Literary Terms to KnowTypes of Writing

Autobiography - a type of literature written by someone about his or her own life Biography - a type of literature written about someone by another person Comedy - a type of story designed for humor or irony Drama - a type of fiction characterized by performance of actors Fable - a type of fictional story where the main characters non-humans, such as animals or

mythical creatures, but have the qualities of humans Fiction - a type of narrative literature that contains imaginary characters and events Genre - how literature is categorized based on literary conventions Non fiction - a type of narrative literature where the characters and events actually happened Novel - a longer work of fictional prose Poetry - a type of literary art form where writers use figurative language and other poetic devices

to get the point of their subject across Science fiction - a type of genre where characters and events are often set in the future where

science and technology far surpasses the present Short Story - a type of fictional narrative story usually written in prose; often shorter in length and

focuses on one event, character, or incident Tragedy - a type of narrative that often involves human suffering, including death, in the story

Parts of a Story

Antagonist – a major character whose values or behaviors are in conflict with those of the main character.

Character - protagonist, antagonist, hero/heroine are the people that move the plot along and the reason that many readers stay with a story

Climax - a very exciting section of the story where the main conflict is resolved Conflict - this important part of a story often prevents the characters from achieving their goals

but allows them to grow from the experiences and then continue onward in their journey Exposition – the part of a story where background information is presented; this includes the

characters, setting, and situation/climate Falling Action – the part of a literary plot that occurs after the climax has been reached and the

conflict has been resolved. Mood - how the reader feels about the text while reading Narrator - is the person who tells the story and can be limited or omniscient Plot - these are the events in the story from the beginning until the end Point of view - this how the story is told by the narrator or author; either first, second, or third

person Protagonist – the main character. Resolution - this is how the story ends and happens after the climax Rising Action – a series of events in literature that build up and create tension and suspense. Setting - this is where a story takes place in time and location Subject/Topic – one word that can apply to a story, usually an abstract noun; s/a love,

friendship, anger, etc. Theme - is the central idea of the story, an abstract truth or insight about people or life Tone - words used to express how the author feels about the text

Literary Devices

Allusion - when an author intensionally makes a reference to another work, such as another piece of literature, a piece of artwork, or a time, place or person

Dialogue - the words that characters speak Flashback - part of a story that happened before the current action which is brought out through

characters’ dreams or storytelling Foreshadowing - is when the author alludes to upcoming events without directly stating that they

will happen Hyperbole - an exaggeration Imagery - words used to evoke pictures in the minds of the readers Irony - words used that often mean something different or the opposite of what they mean Repetition - when words, symbols, themes or other parts of the story are used more than once Sensory language - descriptive language that attempts to invoke one or more of the the five

senses Suspense - happens when the storyteller or narrator builds excitement in a scene, often prior to

the climax Symbolism - a symbol is a physical object that represents an abstration

Sound Devices

Alliteration - repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds at the beginning of words Meter - combinations of accented and unaccented syllables which often form a pattern Onomatopoeia - words that represent sounds Refrain - pattern of words or phrases that repeats throughout a literary work Rhyme - when words that sound alike are paired together or near each other Rhyme scheme - a repetition of a rhyming pattern

Figurative Language

Idiom - type of phrase where the meanings cannot be inferred by the literal meaning of the words Metaphor - compares two things where one is the other Personification - this is where animals or inanimate objects are given human qualities Simile - compares two things using like or as

BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS: Unit 2, Chapter 7VOCABULARY TERM PART DEFINITION Infl. SENTENCE1) concede v To surrender or yield conceded

concedesconceding

The opposing team conceded the referees ruling.

2) conservative adj Disposed to preserve existing conditions or to restore tradition

NA Though Brady was a conservative at heart, the libertarian party candidate was more in line with his political views.

3) contrary adj Opposite in nature or character NA Contrary to popular belief, a monkey was the first living creature humans sent into space.

4) denounce v To condemn something openly denounceddenouncingdenounces

The democratic candidate denounced the amendment to conceal and carry laws.

5) deter v To discourage or prevent deterreddeterringdeters

Carley did so poorly on the test it deterred her from applying to the school of her choice.

