by falah atta fakhri supervisors: dr. issaak parcharidis
DESCRIPTION
Long and short term monitoring of ground deformation in Thessaly basin using space-based SAR Interferometry. Harokopio University of Athens Department of Geography. PhD Candidacy Oral Examination. by Falah Atta Fakhri Supervisors: Dr. Issaak Parcharidis - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Long and short term monitoring of ground deformation in Thessaly basin
using space-based SAR Interferometry
byFalah Atta Fakhri
Supervisors: Dr. Issaak Parcharidis
Dr. George Mighiros Dr. Efthimis Karymbalis
Tuesday, June 25, 2013
PhD Candidacy Oral ExaminationHarokopio University of Athens
Department of Geography
Agenda Chapter One: Introduction Chapter Two: Data acquisition and SAR
interferometric techniques and processing Chapter Three: Impact of groundwater on ground
deformation. Chapter Four: Impact of fault movement and
earthquakes on ground deformation Chapter Five: Impact of lithology types on ground
deformation Chapter Six: Impact of soil on ground deformation Chapter Seven: The conclusions derived from this
research study and Discussion .
Natural hazards comprise:
Hydro-meteorological hazards, which include floods and flash floods, droughts, wildfires, tropical cyclones and hurricanes, and severe storms. Geological hazards, which include tectonic movement, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and explosive crater lakes, landslides, mudflows, erosion, and siltation.
Human-induced hazards comprise:which include wars, groundwater and oil withdrawal, mining, and land degradation.
Together, all of these hazards contribute to serious environmental problems which in consequence affect and destroy the economic development of countries and finally, in turn, impact on all walks of life.
Chapter One: Introduction PREFACE
Study area
The study area is located in the eastern part of the northern Thessaly Plain in central of Greece.
Thessaly plain, indicating that the study area exists within the frames of ascending and descending radar image tracks
Legend
Pineios_River
Ascending_Frame_Track 143
Descending_Frame_Track 279
Prefectures of Thessaly
P. EYRYTANIAS
P. FUIVTIDAS
P. GREBENVN
P. IVANNINVN
P. KARDITSAS
P. KOZANHS
P. LARISAS
P. MAGNHSIAS
P. PIERIAS
P. TRIKALVN
Study area problems and constraints
The study area suffers from a ground deformation phenomenon which affects civil construction and agricultural activity.
Furthermore it is a very complicated area due to the distribution of human hazards, which include groundwater withdrawal, and due to the presence of natural hazards for instance active tectonics.
SAR Interferometry
This new geodetic technique calculates the interference pattern caused by the difference in phase between two images acquired by spaceborne SAR at two distinct times.
SAR Interferometric Techniques
Repeated pass Interferometry (Conventional InSAR)
In repeat-pass InSAR, two or more SAR images are acquired at different times with the same or a corresponding sensor from almost identical aspect angles.
Interferometric Stacking
The basic idea of interferogram stacking is to combine multiple observations into a single result.
Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI)
This technique exploits temporal and spatial characteristics of interferometric signatures, collected from point targets.
Objectives of the Research Study
1- To evaluate the possibility of applying SAR interferometric techniques to monitor and map ground deformation in urban and agricultural lands over the long and short terms.
2- To investigate and identify the causes of ground deformation.
3- To evaluate the possibility of recognizing each individual cause of ground deformation by monitoring the time series behavior of ground deformation using the statistical results of SAR interferometric techniques.
4- To apply spatial and qualitative correlations between ground deformation and parameters (precipitation, groundwater, fault movement, earthquake, lithology, and soil) to reveal the reality of ground deformation within the study area.
