by :Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd

POWERGRID AT A GLANCECentral Transmission Utility of India & Operator of RLDCs. (TSO) One of the largest transmission utility in the world Operating 48,000 CKms of EHV transmission lines 82 EHVAC & HVDC sub-stations 47,000 MVA transformation capacity Emerged as leading consultancy Organisation in Power SectorCatalytic Role in Power Sector Reforms (APDRP)Diversified in Telecom

POWERGRID FUNCTIONS TSORLDCs

CTU FUNCTIONS

Inter-stateTransmission ServicesP O W E R G R I DLICENSEES

NON-CTU FUNCTIONS

Telecom,Consultancy,Distribution

Development of ABT MechanismOn site administrator of the Tariff Study in Feb.,94 by International Consultant M/s ECC Inc., USACo-ordinated the study and mooted the idea of frequency linked tariff to ECCBasic frame work developedRTFs/ NTF deliberations ABT is a commercial mechanism linked to frequencyCERC hearings with utilitiesClarifications on issues CERC issued Order on 04.01.2000

ABT implementation at Regional Level POWERGRIDs ExpertiseMore than 150 presentations toSEBsGeneratorsCentral / State GovernmentOther UtilitiesIn-house development of softwares for SchedulingEnergy AccountingTime tested and proven softwareLegal issues resolvedOnly Utility in the world having experience to develop and implement

POWERGRIDS Expertise in ABT Only Utility having proven capability inDevelopment of ABTImplementation of ABTActual Operating experiencePioneers and leaders in ABT mechanismCapability to implement ABT mechanismExpertise to train the personnelExperience in development and implementation ofScheduling ProcedureEnergy Accounting Development of Special Energy MetersDevelopment of Metering SchemeExperience in Operation of Pool Accounts for UI and reactive Charges

Development of Energy MetersForeseen the requirement of a New Meter for ABTTailor made meter specifications for ABT tariff Prototype development followed by field trialsVendor DevelopmentMain features of SEMsTamper proof and low cost Developed and manufactured indigenouslyAccuracy of class 0.2Static Meters to record energy transmittals in 15 min. time blockReactive power measurement in pre-specified voltage conditionsEstablishment of Data Collection and Data transfer infrastructure

POWERGRID co-ordinated and provided all infrastructure for ABT implementation.

01.11.2003WR took lead for ABT implementation01.01.2003Other Regions followed01.07.200201.04.200301.12.2002ABT implemented in All Five Regions.Pool Accounts Operated by RLDCs.

Experience in intra-State ABT implementation

Based on our expertise consultancy for intra-State ABT to GEB on single offer basis.

Consultancy for PSEB Roadmap prepared for MSEB.

Other States are approaching for consultancy

Expertise in Operation of Pool AccountRLDC have collected and dispersed as follows:UI Pool account : Rs. 7637 Crores (Upto Dec.04)No discrepancies, disputes raisedAmount disbursed within 3 daysE-banking facilities available

Similarity between ABT at Regional Level and intra-State level Regional ABTRegulator- CERCCentral Sector GeneratorsIPPsSEBsSEMs Day Ahead Scheduling by RLDCsWeekly Settlement of regional UIUI Pool AccountReactive Pool A/cIntra-State ABTRegulator- SERCState Sector Generatorsembedded generatorsDiscomsSEMsDay Ahead Scheduling by SLDCs Weekly Settlement of State UIUI Pool AccountReactive Pool A/c

ABT Balancing MarketUI mechanism takes care of this in a inherent wayCost based on frequency reflecting load generation balance in the gridNo negotiations, no bidding. Flexible-anybody can inject or draw. ISO purchases balancing power and despatchesCost of balancing power based on bids which reflect notional market conditionsRequires Exchanges, complicated procurement procedure and involves cost in setting up of computerised systems

Inadvertant exchanges priced based on frequency & price is known in advance

No gaming

No mechanism for pricing inadvertant exchanges before hand but is based on post facto computationsGaming is possible

ABT Balancing Market

Gives autonomy to SLDCs. SLDCs can regulate loads ABT allows frequency variation between 49.0 and 50.5 Hz.RLDCs unilaterally decides and implements. Demand curtailment options (in India) not consideredSuitable in systems abroad where frequency has to be maintained close to nominalABT Balancing Market

NEED OF SCADA FOR ABT All utilities to monitor & control the load & generation in real time Special energy meters provide energy & average frequency for every 15 minutes time block Data of energy meters is generally downloaded weeklyNeed of real time SCADA system for energy meters telemetry

