 803 19 10 16
C O V % 0 94 88 30 29Maximum 0 1750 35 40 70
Minimum 0 201 0 23 38Range 0 1549 35 18 32
Median 0 735 21 64 53 Mean 0 1255 17 277 52S D 0 1055 15 392 33
C O V % 0 84 89 142 63Maximum 0 2468 28 729 85
Minimum 0 561 0 38 19Range 0 1907 28 691 66
Median 0 2023 28 36 49 Mean 0 1435 25 44 43S D 0 1121 23 27 23
C O V % 0 78 94 61 54Maximum 0 2141 46 74 63
Minimum 0 142 0 23 18Range 0 1998 46 51 45
Median 0 443 21 31 75 Mean 0 806 18 44 96S D 0 924 10 29 53
C O V % 0 115 58 66 55
Maximum 0 1857 26 78 156
Minimum 0 119 6 24 56
Range 0 1738 20 54 100Median 0 488 10 31 34 Mean 0 504 19 36 36S D 0 512 25 9 17
C O V % 0 102 131 24 47
Maximum 0 1023 47 45 54
Minimum 0 0 0 30 20Range 0 1023 47 15 34
Median 0 359 0 24 36 Mean 0 361 8 16 30S D 0 362 14 14 28
C O V % 0 100 173 87 92
Maximum 0 724 25 25 55
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0
Range 0 724 25 25 55Median 0 396 36 27 24 Mean 0 396 36 27 24S D 0 358 2 1 10
C O V % 0 90 7 4 40
Maximum 0 754 38 29 33
Minimum 0 38 33 26 14Range 0 716 5 2 19
15
Al R
usaifa
Sp
rin
g 2
00
1
15
South
Am
man
15
Centr
al A
mm
an
14
West A
mm
an
15
East A
mm
an
12
Nort
h A
mm
an
13
Al S
afa
wi
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Table 7: Summer dust collector sample heavy metal concentrations, and their relation to international standards (the bold font values are those exceeding the international
triggers
location Zn µg/g Pb µg/g Ni µg/g Cr µg/g Cu µg/g Median 0 83 11 45 73 Mean 15917 79 18 46 60S D 27569 24 21 26 33
C O V % 173 31 122 55 55Maximum 47751 101 41 73 85
Minimum 0 53 0 21 22Range 47751 48 41 51 63
Median 0 96 29 39 86 Mean 15346 174 32 49 76S D 26580 151 34 34 24
C O V % 173 87 106 69 32Maximum 46037 348 68 87 93
Minimum 0 78 0 21 49Range 46037 270 68 66 45
Median 12842 244 39 54 70 Mean 12842 244 39 54 70S D 12842 16 18 19 15
C O V % 100 7 46 36 21Maximum 25684 260 56 73 85
Minimum 0 228 21 34 55
Range 25684 32 36 39 30Median 0 203 17 45 151 Mean 8664 184 19 44 144S D 15006 39 8 15 30
C O V % 173 21 45 35 21
Maximum 25992 209 28 59 169
Minimum 0 139 11 28 111
Range 25992 70 17 31 58Median 0 287 44 50 69 Mean 1955 413 42 49 66S D 3386 416 34 17 11
C O V % 173 101 80 35 16
Maximum 5865 877 75 65 75
Minimum 0 75 8 31 54
Range 5865 802 67 34 21Median 0 151 31 63 63 Mean 9288 149 21 56 62S D 16088 5 18 13 3
C O V % 173 3 87 24 5
Maximum 27865 153 32 65 65
Minimum 0 144 0 40 58
Range 27865 9 32 24 6Median 0 28 33 33 61 Mean 36718 221 225 164 180S D 63597 342 338 231 217
C O V % 173 155 150 141 120
Maximum 110154 615 615 431 431
Minimum 0 18 27 27 50
Range 110154 597 588 404 381Median 0 488 36 36 45 Mean 0 534 35 32 43S D 0 169 20 11 30
C O V % 0 32 58 34 69
Maximum 0 722 56 40 71
Minimum 0 393 15 20 12Range 0 329 41 20 59
15
Al R
usa
ifa
Su
mm
er 2
00
1
15
13
Ce
ntr
al A
mm
an
15
We
st
Am
man
S
ou
th A
mm
an
10
Ea
st
Am
man
14
No
rth
Am
man
13
Al S
afa
wi
12
Al M
afr
aq
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Table 8: Autumn dust collector sample heavy metal concentrations, and their relation to international standards (the bold font values are those exceeding the international
triggers)
location Zn µg/g Pb µg/g Ni µg/g Cr µg/g Cu µg/g Median 0 8751 0 45 59 Mean 0 6628 18 48 65S D 0 5725 31 6 11
C O V % 0 86 173 13 17Maximum 0 10989 54 55 77
Minimum 0 145 0 43 58
Range 0 10844 54 12 19Median 0 5842 10 49 72 Mean 0 4251 16 40 74S D 0 3288 20 18 43
C O V % 0 77 125 46 58Maximum 0 6442 38 53 118
Minimum 0 471 0 19 32
Range 0 5971 38 33 86Median 0 5639 35 41 70 Mean 0 4210 34 43 69S D 0 3425 11 7 5
C O V % 0 81 32 17 8Maximum 0 6690 45 51 74
Minimum 0 302 23 37 63