6) disclose v The act of exposing, a revelation discloseddisclosingdiscloses

The defense disclosed how the victim was able to mistake the identity of his attacker.

7) scapegoat n A person or group made to take blame for something done by others

scapegoats When the group got a failing grade on their project, they used Mikey as a scapegoat because he had been absent.

8) superficial adj At, on, or near the surface; being concerned with only what is on the surface

NA Even though papercuts are superficial wounds, they are also extremely painful.

9) sustain v To support, hold, or bear the weight of sustainedsustainingsustains

I can sustain this level of awesomeness forever!

10) transition v To make a change from one position or state to another

transitionedtransitioningtransitions

In the cocoon, the caterpillar transitions into a butterfly.

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BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS: Unit 2, Chapter 8VOCABULARY TERM PART DEFINITION Infl. SENTENCE11) compensate v To be given a payment for something compensates

compensatedcompensating

They gave him ten dollars to compensate him for his trouble.

12) conceive v To form a notion or idea conceivesconceived conceiving

After reading the text, I was able to conceive the main idea.

13) derive v To reach or obtain by reasoning; deduce; infer

derives derivedderiving

A text’s theme statement can be derived from the main idea.

14) diversity n The state or fact of being different; variety

diversities America is a country built on diversity.

15) inhibit v To restrain or hinder inhibitsinhibitedinhibiting

Not educating yourself on historical social and cultural issues inhibits the progress of modern society.

16) moderate adj Of medium quantity, extent, or amount NA Joey’s experimental recipe turned out to only be a moderate success.

17) supplement n Something added to complete a thing supplements In today’s world of processed foods and unhealthy eating habits, Sarah supplements her diet with vitamins.

18) surpass v To go beyond in amount, extent, or degree; exceed

surpassessurpassedsurpassing

Many students surpassed their MAP goal during the Winter testing session.

19) tentative adj Unsure; uncertain; not definite or positive NA Our scheduled last day of school is only tentative because we cannot account in advance for winter weather.

20) verify v To prove the truth or correctness of something

verifiesverifiedverifying

The best way to verify information is to do your own research using credible sources.

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BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS: Unit 2, Chapter 9VOCABULARY TERM PART DEFINITION Infl. SENTENCE1) alter v Change or cause to change altered

altersaltering

Invention of the internet has altered the way people socialize and communicate.

2) ample adj Enough or more than enough NA If we would reduce food waste, there would be ample food for everyone in the world and no one would have to go hungry.

3) blunt adj Honest to the point of being rude NA The coach was blunt about the team’s performance when he said they had serious room for improvement.

4) chronic adj Long-lasting or constantly recurring NA Everyone knows not to trust Theodore because he is a chronic liar.

5) chronological adj Starting with the earliest and following the order in which they occurred

NA The assignment asked to list my siblings’ birthdays in chronological order from the oldest to the youngest.

6) optimist n Someone who is hopeful about the future optimists Although we have encountered problems in the past, I am optimistic about the future.

7) pretense n A false reason used to hide the real purpose of something

pretenses Sally only pretended to be her friend under pretense.

8) prolong v To extend or lengthen; make something last a longer time

prolongedprolongsprolonging

To give George time to prepare, Susan prolonged her presentation.

9) refrain v To stop from doing something refrainedrefrainsrefraining

You should refrain from wasting time in class so you do not have homework tonight.

10) remorse n Deep regret or guilt remorses Gillian had a great deal of remorse for the way she treated Kyle yesterday.

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BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS: Unit 2, Chapter 10VOCABULARY TERM PART DEFINITION Infl. SENTENCE

1. acute adj Intense, severe; extremely great or serious

NA My headache pains were so acute that they felt like needles in my head.

2. anonymous adj Not identified by name; unknown name

NA Many anonymous works are very famous.

3. apprehensive adj Anxious or fearful NA Ginny was apprehensive as she approached the cow.

4. arrogant adj Exaggerating one’s own worth or importance

NA Having been a very spoiled child, Becky turned out to be a very arrogant grownup.

5. bestow v To present as a gift; to give bestowedbestowsbestowing

The Manhattan School of Music bestowed an honorary degree on a famous musician.