Flowchart of study research methodology
SAR interferometry
Data managementDevelopment of geographic
information system
Results
Create statistical correlation
Create spatial correlation
Meteorology
Thematic maps
Hydrology and hydrogeology
Soil Geology
Additional data collection
Field- work
Data acquisition
Preprocessing
Production andinterpretation of deformation
maps
Repeated pass interferometry
Persistent scatterer
interferometry
Stacking interferometry
Chapter Two: Data acquisition and SAR interferometric techniques and processing
Data and Methodology
SAR Data Selection and Interferometric Processing (Ascending Track 143)
The total dataset consists of 24 Single Look Complex (SLC) SAR C-band images of ERS-1/2, during 1995–2000. Additionally, 15 SLC images of ENVISAT ASAR acquired during 2003–2008 by ESA, which cover the study area, have also been selected along this track.
Processing raw data to obtain SLC format
images
Add the parameters of orbits
Estimate perpendicular baselines of all the
selected images
Resample images by estimating initial range
and azimuth offsets
Corregister of SLC images
DEM , 90 (m) (SRTM)
crop image;
Multi-look
Geometrical correction
Flowchart of preprocessing ASR images
Simulation SLC SAR images with the
Multi-look average image ascending track highlighting the study area and the mountains around the basin and urban area
Results and discussion
Repeated pass interferometry processing
Master image Slave image B┴ (m) Interval Days
19960228 19960403 -66.80 35
Coherence map for time interval 19960228_19960403 ascending track
LARISA
Differential interferogram for time interval 19960228–19960403 ascending track
LARISA
Interferometric stacking processing
Average coherence for time interval 1995–2008 ascending track highlighting the coherence of the reference point inside the red circle
LARISA
Ground deformation rates along LOS direction deduced by interferometric stacking, for the considered time intervals (1995–2008) Ascending track and different acquisition. Background is an average of multi-look SAR intensities. The selected reference point is marked with a green Bp is 0-200 m, 29 interferograms
LARISA
Persistent (Permanent) Scatterers Interferometric (PSI)
Distribution of geo-coded radar targets (persistent scatterers) in Larissa basin before expansion. The average in line of sight (LOS) velocity for the period (1995–2006) number of points are 1866
LARISA
Distribution of geo-coded radar targets (persistent scatterers) in Larissa basin after expansion. The average in line of sight (LOS) velocity for the period (1995–2006) number of points are 62551
LARISA
SAR Data Selection and Interferometric Processing (Descending Track 279)
The total dataset consists of 48 SLC SAR C-band images of ERS-1/2 from 1992 –2000 and additionally, 25 SLC images of ENVISAT ASAR from 2002 – 2010 acquired by ESA,, which cover the study area have been selected along this track
Repeated pass interferometry processing
Master image Slave image B┴ (m) Days
19980802 19980906 - 1.51 35
Coherence map for time interval 19980802–19980906 descending track
LARISA
Differential interferogram for time interval 19980802–19980906 descending track
LARISA
Interferometric stacking processing
Coherence map for time interval 1992–2010 descending track highlighting
the coherence of reference point inside the red circle
LARISA
Ground deformation rates along LOS direction deduced by interferometric stacking, for the considered time intervals (1992-2010), Bp 0-150, 73 inteferograms
LARISA
Persistent (Permanent) Scatterers Interferometry (PSI)
Distribution of geo-coded radar targets (persistent scatterers) in Larissa basin before expansion. The average in line of sight (LOS) velocity for the period (1992–2010) number of points are 1930
LARISA
Distribution of geo-coded radar targets (persistent scatterers) in Larissa basin after expansion. The average in line of sight (LOS) velocity for the period (1992–2010) number of points are 4801
LARISA
Chapter Three: Impact of groundwater on ground deformation
Location of groundwater monitoring network within study area, superimposed on SLC SAR image
Three point candidates of the PSI with different distances from borehole AD6 ASCENDING TRACK 1995 - 2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jan-
92Ju
l-92
Jan-
93Ju
l-93
Jan-
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l-94
Jan-
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l-95
Jan-
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l-96
Jan-
97Ju
l-97
Jan-
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l-98
Jan-
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l-99
Jan-
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l-00
Jan-
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l-01
Jan-
02Ju
l-02
Jan-
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l-03
Jan-
04Ju
l-04
Jan-
05Ju
l-05
Jan-
06Ju
l-06