Range 0 6388 22 14 11Median 0 1331 18 38 114 Mean 0 1013 18 37 125S D 0 678 13 10 44
C O V % 0 67 71 27 35
Maximum 0 1473 30 46 174
Minimum 0 235 5 27 88
Range 0 1238 25 20 86Median 0 1156 34 36 47 Mean 8603 1300 46 49 54S D 14901 593 25 23 15
C O V % 173 46 55 47 29
Maximum 25810 1951 75 75 71
Minimum 0 792 29 34 42
Range 25810 1159 46 41 29Median 0 5573 42 46 52 Mean 0 5573 42 46 52S D 0 1809 6 9 3
C O V % 0 32 14 20 6
Maximum 0 7382 48 55 55
Minimum 0 3763 37 37 49
Range 0 3619 12 19 6Median 0 288 26 38 35 Mean 674 2843 35 35 42S D 1167 4613 20 6 20
C O V % 173 162 57 18 48
Maximum 2021 8168 58 40 65
Minimum 0 73 21 28 26
Range 2021 8096 37 12 39
14
Al R
usaifa
South
Am
man
15
Centr
al A
mm
an
15
We
st A
mm
an
15
Ea
st A
mm
an
14 N
ort
h A
mm
an
10
Al S
afa
wi
Au
tum
n 2
00
1
14
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Table 9: Winter dust collector sample heavy metal concentrations, and their relation to international standards (the bold font values are those exceeding the internation
al triggers).
location Zn µg/g Pb µg/g Ni µg/g Cr µg/g Cu µg/g Median 0 5545 57 50 56 Mean 20773 3964 64 59 57S D 35980 2986 28 27 18
C O V % 173 75 44 45 32Maximum 62318 5828 96 89 76
Minimum 0 520 40 38 40
Range 62318 5308 55 51 36Median 0 2248 10 43 76 Mean 0 2100 24 60 97S D 0 1382 35 35 47
C O V % 0 66 141 57 48Maximum 0 3403 64 100 150
Minimum 0 650 0 38 64
Range 0 2753 64 62 86Median 0 1905 59 49 54 Mean 0 2080 49 41 49S D 0 1014 22 17 14
C O V % 0 49 46 41 29Maximum 0 3170 65 53 59
Minimum 0 1164 23 22 33
Range 0 2006 41 31 26Median 0 1547 71 106 153 Mean 17492 2098 68 110 309S D 30297 1067 34 70 330
C O V % 173 51 50 64 107
Maximum 52476 3327 100 183 688
Minimum 0 1419 32 42 85
Range 52476 1908 68 140 603Median 0 947 36 45 80 Mean 0 1163 46 70 78S D 0 441 30 47 56
C O V % 0 38 65 68 71
Maximum 0 1670 80 124 133
Minimum 0 871 23 40 22
Range 0 799 57 84 111Median 0 1294 43 36 73 Mean 0 1512 35 41 73S D 0 388 20 15 37
C O V % 0 26 57 37 50
Maximum 0 1959 50 57 110
Minimum 0 1282 12 28 37
Range 0 678 38 29 73Median 0 4565 20 90 44 Mean 0 5015 20 76 44S D 0 973 5 41 21
C O V % 0 19 26 53 48
Maximum 0 6131 26 109 65
Minimum 0 4348 15 31 23Range 0 1783 11 78 42
15
Sou
th A
mm
an
5
We
st A
mm
an
13
Ea
st A
mm
an
Win
ter
20
01
-20
02
15
Ce
ntr
al A
mm
an
12
No
rth
Am
man
14
Al R
usaifa
12
Al M
afr
aq
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Figure 5: Collector sample mean heavy metals concentrations, their temporal distribution and relation to the international trigger values (the
red arrows point to the values exceeding the international triggers
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Figure 6: The spatial distribution of the mean heavy metal trigger values in the dust collector
samples.
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Streets Dust SamplesRadioactive
concentration
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Table 10: The radioactive protection standards, their
publication date and dose recommendations
Standard Year Recommended dose limits
ECRP 135 Chen et al.
2003 0.3 mSv/yr
ECNSE Hofmann et al.
2000 1 mSv/yr
ECRP 107 Penfold et al.
1999 1 mSv/yr
BSS 1996 1 mSv/yr
ICRP 60 1991 1 mSv/yr
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Figure 9: An overview of the natural radioactive
materials effects on human health
Air
Soil
Crops and plants
Animals Aluminium ore
Copper ore
Direct gamma radiation Ingestion
e. g.
Tin ore
Row Materials By-products
PhosphogypsumCalcium silicate slag
Red sludgeCopper slag
Tin slag
Phosphate ore
Calcium carbonate Phosphogypsum
Fertilizers Building materials Zircon sands
Industrial materials
Another products using them
Products e. g.e. g.