SCADA process power flow on inter-state exchange points in real time basisMonitor schedule & actual drawals Provides information for their own generation Reactive power management using capacitor / reactors.Management of voltage by transformer tap adjustment

SCADA APPLICATIONS FOR ABT

International Practices- Balancing MarketReal Time Spot MarketDay Ahead Scheduling Procedure coversNext day hourly forecast of demandAvailability of GenerationFinalisation of Day-Ahead Schedule considering transmission & generation constraintsGenerators and Buyers submit price bids.Deviations within a predetermined percentage limitPenalties for deviation beyond prescribed limitDeviations to be paid as per Real Time Spot Market rates

EUROPEAN & SOUTH AFRICAN MODELGGGDDDT + SOGDGDThis model is followed in UK by NGC, in Norway by Statenett, in Sweden by Svenska Kraftnet, in Finland by Fingrid, in Netherland by Tennet, in Denmark by Eltral/Elkrafts and in South Africa by Eskom.NEXT

AMERICAN MODELGGGDDDTTGDGDGDTSOSORTOThis model is followed in USA. Based on their experience, USA is now moving towards TSO model through RTO.

ABT Structure

Three-part tariffCapacity Charges linked to availabilityVariable Charges as per scheduleUI Charges for deviations

ABT Structure

Allocations to Discoms from shared generating plants -to be notified by State governmentState generatorsCentral Sector generatorsIPPsCriteria to be finalised In percentages , not in MW termsNo unallocated power

ABT Structure

STUs role in collection and disbursement of transmission chargesSTUs chargesCTUs charges

ABT Structure

GENCO norms of operation

Financial Norms similar to ISGS Depreciation, Rate of return, O&M Cost, D:E ratio etc.Operational Norms similar to ISGS Auxiliary power consumptionTarget availability Can be increased progressively in 5 years.Scheme for incentives based on availability.

ABT Structure

Re-negotiation of existing contracts with IPPsFinancial Norms as per ISGS Depreciation, Rate of return, O&M Cost, D:E ratio etc.IncentivesOperational Norms as per ISGS Auxiliary power consumptionTarget availability 80%

APSEBTNEBKEBKSEBInter-regionalISGS1ISGS2ISGS3ISGS4 Discom 1Discom 2Discom 3Discom 4Inter-stateISGS1ISGS2~SGS3SGS4~Inter-stateSTSISTSRegionState

ISGS: Inter State Generating StationsSGS: State Generating StationsCTU: Central Transmission UtilitySTU: State Transmission UtilityInter-State ABTIntra-State ABTDistribution Control Centre One for each Discom

POWERGRID

Market ModelsOption 1 Single Buyer ModelAll the generation including IPPs to be pooled /purchased by residual Electricity Board & all power sale / purchase from other agencies through residual Electricity BoardOption 2 Multi Buyer ModelAll the generation including IPPs to be sold/purchased by DISCOMs directly & all power sale / purchase from other agencies also directly by DISCOMs

STATE POWER POOL : Single Buyer Model- Option 1 GEN 1 GEN 2 GEN 3 IPP 1 IPP 2

DISCOM A s STATE GENCO THROUGH TRANSCO SYSTEM RESIDUAL EB/TRADECO TO POOL ALL GENERATION Dist. Iicensee-2Dist. Iicensee 1Power Purchases/Sales

STATE POWER POOL : Multiple Buyer Model Option2 GEN 1 GEN 2 GEN 3 IPP 1 IPP 2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF GETCO STATE GENCO

DISCOM A Dist. Licensee-2Dist. Licensee-1External PurchasesTRADECO

Options for UIUI Rate CurveSame as inter-state UI-Rate CurveHigher inter-state UI-Rate CurveLower inter-state UI-Rate CurveDifferential Rate Curve ( for injection and drawal of UI)Different curves for CPPs and other bulk power licenseeFrequency UI rate curveSingle-slope Curve Multi-slope Curve