Jan-
07Ju
l-07
Jan-
08Ju
l-08
Jan-
09Ju
l-09
Jan-
10Ju
l-10
Time
Wat
er L
evel
[m]
AD6
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1995
Dec
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Time
Mo
nth
ly p
reci
pit
atio
n [
mm
]
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20
Wat
er t
able
[m
]
Monthly amount of Precipitation[mm] Water table [m] AD6
LOS Displacemnt of point candidates of PSI corresponding to monthly precipitation amount. Displacement time series of point candidates are rescaled to the first acquisition (i.e. 28 June 1995). ASCENDING TRACK 1995 - 2006
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Jun_
1995
Dec
_199
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Apr
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_199
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_199
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_200
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-200
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_200
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_200
6
Time
LO
S d
isp
lace
men
t [m
m]
0
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40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mo
nth
ly a
mo
un
t o
f P
reci
pit
aio
n [
mm
]
Monthly amount of Precipitation[mm] Deformation_rate_mm(p68587)_90m
Deformation_rate_mm_p(68496)_179m Deformation_rate_mm_p(69756)_219m
LOS Displacemnt of point candidates corresponding to the groundwater level of borehole AD6. Displacement time series of point candidates are rescaled to the first acquisition (i.e. 28 June 1995). ASCENDING TRACK 1995 - 2006
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Jun_
1995
Dec
_199
5
Apr
_199
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Mar
_199
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_199
7
Dec
_199
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Aug
_199
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1999
Jun_
1999
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_199
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May
_200
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Apr
_200
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Aug
_200
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Feb_
2004
Apr
_200
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Aug
_200
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Sep
_200
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May
-200
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Aug
_200
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Dec
_200
6
Time
LOS
dis
plac
emen
t [m
m]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
wat
er ta
ble
[m]
p68587_90m p68496_179m p69756_219m water_table_AD6
Conventional SAR Interferometry Seasonal Deformation 19960228–19960403 ASCENDING TRACK
Borehole Groundwater level (m) Interferometric fringes
SR72 20.62 Significant
SR77 18.50 High Significant
Conventional SAR Interferometry Seasonal Deformation 19980802–19980906 DESCENDING TRACK 279
Borehole Groundwater level (m) Interferometric fringes
SR72 34.00 High Significant
SR77 36.43 High Significant
Impact and interference type of clay minerals with fluctuation of groundwater level on land deformation
RainfallRising groundwater
level
Groundwater withdrawal
Presence of clay minerals which have the capability to swell and shrink
Water enters between clay layers
Activation of swelling operation
Water leaves from among mineral layers
Activation of shrinking operation
Subsidence of the ground
Uplift of the ground
Compression of materials
Decline of groundwater level
Maybe are caused microseismic (3–4) magnitude?
Chapter Four: Impact of faults movement and earthquakes on ground eformation
In order to examine and investigate the correlation between fault movements and ground deformation by implementing three techniques, conventional SAR interferometric, interferometric stacking and persistent scatterers interferometry (PSI),
Fault traces which are distributed within the study area of the eastern part of northern Thessaly were digitized from the papers by (Caputo, 1993), (Caputo and Pavlides, 1993), (Caputo et al., 1994), (Caputo et al., 2004), (Caputo and Helly, 2005) and (Caputo et al., 2006).
Thereafter these were corrected and rectified depending on 7 geological maps of Thessaly at a scale of 1:50,000 issued by the Greek Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, which were used along with field observations.
In addition, by using a seismotectonic map of Greece with seismogeological data at a scale of 1:500,000, a shape file was consequently created and identified utilizing GIS software ArcGIS 9.3.
Earthquake events data within the study area were collected by utilizing the earthquake catalogue of the (Institute of Geodynamics), National Observatory of Athens,
An attribute table was then created from this catalogue.