Dust Inhalation Material dumping
Humans
Rec-Show 2008 26
Table 11: Annual
effective dose
(mSv/yr) from
natural nuclides
in the street
samples of
January 2001,
and their relation
to internati
onal
limits.
Normal UnlikelyRa-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40(Ac-228) (Pb-214) TOTAL (Ac-228) (Pb-214) TOTAL
Area mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yrmedian 0.02 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.05 0.51 0.03 0.00 0.58 mean 0.02 0.25 0.01 0.00 0.27 0.05 0.55 0.03 0.00 0.63 ♦♦♦♦S D 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.14
COV % 35.91 21.74 31.51 22.73 21.48 35.91 21.74 31.51 22.73 21.44maximum 0.03 0.37 0.01 0.00 0.41 ♦♦♦♦ 0.11 0.82 0.04 0.00 0.97 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.02 0.41 0.02 0.00 0.50
Range 0.03 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.20 0.08 0.41 0.03 0.00 0.47median 0.02 0.40 0.01 0.00 0.43 0.07 0.87 0.06 0.00 0.99 mean 0.02 0.42 0.01 0.00 0.45 ♦♦♦♦ 0.07 0.91 0.05 0.00 1.04 ♦♦♦♦♦♦S D 0.01 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.03 0.38 0.02 0.00 0.42
COV % 46.17 42.01 43.32 52.44 40.78 46.17 42.01 43.32 52.44 40.16maximum 0.04 0.69 0.02 0.00 0.74 ♦♦♦♦ 0.13 1.50 0.10 0.00 1.69 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.03 0.35 0.02 0.00 0.40
Range 0.03 0.53 0.01 0.00 0.56 0.10 1.15 0.07 0.00 1.29median 0.01 0.53 0.01 0.00 0.55 0.05 1.15 0.06 0.00 1.25 mean 0.02 0.54 0.01 0.00 0.57 ♦♦♦♦ 0.06 1.18 0.07 0.00 1.31 ♦♦♦♦♦♦S D 0.01 0.22 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.03 0.47 0.04 0.00 0.54
COV % 53.82 40.12 56.85 45.15 40.62 53.82 40.12 56.85 45.15 41.16maximum 0.03 0.76 0.02 0.00 0.81 ♦♦♦♦ 0.10 1.66 0.11 0.00 1.87 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.33 0.01 0.00 0.35 0.04 0.72 0.03 0.00 0.80
Range 0.02 0.43 0.02 0.00 0.46 0.06 0.94 0.08 0.00 1.07median 0.02 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.06 0.85 0.03 0.00 0.93 mean 0.02 0.40 0.01 0.00 0.42 ♦♦♦♦ 0.06 0.87 0.03 0.00 0.97 ♦♦♦♦S D 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.04 0.24 0.02 0.00 0.27
COV % 67.39 27.48 57.35 73.35 28.27 67.39 27.48 57.35 73.35 28.43maximum 0.05 0.63 0.01 0.00 0.69 ♦♦♦♦ 0.18 1.38 0.07 0.01 1.57 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.02 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.56
Range 0.05 0.39 0.01 0.00 0.44 0.16 0.85 0.07 0.01 1.00median 0.02 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.07 0.69 0.03 0.00 0.80 mean 0.02 0.30 0.01 0.00 0.33 ♦♦♦♦ 0.08 0.65 0.03 0.00 0.76 ♦♦♦♦S D 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.18
COV % 31.99 25.31 41.95 97.83 24.13 31.99 25.31 41.95 97.83 23.67maximum 0.03 0.41 0.01 0.00 0.45 ♦♦♦♦ 0.11 0.89 0.06 0.01 1.05 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.03 0.41 0.02 0.00 0.51
Range 0.02 0.22 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.08 0.48 0.04 0.01 0.54♦♦♦♦♦♦ ≥ 1.0 mSv/yr♦♦♦♦ ≥ 0.3 mSv/yr
5- N
orth
Am
man
n=
93-
Eas
t Am
man
n=
34-
Am
man
Cen
tre
n=12
1-S
outh
Am
man
n=
132-
Wes
t Am
man
n=
10
Rec-Show 2008 27
Table 12: Annual effective dose (mSv/yr) from natural nuclides in August 2001 street samples, and their relation to international limits
Normal UnlikelyRa-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40
(Ac-228) (Pb-214) TOTAL (Ac-228) (Pb-214) TOTALArea mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr
median 0.01 0.22 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.04 0.48 0.03 0.00 0.53 mean 0.01 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.04 0.52 0.02 0.00 0.58 ♦♦♦♦S D 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.11
COV % 31.88 18.58 37.03 10.13 18.55 31.88 18.58 37.03 10.13 18.73maximum 0.02 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.33 ♦♦♦♦ 0.06 0.68 0.04 0.00 0.76 ♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.02 0.40 0.01 0.00 0.44