UI Rate as specified by CERCRate of Unscheduled Drawal/Injection

Frequency (Hz)Rate (p/u)Above 50.5050.015049.821049.0 and below570

Chart1

50.5000

50.485.686

50.4611.21612

50.4416.82418

50.4222.43224

50.4284030

50.3833.64836

50.3639.25642

50.3444.86448

50.3250.47254

50.3568060

50.2861.68866

50.2667.29672

50.2472.810478

50.2278.411284

50.28412090

50.1889.612896

50.1695.2136102

50.14100.8144108

50.12106.4152114

50.1112160120

50.08117.6168126

50.06123.2176132

50.04128.8184138

50.02134.4192144

50140200150

49.98145.6208156

49.96151.2216162

49.94156.8224168

49.92162.4232174

49.9168240180

49.88173.6248186

49.86179.2256192

49.84184.8264198

49.82190.4272204

49.8196280210

49.78201.6288219

49.76207.2296228

49.74212.8304237

49.72218.4312246

49.7224320255

49.68229.6328264

49.66235.2336273

49.64240.8344282

49.62246.4352291

49.6252360300

49.58257.6368309

49.56263.2376318

49.54268.8384327

49.52274.4392336

49.5280400345

49.48285.6408354

49.46291.2416363

49.44296.8424372

49.42302.4432381

49.4308440390

49.38313.6448399

49.36319.2456408

49.34324.8464417

49.32330.4472426

49.3336480435

49.28341.6488444

49.26347.2496453

49.24352.8504462

49.22358.4512471

49.2364520480

49.18369.6528489

49.16375.2536498

49.14380.8544507

49.12386.4552516

49.1392560525

49.08397.6568534

49.06403.2576543

49.04408.8584552

49.02414.4592561

49420600570

48.98420600570

48.96420600570

48.94420600570

48.92420600570

48.9420600570

48.88420600570

Frequency

UI rate

Chart2

000

5.686

11.21612

16.82418

22.43224

284030

33.64836

39.25642

44.86448

50.47254

568060

61.68866

67.29672

72.810478

78.411284

8412090

89.612896

95.2136102

100.8144108

106.4152114

112160120

117.6168126

123.2176132

128.8184138

134.4192144

140200150

145.6208156

151.2216162

156.8224168

162.4232174

168240180

173.6248186

179.2256192

184.8264198

190.4272204

196280210

201.6288219

207.2296228

212.8304237

218.4312246

224320255

229.6328264

235.2336273

240.8344282

246.4352291

252360300

257.6368309

263.2376318

268.8384327

274.4392336

280400345

285.6408354

291.2416363

296.8424372

302.4432381

308440390

313.6448399

319.2456408

324.8464417

330.4472426

336480435

341.6488444

347.2496453

352.8504462

358.4512471

364520480

369.6528489

375.2536498

380.8544507

386.4552516

392560525

397.6568534

403.2576543

408.8584552

414.4592561

420600570

420600570

420600570

420600570

420600570

420600570

420600570

v

Frequency ---->

UI rate ----->

Sheet1

50.5000

50.485.686

50.4611.21612

50.4416.82418

50.4222.43224

50.4284030

50.3833.64836

50.3639.25642

50.3444.86448

50.3250.47254

50.3568060

50.2861.68866

50.2667.29672

50.2472.810478

50.2278.411284

50.28412090

50.1889.612896

50.1695.2136102

50.14100.8144108

50.12106.4152114

50.1112160120

50.08117.6168126

50.06123.2176132

50.04128.8184138

50.02134.4192144

50140200150

49.98145.6208156

49.96151.2216162

49.94156.8224168

49.92162.4232174

49.9168240180

49.88173.6248186

49.86179.2256192

49.84184.8264198

49.82190.4272204

49.8196280210

49.78201.6288219

49.76207.2296228

49.74212.8304237

49.72218.4312246

49.7224320255

49.68229.6328264

49.66235.2336273

49.64240.8344282

49.62246.4352291

49.6252360300

49.58257.6368309

49.56263.2376318

49.54268.8384327

49.52274.4392336

49.5280400345

49.48285.6408354

49.46291.2416363

49.44296.8424372

49.42302.4432381

49.4308440390

49.38313.6448399

49.36319.2456408

49.34324.8464417

49.32330.4472426

49.3336480435

49.28341.6488444

49.26347.2496453

49.24352.8504462

49.22358.4512471

49.2364520480

49.18369.6528489

49.16375.2536498

49.14380.8544507

49.12386.4552516

49.1392560525

49.08397.6568534

49.06403.2576543

49.04408.8584552

49.02414.4592561

49420600570

48.98420600570

48.96420600570

48.94420600570

48.92420600570

48.9420600570

48.88420600570

Sheet2

50.550.4850.4650.4450.4250.450.3850.3650.3450.3250.350.2850.2650.2450.2250.250.1850.1650.1450.1250.150.0850.0650.0450.025049.9849.9649.9449.9249.949.8849.8649.8449.8249.849.7849.7649.7449.7249.749.6849.6649.6449.6249.649.5849.5649.5449.5249.549.4849.4649.4449.4249.449.3849.3649.3449.3249.349.2849.2649.2449.2249.249.1849.1649.1449.1249.149.0849.0649.0449.024948.9848.9648.9448.9248.948.88