6. donor n A person who gives something, especially to a fund or charity

donors Our soccer team is seeking donors to contribute money for new uniforms.

7. phobia n An extreme or irrational fear phobias My roommate has joined a group that helps people with their phobias.

8. prominent adj Standing out so as to be seen easily; obvious

NA Crystal’s long black hair is so prominent that it’s the first thing you notice when you meet her.

9. prudent adj Acting with or showing care; behaving in a way that is careful and wise

NA Sidney has learned the hard way that it’s not prudent to tease our ill-tempered dog.

10. recipient n A person (or thing) who receives something

recipients Katharine Hepburn was the recipient of four Academy Awards.

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BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS: Unit 2, Chapter 11VOCABULARY TERM PART DEFINITION Infl. SENTENCE

1. absurd adj Ridiculous; utterly or obviously senseless, illogical, or untrue

NA When six-foot Randy came to the costume party in only a diaper, he looked so absurd that everyone burst into laughter.

2. adhere v To stick to; to stay attached adheredadheresadhering

Beware of sitting on a hat car seat in shorts or your thighs may adhere to the vinyl.

3. affluent adj Rich; having an abundance of wealth, property, or other material goods

NA Some people live an affluent lifestyle by overcharging on their credit cards, which can lead to a mountain of debt.

4. alienate v To push away; to cause to be withdrawn or isolated

alienatedalienatesalienating

The coach often insulted Maria, alienating him from players who once thought he was a friend.

5. assess v To judge; to estimate the value of something or character of a person

assessedassessesassessing

It is harder for teachers to assess answers to essay questions than to grade multiple-choice assignments.

6. compile v To put together; to gather together compiledcompilescompiling

Before writing her essay, Sharon compiled a list of the points she wanted to make.

7. contempt n Disrespect; the feeling when you regard anything considered mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn

***NA***Pluralize using pronoun (ie. many/some)

Vera pitied the beggar, but her boyfriend felt only contempt thinking he did not have a job because he was lazy.

8. defect n A fault; an imperfection defects The grocer carefully checked the fruits for defects and threw out any that had dark spots, bruises, or other imperfections.

9. doctrine n A teaching; a particular principle, position, or policy taught or advocated

doctrines Many people sincerely practice their faith without understanding all of its doctrines, rather than researching their origins.

10. dogmatic adj One-sided; asserting opinions or strong sets of principles in an arrogant manner; opinionated

NA A dogmatic teacher demands that students accept what is taught without question.

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BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS: Unit 2, Chapter 12VOCABULARY TERM USE EXAMPLES SENTENCE

1. anti- meaning against antifreeze, antiwar, antidisestablishmentarianism, etc.

The antifreeze in your car protects against water freezing as well as keeps your engine from overheating.

2. bi- meaning two bicycle, bigamist, bilingual, etc.

Sahir was raised speaking English, but his parents speak their native Arabic language, so he is bilingual.

3. en-, em- meaning in or into enter, embrace, embedded, etc.

Grandma opened her arms inviting me to embrace her.

4. graph, gram

meaning something written or drawn on

autograph, diagram, photograph, telegram, etc.

Kyle was unable to explain the process, so he showed Sally how to conduct the experiment by drawing a diagram.

5. inter- meaning between interpreter, interstate, interact, etc.

If you do not understand the language someone speaks, you will need to get an interpreter to communicate with them.

6. -less meaning without homeless, loveless, expressionless, changeless, etc.

There is no reason anyone should be homeless with all the vacant home and buildings in the world.

7. phon meaning sound telephone, saxophone, microphone, phonetic, etc.

When you have trouble remembering the way a word spells, try to listen to its phonetic pronunciation to help.

8. post- meaning after postpone, postscript, imposture, etc.

Sally quickly realized the man on stage was not the real Houdini, but merely an imposter pretending to be him.

9. spect meaning look inspect, spectators, spectacles, etc.

If you are having difficulty seeing the board in class, it might help if you wore your prescribed spectacles.

10. sub- meaning under subway, submarine, subterranean, subconsciously, etc.

There are some who believe there is another race of humanoids who live in the subterranean layers of our world.

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