Range 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.04 0.28 0.03 0.00 0.32median 0.02 0.26 0.01 0.00 0.28 0.06 0.56 0.03 0.00 0.66 mean 0.02 0.34 0.01 0.00 0.37 ♦♦♦♦ 0.06 0.74 0.04 0.00 0.85 ♦♦♦♦S D 0.01 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.03 0.48 0.02 0.00 0.51
COV % 41.16 64.86 54.76 34.46 62.09 41.16 64.86 54.76 34.46 60.63maximum 0.04 0.83 0.02 0.00 0.86 ♦♦♦♦ 0.12 1.81 0.08 0.00 1.95 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.04 0.34 0.02 0.00 0.40
Range 0.03 0.67 0.01 0.00 0.69 0.09 1.47 0.06 0.00 1.56median 0.01 0.41 0.01 0.00 0.43 0.04 0.89 0.05 0.00 0.98 mean 0.01 0.40 0.01 0.00 0.42 ♦♦♦♦ 0.03 0.88 0.04 0.00 0.96 ♦♦♦♦♦♦S D 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.29 0.02 0.00 0.31
COV % 10.79 32.57 47.45 5.96 32.30 10.79 32.57 47.45 5.96 32.38maximum 0.01 0.53 0.01 0.00 0.55 ♦♦♦♦ 0.04 1.15 0.06 0.00 1.25 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.03 0.58 0.02 0.00 0.63
Range 0.00 0.26 0.01 0.00 0.27 0.01 0.57 0.04 0.00 0.62median 0.02 0.28 0.01 0.00 0.30 0.05 0.61 0.03 0.00 0.68 mean 0.01 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.31 ♦♦♦♦ 0.05 0.63 0.03 0.00 0.71 ♦♦♦♦S D 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.02 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.20
COV % 30.87 29.79 22.69 25.05 28.52 30.87 29.79 22.69 25.05 27.71maximum 0.02 0.43 0.01 0.00 0.46 ♦♦♦♦ 0.07 0.94 0.04 0.00 1.04 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.02 0.38 0.02 0.00 0.43
Range 0.02 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.05 0.56 0.03 0.00 0.61median 0.02 0.25 0.01 0.00 0.26 0.06 0.55 0.03 0.00 0.60 mean 0.02 0.26 0.01 0.00 0.28 0.06 0.56 0.03 0.00 0.65 ♦♦♦♦S D 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.12
COV % 30.48 17.47 40.39 44.34 17.96 30.48 17.47 40.39 44.34 18.54maximum 0.02 0.33 0.01 0.00 0.37 ♦♦♦♦ 0.08 0.72 0.05 0.00 0.86 ♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.03 0.46 0.02 0.00 0.53
Range 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.05 0.27 0.04 0.00 0.33median 0.01 0.74 0.02 0.00 0.77 0.03 1.62 0.09 0.00 1.74 mean 0.01 1.25 0.03 0.00 1.29 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.03 2.74 0.15 0.00 2.92 ♦♦♦♦♦♦S D 0.00 1.60 0.04 0.00 1.65 0.01 3.51 0.19 0.00 3.71
COV % 38.56 128.00 131.15 42.89 127.30 38.56 128.00 131.15 42.89 127.01maximum 0.02 5.41 0.13 0.00 5.56 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.07 11.83 0.65 0.00 12.55 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.01 0.30 0.01 0.00 0.31 0.02 0.65 0.04 0.00 0.72
Range 0.01 5.11 0.12 0.00 5.25 0.04 11.17 0.62 0.00 11.84
♦♦♦♦♦♦ ≥ 1.0 mSv/yr♦♦♦♦ ≥ 0.3 mSv/yr
5-
No
rth
Am
man
n=
76-A
l-R
usaif
eh
n=
91-S
ou
th A
mm
an
n=
13
2-W
est
Am
man
n=
10
3-E
ast
Am
man
n=
3
4-
Am
man
Cen
tre
n=
13
Rec-Show 2008 28
Figure 10: Street samples spatial and temporal distribution for the mean values of total normal annual effective radiation dose,
exceeding the limits of 0.3 and 1 mSv/yr.
Rec-Show 2008 29
Figure 11: The mean values of the total annual effective dose (mSv/yr) from natural nuclides in the street samples during January and August 2001, and their relation to international
limits.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0S
ou
th
Wes
t
Eas
t
Ce
ntr
e
No
rth
So
uth
Wes
t
Eas
t
Ce
ntr
e
No
rth
AlR
us
aif
a
Jaunary August
January and August Effective dose
Normal total m Sv/yr Unlikly total m Sv/yr
0.3
1
Rec-Show 2008 30
Collector Dust Samples
Radioactive concentration
Rec-Show 2008 31
Table 13:
Annual effective
dose (mSv/yr)
in the dust
collectors from natural
nuclides in the spring
collector samples
, and their
relation to
international limits.
Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL(Ac-228) (Pb-214) (Ac-228) (Pb-214)
n mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr
median 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.91 0.00 1.52 0.02 0.02 2.35 mean 0.05 0.75 0.02 0.00 0.82 ♦♦♦♦ 0.18 1.63 0.09 0.02 1.93 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.09 0.31 0.03 0.00 0.32 0.32 0.68 0.13 0.02 0.78
C V% 173.21 41.32 154.56 63.88 38.65 173.21 41.32 154.56 63.88 40.21max 0.16 1.08 0.05 0.01 1.09 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.55 2.36 0.24 0.04 2.40 ♦♦♦♦♦♦mini 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.00 1.03 0.00 0.01 1.03
Range 0.16 0.61 0.05 0.01 0.62 0.55 1.34 0.24 0.03 1.37median 0.02 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.06 0.27 0.00 0.06 0.34 mean 0.09 0.72 0.00 0.01 0.82 ♦♦♦♦ 0.30 1.57 0.00 0.05 1.92 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.14 1.14 0.00 0.01 1.29 0.47 2.49 0.00 0.04 2.99
C V% 156.05 158.55 0.00 80.46 157.00 156.05 158.55 0.00 80.46 155.42max 0.25 2.03 0.00 0.02 2.30 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.84 4.44 0.00 0.09 5.37 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ mini 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06
Range 0.25 2.03 0.00 0.02 2.29 0.84 4.44 0.00 0.09 5.31median 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.00 1.19 0.00 0.02 1.22 mean 0.01 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.56 ♦♦♦♦ 0.04 1.19 0.00 0.02 1.26 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.02 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.08 0.40 0.00 0.01 0.34
C V% 173.21 33.64 173.21 51.21 29.30 173.21 33.64 173.21 51.21 27.29max 0.04 0.73 0.00 0.01 0.73 ♦♦♦♦ 0.13 1.60 0.00 0.03 1.62 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ mini 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.01 0.94
Range 0.04 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.13 0.80 0.00 0.02 0.68median 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.02 0.62 mean 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.43 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.92 0.01 0.02 0.96 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.66 0.02 0.01 0.68
C V% 0.00 71.39 173.21 69.03 71.30 0.00 71.39 173.21 69.03 71.19max 0.00 0.77 0.01 0.01 0.78 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.69 0.04 0.04 1.74 ♦♦♦♦♦♦mini 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.01 0.51
Range 0.00 0.54 0.01 0.01 0.55 0.00 1.18 0.04 0.03 1.23median 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.01 1.28 0.00 2.40 0.02 0.04 3.08 mean 0.05 3.28 0.01 0.03 3.36 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.17 7.16 0.05 0.13 7.52 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.09 4.46 0.01 0.04 4.46 0.29 9.75 0.07 0.19 9.79
C V% 173.21 136.18 136.99 144.33 132.49 173.21 136.18 136.99 144.33 130.22max 0.15 8.41 0.03 0.07 8.48 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.50 18.38 0.14 0.36 18.74 ♦♦♦♦♦♦mini 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.01 0.73
Range 0.15 8.09 0.03 0.07 8.16 0.50 17.68 0.14 0.35 18.01median 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.00 1.14 0.00 0.02 1.16 mean 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.62 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.35 0.02 0.02 1.38 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.43
C V% 0.00 28.92 173.21 41.32 29.80 0.00 28.92 173.21 41.32 31.02max 0.00 0.82 0.01 0.01 0.84 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.79 0.05 0.03 1.88 ♦♦♦♦♦♦mini 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.01 1.11
Range 0.00 0.32 0.01 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.70 0.05 0.02 0.77median 0.02 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.06 0.70 0.00 0.01 0.77 mean 0.02 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.34 ♦♦♦♦ 0.06 0.70 0.00 0.01 0.77 ♦♦♦♦ S D 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.06
C V% 100.00 17.01 0.00 29.80 10.47 100.00 17.01 0.00 29.80 7.13max 0.04 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.38 ♦♦♦♦ 0.12 0.82 0.00 0.02 0.83 ♦♦♦♦mini 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.01 0.72
Range 0.04 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.12 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.11
Sp
rin
g 2
00
1
15
So
uth
Am
man
14
West
Am
man
15
East
Am
man
15
Cen
tral
Am
man
12
No
rth
Am
man
15
Al
Ru
saif
a
13
Al
Safa
wi
Seaso
n
♦♦♦♦♦♦~ or ≥ 1.0 mSv/yr, ♦♦♦♦≥ 0.3 mSv/yr
Normal Unlikly
lo
cati
on
Rec-Show 2008 32
Table 14: Annual effective dose (mSv/yr) from natural nuclides in the summer collector samples, and their relation to international limits.
Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL(Ac-228) (Pb-214) (Ac-228) (Pb-214)
n mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr
median 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.01 1.01 0.00 2.19 0.00 0.04 2.24 mean 0.08 0.91 0.00 0.01 1.00 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.28 1.98 0.01 0.04 2.30 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.15 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.48 0.62 0.01 0.01 0.19
C V% 173.21 31.47 173.21 21.78 14.83 173.21 31.47 173.21 21.78 8.17maximum 0.25 1.13 0.00 0.01 1.14 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.84 2.47 0.02 0.04 2.51 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.01 0.84 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.03 2.15
Range 0.25 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.84 1.19 0.02 0.02 0.36median 0.00 1.20 0.01 0.01 1.22 0.00 2.63 0.04 0.06 2.70 mean 0.00 0.94 0.01 0.01 0.97 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.06 0.06 0.05 2.17 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.00 0.49 0.00 1.06 0.07 0.02 1.11
C V% 0.00 51.17 121.17 37.47 51.03 0.00 51.17 121.17 37.47 50.91maximum 0.00 1.24 0.03 0.01 1.28 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.71 0.14 0.07 2.92 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.01 0.40 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.03 0.90
Range 0.00 0.85 0.03 0.01 0.88 0.00 1.87 0.14 0.04 2.02median 0.00 0.39 0.01 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.86 0.06 0.02 0.94 mean 0.00 0.39 0.01 0.00 0.41 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.86 0.06 0.02 0.94 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.20 0.01 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.44 0.06 0.00 0.50
C V% 0.00 51.32 100.00 9.81 52.10 0.00 51.32 100.00 9.81 53.05maximum 0.00 0.59 0.02 0.00 0.62 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.30 0.12 0.02 1.44 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.02 0.44
Range 0.00 0.40 0.02 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.88 0.12 0.00 1.00median 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.01 0.74 0.00 1.60 0.00 0.04 1.62 mean 0.00 1.13 0.00 0.01 1.13 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.46 0.00 0.03 2.50 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00 1.86 0.00 0.01 1.87
C V% 0.00 75.61 0.00 27.72 75.22 0.00 75.61 0.00 27.72 74.70maximum 0.00 2.11 0.00 0.01 2.11 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 4.60 0.00 0.04 4.64 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.00 1.19 0.00 0.02 1.23
Range 0.00 1.56 0.00 0.00 1.56 0.00 3.41 0.00 0.02 3.41median 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.02 0.61 mean 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.29 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.02 0.64 ♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.63
C V% 0.00 102.20 0.00 12.79 100.72 0.00 102.20 0.00 12.79 98.81maximum 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.58 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.02 1.28 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02
Range 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.01 1.26median 0.00 1.93 0.00 0.00 1.95 0.00 4.22 0.00 0.02 4.30 mean 0.00 1.72 0.00 0.00 1.73 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 3.76 0.02 0.02 3.80 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.39 0.01 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.85 0.03 0.01 0.87
C V% 0.00 22.51 173.21 28.17 22.63 0.00 22.51 173.21 28.17 22.79maximum 0.00 1.95 0.01 0.01 1.96 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 4.27 0.06 0.03 4.30 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 1.27 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.00 2.78 0.00 0.02 2.80
Range 0.00 0.68 0.01 0.00 0.68 0.00 1.49 0.06 0.01 1.50median 0.00 0.46 0.01 0.00 0.48 0.00 1.01 0.05 0.02 1.08 mean 0.00 2.60 0.05 0.01 2.66 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 5.69 0.25 0.05 5.99 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 3.77 0.08 0.01 3.86 0.00 8.25 0.40 0.06 8.70
C V% 0.00 144.99 155.61 116.06 145.09 0.00 144.99 155.61 116.06 145.20maximum 0.00 6.96 0.14 0.02 7.12 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 15.21 0.71 0.11 16.03 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.01 0.86
Range 0.00 6.58 0.14 0.02 6.73 0.00 14.37 0.71 0.10 15.17median 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.02 0.63 mean 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.29 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.63 0.01 0.02 0.66 ♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.65 0.02 0.01 0.64
C V% 0.00 103.52 173.21 56.27 100.42 0.00 103.52 173.21 56.27 96.53maximum 0.00 0.59 0.01 0.01 0.60 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.29 0.04 0.04 1.31 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04
Range 0.00 0.59 0.01 0.00 0.59 0.00 1.29 0.04 0.02 1.28
Su
mm
er
20
01
15
So
uth
Am
man
15
West
Am
man
10
East
Am
man
13
12
Al
Mafr
aq
Cen
tral
Am
man
14
No
rth
Am
man
15
Al
Ru
saif
a
♦♦♦♦♦♦or ≥ 1.0 mSv/yr, ♦♦♦♦≥ 0.3 mSv/yr
Seaso
n
lo
cati
on
13
Al
Safa
wi
Normal Unlikly
Rec-Show 2008 33
Table 15:
Annual effective dose (mSv/yr) from natural nuclides in the autumn collect
or samples, and their
relation to
international limits.
Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL(Ac-228) (Pb-214) (Ac-228) (Pb-214)
n mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr
median 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.01 0.75 0.00 1.60 0.00 0.05 1.67 mean 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.01 0.74 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.59 0.00 0.04 1.64 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.24 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.03 0.53
C V% 0.00 32.49 173.21 66.34 32.56 0.00 32.49 173.21 66.34 32.66maximum 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.01 0.97 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.10 0.01 0.07 2.15 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.00 1.06 0.00 0.01 1.08
Range 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.01 0.48 0.00 1.03 0.01 0.06 1.07median 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.09 0.00 0.02 2.20 mean 0.00 0.88 0.01 0.00 0.90 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.93 0.05 0.02 2.01 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.16 0.02 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.35 0.09 0.01 0.41
C V% 0.00 18.25 173.21 52.89 19.02 0.00 18.25 173.21 52.89 20.31maximum 0.00 1.00 0.03 0.01 1.00 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.18 0.16 0.04 2.29 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.53 0.00 0.01 1.54
Range 0.00 0.30 0.03 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.65 0.16 0.02 0.75median 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 1.12 0.00 0.01 1.13 mean 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.51 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.11 0.01 0.01 1.13 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.21 0.01 0.00 0.20
C V% 0.00 18.93 173.21 29.93 18.43 0.00 18.93 173.21 29.93 17.77maximum 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.60 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.31 0.02 0.02 1.33 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.01 0.93
Range 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.42 0.02 0.01 0.40median 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.00 1.47 0.00 0.02 1.50 mean 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.61 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.31 0.02 0.02 1.35 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.25 0.01 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.55 0.04 0.01 0.58
C V% 0.00 41.93 173.21 45.86 42.51 0.00 41.93 173.21 45.86 43.28maximum 0.00 0.80 0.01 0.01 0.82 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.76 0.07 0.03 1.85 ♦♦♦♦♦♦
minimum 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.01 0.71
Range 0.00 0.49 0.01 0.00 0.50 0.00 1.06 0.07 0.02 1.14median 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 1.11 0.00 0.01 1.19 mean 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.51 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.10 0.02 0.01 1.14 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.25 0.04 0.00 0.25
C V% 0.00 22.28 173.21 29.30 22.17 0.00 22.28 173.21 29.30 22.18maximum 0.00 0.62 0.01 0.00 0.62 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.35 0.06 0.02 1.36 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.01 0.86
Range 0.00 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.49 0.06 0.01 0.50median 0.00 1.22 0.01 0.00 1.24 0.00 2.67 0.07 0.02 2.76 mean 0.00 1.22 0.01 0.00 1.24 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.67 0.07 0.02 2.76 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01
C V% 0.00 0.28 17.70 29.04 0.01 0.00 0.28 17.70 29.04 0.33maximum 0.00 1.23 0.02 0.00 1.24 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.68 0.08 0.02 2.77 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 1.22 0.01 0.00 1.24 0.00 2.67 0.06 0.01 2.75
Range 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02median 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.98 0.00 0.01 1.01 mean 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.62 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 1.35 0.01 0.01 1.37 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.65 0.01 0.01 0.65
C V% 0.00 48.25 173.21 54.55 48.01 0.00 48.25 173.21 54.55 47.71maximum 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.97 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 2.11 0.02 0.02 2.13 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.01 0.98
Range 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 1.13 0.02 0.01 1.15
West
Am
man
♦♦♦♦♦♦ or ≥ 1.0 mSv/yr, ♦♦♦♦≥ 0.3 mSv/yr
Normal Unlikly
Seaso
n
lo
cati
on
Au
tum
n 2
00
1
14
So
uth
Am
man
15
15
East
Am
man
15
Cen
tral
Am
man
14
No
rth
Am
man
14
Al
Ru
saif
a
10
Al
Safa
wi
Rec-Show 2008 34
Table16: Annual
effective dose
(mSv /yr) from
natural nuclides
in the winter
collector samples, and their relation
to internati
onal
limits.
Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL Ra-228 Ra-226 U-235 K-40 TOTAL(Ac-228) (Pb-214) (Ac-228) (Pb-214)
n mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr mSv/yr
median 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.01 0.75 mean 0.01 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.32 ♦♦♦♦ 0.03 0.67 0.00 0.02 0.71 ♦♦♦♦ S D 0.01 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.05 0.32 0.00 0.01 0.33
C V% 173.21 48.09 0.00 66.24 46.86 173.21 48.09 0.00 66.24 46.32maximum 0.03 0.45 0.00 0.01 0.46 ♦♦♦♦ 0.09 0.99 0.00 0.03 1.02 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.01 0.36