05.611.216.822.42833.639.244.850.45661.667.272.878.48489.695.2100.8106.4112117.6123.2128.8134.4140145.6151.2156.8162.4168173.6179.2184.8190.4196201.6207.2212.8218.4224229.6235.2240.8246.4252257.6263.2268.8274.4280285.6291.2296.8302.4308313.6319.2324.8330.4336341.6347.2352.8358.4364369.6375.2380.8386.4392397.6403.2408.8414.4420420420420420420420

081624324048566472808896104112120128136144152160168176184192200208216224232240248256264272280288296304312320328336344352360368376384392400408416424432440448456464472480488496504512520528536544552560568576584592600600600600600600600

06121824303642485460667278849096102108114120126132138144150156162168174180186192198204210219228237246255264273282291300309318327336345354363372381390399408417426435444453462471480489498507516525534543552561570570570570570570570

Chart3

570

570

570

570

570

570

561

552

543

534

525

516

507

498

489

480

471

462

453

444

435

426

417

408

399

390

381

372

363

354

345

336

327

318

309

300

291

282

273

264

255

246

237

228

219

210

204

198

192

186

180

174

168

162

156

150

144

138

132

126

120

114

108

102

96

90

84

78

72

66

60

54

48

42

36

30

24

18

12

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&L&"Arial,Bold Italic"&8 &C &R&"Arial,Bold Italic"&8UI Comparative chart

Below 49.0 Hz UI rate =570 p/u

At 50.0 Hz UI rate =150 p/u

At 49.8 Hz UI rate =210 p/u

Above 50.5 Hz UI rate =0 p/u

from 01.10.04 onwards

Frequency ----------->

UI rate ----------------->

Sheet3

48.9420600570

48.92420600570

48.94420600570

48.96420600570

48.98420600570

49420600570

49.02414.4592561

49.04408.8584552

49.06403.2576543

49.08397.6568534

49.1392560525

49.12386.4552516

49.14380.8544507

49.16375.2536498

49.18369.6528489

49.2364520480

49.22358.4512471

49.24352.8504462

49.26347.2496453

49.28341.6488444

49.3336480435

49.32330.4472426

49.34324.8464417

49.36319.2456408

49.38313.6448399

49.4308440390

49.42302.4432381

49.44296.8424372

49.46291.2416363

49.48285.6408354

49.5280400345

49.52274.4392336

49.54268.8384327

49.56263.2376318

49.58257.6368309

49.6252360300

49.62246.4352291

49.64240.8344282

49.66235.2336273

49.68229.6328264

49.7224320255

49.72218.4312246

49.74212.8304237

49.76207.2296228

49.78201.6288219

49.8196280210

49.82190.4272204

49.84184.8264198

49.86179.2256192

49.88173.6248186

49.9168240180

49.92162.4232174

49.94156.8224168

49.96151.2216162

49.98145.6208156

50140200150

50.02134.4192144

50.04128.8184138

50.06123.2176132

50.08117.6168126

50.1112160120

50.12106.4152114

50.14100.8144108

50.1695.2136102

50.1889.612896

50.28412090

50.2278.411284

50.2472.810478

50.2667.29672

50.2861.68866

50.3568060

50.3250.47254

50.3444.86448

50.3639.25642

50.3833.64836

50.4284030

50.4222.43224

50.4416.82418

50.4611.21612

50.485.686

50.5000

50.52000

50.54000

50.56000

50.58000

50.6000

50.62000

50.64000

50.66000

50.68000

50.7000

50.72000

50.74000

50.76000

50.78000

50.8000

50.82000

50.84000

50.86000

50.88000

50.9000

50.92000

50.94000

50.96000

50.98000

51000

Special Energy Meters0.2s class of IEC static type.Works in 3-phase, 4 wire principleVoltage from 110V secondary side VT and current from CT's of ratio 1A or 5 AmpIn Model-A with 1Amp CT, model-B with 5 Amp CT.Meter will store the data in the memory for 10 days.Meter is having a optical port for tapping the stored data by using a hand held unit called DCD (data collection device)

SEM stores the followingNet active energy (wh) in each 15 minute time-block with +/- sign.Cumulative Wh reading at each mid night.Average frequency of each 15 minute block with a 2 digit code. Integrate the reactive energy (VARh) algebrically into two separate registers, one for Vave RMS 103% and other for Vave RMS 97%, at each midnight.