Consequently, a shape file of earthquake events was created utilizing Arc GIS 9.3 for the period 1964 – 2010 with magnitude M >= 3 and depth varying between 0 – 30 km.
Distribution of faults and earthquakes within study area
Legend
earthquake_1964_2010_Depth_30km
MAGNITUDE
3
4
5
(( (( Normal Faults
Thessaly_Settlements
The interference effects of fault movement on ground deformation will be discussed and interpreted in a probability approach depending on spatial correlation, for the reason that no statistical correlation or model-building has been done between ground deformation and fault movement.
Ascending track 143
Interferometric stacking
Total deformation at Larissa estimated with interferometric stacking technique, June 1995-March 2008
Descending track 279
Interferometric stacking
Total deformation at Larissa estimated with interferometric stacking technique, November 1992 – October 2010
ASCENDING TRACK 1995 – 2006
Persistant Scatterers Interferometric (PSI)
Frequency of deformation rate of points targets at LARISA 1995-2006
Frequency of deformation rate of points targets at Tyrnavos 1995-2006
Frequency of deformation rate of points targets in Giannouli 1995-2006
Location of selected candidate points minimum and maximum deformation rate, ascending track 143, settlement of Larissa
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Jun_
1995
Dec_
1995
Apr_
1996
Mar
_199
7
May
_199
7
Dec_
1997
Aug_
1998
Jan_
1999
Jun_
1999
Oct
_199
9
May
_200
0
Apr_
2003
Aug_
2003
Feb_
2004
Apr_
2004
Aug_
2004
Sep_
2004
May
-200
5
Aug_
2005
Dec_
2006
Time
LOS
disp
lace
men
t [m
m]
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
Jun_1995
Dec_1995
Apr_
1996
Mar_
1997
May_1997
Dec_1997
Aug_1998
Jan_1999
Jun_1999
Oct_
1999
May_2000
Apr_
2003
Aug_2003
Feb_2004
Apr_
2004
Aug_2004
Sep_2004
May-2
005
Aug_2005
Dec_2006
TimeL
OS
dis
pla
cem
en
t [m
m]
Conventional SAR Interferometry ASCENDIGN TRACK
SEASNAL DEFORMATION
19960228_19960403
Conventional interferogram corresponding to a 7 km cross-section of Larissa in the period 19960228_19960403
Spatial profile showing the displacement field as observed by conventional interferometry within a 7 km cross-section of Larissa, in the period 19960228_19960403 red lines correspond to the faults
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distance Km
Dis
plac
emen
t mm
/LO
S
SWNE
Conventional SAR Interferometry DESCENDIG TRACK
SEASNAL DEFORMATION
19980802_19980906
Conventional interferogram corresponding to 7 km cross-section of Larissa in the period 19980802_19980906
Spatial profile showing the displacement field as observed by conventional interferometry within a 7 km cross-section of Larissa, in the period 19980802_19980906 red lines correspond to the faults
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-30
-25
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-15
-10
-5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distance Km
Disp
lace
men
t mm
/LO
S
NE SW
Chapter Five: Impact of lithology types on ground deformation
The type of lithology has an important impact on ground deformation for the reason that any physical or chemical change of shape or size of materials will be reflected in the stability of objects.
Spatial correlation between lithology type and ground deformation has been created to verify the impact of lithology on ground deformation, taking into account the general type of lithology within the study area.
Thirty settlements were identified. However, just 19 were selected to examine and investigate the influence of lithology type on ground deformation.
The geological formations are grouped into three classes taking into account their lithology, consolidation, origin and age.
FIRST CLASS IS Alluvial = al
SECOND CLASS IS Fluvio-lacustrine deposits = Pt2
THIRD CLASS IS Terrestrial fluvio-torrential deposit = pl-pt
Geological map of Thessaly, map is modified from IGME. Faults are modified according of Caputo.