Range 0.03 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.09 0.64 0.00 0.02 0.66median 0.00 0.59 0.01 0.01 0.82 0.00 1.29 0.07 0.04 3.34 mean 0.15 0.69 0.12 0.01 0.97 ♦♦♦♦ 0.50 1.50 0.62 0.05 2.68 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.26 0.74 0.20 0.01 0.47 0.87 1.62 1.01 0.04 1.19
C V% 173.21 107.95 163.09 80.37 48.57 173.21 107.95 163.09 80.37 44.51maximum 0.45 1.48 0.35 0.02 1.50 ♦♦♦♦ 1.50 3.22 1.79 0.10 3.39 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.30
Range 0.45 1.48 0.35 0.02 0.91 1.50 3.22 1.79 0.09 2.09median 0.00 0.43 0.01 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.95 0.03 0.01 1.62 mean 0.00 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.64 0.06 0.01 1.69 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.25 0.01 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.55 0.06 0.00 0.38
C V% 0.00 86.61 102.99 33.36 79.11 0.00 86.61 102.99 33.36 22.63maximum 0.00 0.44 0.02 0.00 0.45 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.96 0.12 0.01 2.10 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 1.35
Range 0.00 0.44 0.02 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.96 0.10 0.01 0.76median 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.02 1.95 mean 0.03 0.80 0.01 0.00 0.84 ♦♦♦♦ 0.10 1.74 0.06 0.02 1.93 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.05 0.27 0.02 0.00 0.25 0.17 0.59 0.11 0.01 0.53
C V% 173.21 34.05 173.21 46.83 29.22 173.21 34.05 173.21 46.83 27.46maximum 0.09 1.11 0.04 0.01 1.12 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.30 2.43 0.18 0.04 2.45 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.00 1.37 0.00 0.02 1.39
Range 0.09 0.48 0.04 0.00 0.48 0.30 1.06 0.18 0.02 1.06median 0.00 0.88 0.00 0.01 0.89 0.00 1.93 0.00 0.03 1.97 mean 0.04 0.76 0.01 0.01 0.81 ♦♦♦♦ 0.13 1.67 0.03 0.03 1.86 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.07 0.71 0.01 0.00 0.64 0.23 1.56 0.05 0.01 1.30
C V% 173.21 93.17 173.21 30.74 78.63 173.21 93.17 173.21 30.74 70.18maximum 0.12 1.41 0.02 0.01 1.41 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ 0.39 3.08 0.08 0.04 3.10 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.50
Range 0.12 1.41 0.02 0.00 1.27 0.39 3.08 0.08 0.02 2.60median 0.00 0.61 0.01 0.00 0.67 0.00 1.33 0.05 0.02 1.62 mean 0.02 0.71 0.02 0.00 0.74 ♦♦♦♦ 0.05 1.54 0.08 0.02 1.69 ♦♦♦♦♦♦ S D 0.03 0.19 0.02 0.00 0.18 0.09 0.42 0.09 0.00 0.38
C V% 173.21 27.49 119.25 18.43 24.01 173.21 27.49 119.25 18.43 22.63maximum 0.05 0.93 0.04 0.00 0.94 ♦♦♦♦ 0.16 2.03 0.18 0.02 2.10 ♦♦♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 1.27 0.00 0.01 1.35
Range 0.05 0.35 0.04 0.00 0.33 0.16 0.76 0.18 0.01 0.76median 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.01 0.18 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.04 0.41 mean 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.01 0.18 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.05 0.41 ♦♦♦♦ S D 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.02 0.33
C V% 0.00 96.31 0.00 44.06 89.99 0.00 98.22 0.00 48.69 82.00maximum 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.01 0.33 ♦♦♦♦ 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.07 0.74 ♦♦♦♦minimum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.07
Range 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.01 0.32 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.04 0.67
lo
cati
on
♦♦♦♦♦♦≥ 1.0 mSv/yr, ♦♦♦♦≥ 0.3 mSv/yr
Normal Unlikly
Seaso
n
Win
ter
20
01
-20
02
15
So
uth
Am
man
5
West
Am
man
13
East
Am
man
15
12
Al
Mafr
aq
Cen
tral
Am
man
12
No
rth
Am
man
14
Al
Ru
saif
a
Rec-Show 2008 35
Figure 12: Collector samples spatial and temporal distribution for the mean values of normal total annual effective dose which
exceed the limits of 0.3 and 1 mSv/yr from radionuclides.
Rec-Show 2008 36
Figure 13: Radionuclides mean dose distribution in the dust collectors, during the four seasons. (Please note that the reddish areas are the highest value in each season and that each pie chart is
located in the highest effective dose locations).
Rec-Show 2008 37
Figure 14: The mean values of the total annual effective dose (mSv/yr) from natural nuclides in the collector samples, and their
relation with international limits.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
South
West
East
Centr
al
Nort
hA
lRusaifa
AlS
afa
wi
South
West
East
Centr
al
Nort
hA
lRusaifa
AlS
afa
wi
AlM
afr
aq
South
West
East
Centr
al
Nort
hA
lRusaifa
AlS
afa
wi
South
West
East
Centr
al
Nort
hA
lRusaifa
AlM
afr
aq
Spring summer Autumn winter
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Normal total mSv/yr Unlikly total mSv/yr
0.3
0.3
Rec-Show 2008 38
Conclosions
The findings and results of this research in regards the potential health hazards associated with contaminated dusts can be concluding as follows
1 -The radioactive Results 1-The Street’s and collector’s dust measurements for one whole
year of dust gathering from different wind directions show no values of the effective dose lower than the 0.3 mSv/yr level recommended by the (2003) standards, and 24% of them are higher than the 1 mSv/yr in the (2000) standards.
2 -This could be due to the local radioactivity in potential source materials, but the possibility of wind transporting radioactive dusts from surrounding countries cannot be ignored.
Rec-Show 2008 39
2 -The heavy metals1-The research establishes that the heavy metals
concentration in street samples, based on their relation to international standards, does not pose a threat to human health while those associated with the dust collected from the air do present a health hazard.
Rec-Show 2008 40
RecommendationsThose finding can be considered as a
serious threat to public health .Further studies and actions need to be
undertaken to establish better understanding and handling for those sensitive subject.