SEM displays followingProcessor's identification code and modelDate (year month day)Time (hour min sec)Cumulative Wh readingAverage frequency of the previous blockNet Wh transmittal during the previous blockAverage per unit voltageReactive power (VAR)Voltage high VARh register readingVoltage low VARh register reading

AMR System : Through RS485 connectionRS 232 port PSTN ModemPSTNRS 485 / RS 232 Conv.Meter 31Local Data CollectionRemote Data Collection

Local data collection through Optical Port as backup Meter 31DCDDCD

Power flows in real time Monitor schedule & actual drawals Provides information on generation Reactive power management using capacitor / reactors and by transformer tap adjustment

SCADA APPLICATIONS

Intra-state ABT Achieves.Unbundling of Vertically Integrated State UtilitiesMechanism to price power based on Demand / Supply Harness surplus generating capacity available in state with CPPs/IPPsOperation of grid on economic principles Merit Order Despatch Open Access in Intra-state Transmission and Distribution.

Intra-state ABT achieves Generate signals for efficient grid operation at the intra-state level.Overdrawals at low frequency by different DISCOMs to be priced. Encourage serving of higher consumer demand Encourage maximisation of generation during deficit conditions.Each DISCOM and state generating station to be responsible for its actions a profit centre

Intra-state ABT achieves.Introduce UI mechanism at the intra-state level. UI to be applied on the deviations from the schedules of the DISCOMs/State generators/IPPs/CPPs. State Utilities to be liable for the States liabilities with the regional UI pool account. To achieve merit order operation.

Implementation Plan1st Phase ActivitiesFinalisation of listing of entitiesListing of Metering locationsFinalisation of quantities of SEMs, DCDs/MTEs

Finalisation of technical specifications of SEMs/DCDsInitiate tendering process for procurement of meters

Implementation Plan2nd Phase Activities Finsalisation of Tariff of State Generating Stations as per ABT parameters/normsFinalisation of Reactive Charge schemeFinalisation of commercial mechanism for CPPs, Wind farms, Wheeling and banking, Open Access Customers etc.Determination of Allocations of different Discoms in State Genco/ ISGS/ IPPs.

Implementation Plan3rd Phase Activities Supply and commissioning of meters at different locationsInstallation of software for data processing Installation of software for schedulingEstimate time to implementation 12 to 18 months

POWERGRID, INDIAwith clear Vision.

Consultancy by POWERGRIDRendering consultancy services to utilities like WBPDCL, UPPCL, UPCL,BSEB,RRVPNL, KPTCL,GRIDCO, Malana Power, Tata Power, BSES, Chandigargh, ASEB, Pondicherry, MeSEB, MPSEB, Goa, CSEB, Bhutan Telecom, THPA, MOP, D&D, DNHTurnkey Transmission Lines/Sub-stationsO&M of EHV Transmission SystemAPDRPTelecomConsultancy for project cost of about Rs. 5000 Crores.

Schedule Vs Actual Injection at Dadri (T)Declared Capability Capacity ChargesSchedule Energy ChargesActual InjectionU IFrequencyNEXT

Schedule Vs Actual Drawal by UPU IEntitlement Capacity ChargesSchedule Energy ChargesActual DrawalFrequency

If you have several points, steps, or key ideas use multiple slides. Determine if your audience is to understand a new idea, learn a process, or receive greater depth to a familiar concept. Back up each point with adequate explanation. As appropriate, supplement your presentation with technical support data in hard copy or on disc, e-mail, or the Internet. Develop each point adequately to communicate with your audience.If you have several points, steps, or key ideas use multiple slides. Determine if your audience is to understand a new idea, learn a process, or receive greater depth to a familiar concept. Back up each point with adequate explanation. As appropriate, supplement your presentation with technical support data in hard copy or on disc, e-mail, or the Internet. Develop each point adequately to communicate with your audience.If you have several points, steps, or key ideas use multiple slides. Determine if your audience is to understand a new idea, learn a process, or receive greater depth to a familiar concept. Back up each point with adequate explanation. As appropriate, supplement your presentation with technical support data in hard copy or on disc, e-mail, or the Internet. Develop each point adequately to communicate with your audience.