Legend
Alluvial deposits; Lake deposits
Talus cones
Marls, clays
Conglomerates, Neogene
Calcareous formations-Marbles
Gneiss, Gneiss-Schist, Schists
Granites
Ophiolites
Metamoprhics
Shale-Chert formation
Flysch
Phyllite-Quarzite
Olistholites
Water
(( (( Normal Faults
Thessaly_Cities
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8La
rissa
a
l
Gia
nnou
li al
Cha
lki a
l
Ele
fthe
ron
al
Fal
anna
al
Mel
isso
chor
ion
al Gal
ini a
l
Pla
tyka
mpo
sal Gla
fki a
l
Itea
al
Fyl
lon
al
Pal
amas
al
Mar
athe
a al
Nik
aia
al
Ter
psith
ea p
l-pt
Tyr
navo
s P
t2
Rod
ia P
t2
Man
dra
Pl-P
t
Ele
fthe
rai P
l-Pt
Type of Lithology
LO
S D
isp
lace
men
t [m
m/y
r]
Minimum Subsidence (mm) Maximum Subsidence (mm) Minimum Uplift (mm) Maximum Uplift (mm)
Ascending track 143 1995 - 2008 Interferometric Stacking
Minimum and maximum deformation rates in LOS of interferometric stacking 1995-2008 of 19 settlements corresponding to type of lithology.
Fluvio-lacustrine deposits = Pt2 Terrestrial fluvio-torrential deposit = pl-pt
Alluvial = al
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
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3
4
Laris
sa a
l
Gia
nnou
li al
Cha
lki a
l
Ele
fthe
ron
al
Fal
anna
al
Mel
isso
chor
ion
al
Gal
ini a
l
Pla
tyka
mpo
s al
Gla
fki a
l
Itea
al
Fyl
lon
al
Pal
amas
al
Mar
athe
a al
Nik
aia
al
Ter
psith
ea p
l-pt
Tyr
navo
s P
t2
Rod
ia P
t2
Man
dra
Pl-P
t
Ele
fthe
rai P
l-Pt
Type of Lithology
LO
S D
isp
lace
men
t [m
m/y
r]
Minimum Subsidence (mm) Maximum Subsidence (mm) Minimum uplift (mm) Maximum uplift (mm)
Descending track 279 1992- 2010 Interferometric Stacking
Minimum and maximum deformation rates in LOS of interferometric stacking 1992-2010 of nineteen settlements corresponding to type of lithology.
Terrestrial fluvio-torrential deposit = pl-pt
Alluvial = al
Fluvio-lacustrine deposits = Pt2
Chapter Six: Impact of soil on ground deformation
The goal of this chapter is to examine the potential of using the PSI technique to identify the deformation of soil vertically (i.e., line of sight, LOS), and to study the statistical behavior of deformation for each point target through the statistical time series schemes of the data set, as well as the effect of soil type on its deformation.
According to the Exploratory Soil Survey and soil classification system (Soil Survey Staff, 1998) and (Soil Survey Staff, 1999), the classification of soil units of the study area (north part of Larissa) has been completed and 5 different orders were recognized (Alfisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Vertisols)
The soil properties of each order have been examined, such as texture, drainage, erosion and slope. Soil data has been manipulated using Arc GIS 9.3 software, and several maps, such as soil texture, soil drainage, slope, and erosion have been created
Map of exploratory soil survey depicts the distribution of soil orders within the study area in the northern part of Larissa. Based on SLC of SAR image.
Legend
soil_orders
Alfisols
Entisols
Inceptisols
Molisols
Vertisols
(( (( Normal Faults
Ascending track 143
PSI candidate points within the non-urban area, mean displacement rates 1995-2006, ascending track 143. Movements are in the satellite line-of-sight direction. Based on SLC of SAR image.
Legend
soil_orders
Alfisols
Entisols
Inceptisols
Molisols
Vertisols
(( (( ((Normal Faults
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1995
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1995
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_199
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1997
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_199
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May
_200
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Apr
_200
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Aug
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2004
Apr
_200
4
Aug
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Sep
_200
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Aug
_200
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_200
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Time
LOS
dis
plac
emen
t [m
m]
-70
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1995
Dec
1995
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_199
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1997
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1997
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1997
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_199
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Aug
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Sep
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dis
plac
emen
t [m
m]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mon
thly
am
ount
of P
reci
pita
ion
[mm
]
Monthly amount of Precipitation[mm] displacement_mm
Chapter Seven: The conclusions derived from this research study and Discussion
The data of SAR images ERS1/2 and ASAR ENVISAT which have been used in this research study are shown the possibility for investigating and identifying the temporal and spatial ground vertical movement within study areas of Larisa basin. However, the cons of these types of data were the spatial resolution which is 20 meters, consequently this spatial resolution does not was large enough to detect the ground deformation for objects which are located within large scale. However, the temporal resolution was applicable good enough to the objectives of this study.
The SAR interferometric conventional technique, has pros to investigate the ground deformation during short-term within urban and non-urban area. However, the cons of this technique are the deformation is limited by the atmospheric path delay term.
The SAR interferometric stacking technique has the advantages to bypass the cons of the atmospheric path delay, however no time series could be obtained for each single object by this technique.
The persistent scatterers technique has the advantages to obtain the ground deformation for each single object for long-term time series; however the disadvantage of this technique is the hard conditions ought to apply to get the candidates points specially within agricultural fields.
Approximately all correlation cases between fluctuation of groundwater level and land deformation point to non-continuous significant correlation through the short and long distances between boreholes and point candidates of PSI within ascending and descending tracks. This may be a reflection of the spatial complexity of aquifer systems, the variety of subsidence and uplift deformation, and the large number of illegal wells.
Significant interferometric fringes are observed within approximately all of the boreholes in two differential interferograms of two tracks, ascending and descending, through the fluctuation of groundwater level.
The Persistent Scatterers Technique, through the application of spatial correlation between the locations of points targets and fault traces, reveals or/and indicates the possibility of the influence of fault movements on ground deformation.
In spite of the controversy regarding the gap of the last large magnitude earthquake in Larissa (1941), which remains a major issue, nevertheless, fault movements, which are the main reason of earthquakes creation, may be attributed to the impact of mutual processes between the swelling and shrinkage of clay minerals.
SAR interferometry techniques successfully revealed the impact of lithology type on ground deformation through the ascending and descending tracks.
Subsidence could not be attributed to the sole impact of the type of lithology. This was because there are several nested and interconnected factors such as lithology, fault movements, type of clay minerals and amount of precipitation.
Papers have been published from the dissertation
Fakhri F, “Use Sar Interferometry DInSAR And PSI To Identify The Geohazard Risk Of Nato Airport North East Larissa (Central Greece) ” International Forum On Satellite Earth Observation For Geohazard Risk Management Santorini, 21-23 May 2012.
Fakhri F, Parcharidis I, Karymbalis E, Pavlopoulos K, Relationship Between Lithology And Ground Deformation Estimated Using SAR Interferometry Over The Settlements Of Thessaly Prefecture (Central Greece). 4th Workshop On Remote Sensing And Geology Earsel Mykonos, Greece, 24 – 25 May 2012.
Fakhri F, Psomiadis Emmanouil, Parcharidis Issaak1 Monitoring Soil Deformation Using Persistent Scatters Interferometry (PSI) Technique: The Case Study Of Thessaly Prefecture (Central Greece). 978-1-4673-1159-5/12/ Ieee 3903 Igarss 2012
FAKHRI F, Investigating Of causes Short and Long Term Ground Deformation by Implementing SAR Interferometric Techniques in Larissa. ESA Living Planet Symposium 9 - 13 September, 2013 Edinburgh, United Kingdom