buzzwords physiology. cell physiology 1 which of the following does not have membrane-bound...
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BUZZWORDS PHYSIOLOGY
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CELL PHYSIOLOGY
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1Which of the following does NOT have
membrane-bound organelles?a.) Prokaryoteb.) Eukaryote
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EUKARYOTES
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2
Give two examples of prokaryotes.
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Bacteria and Archea
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3
Human cells are eukaryotic cells. YES or NO?
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YES
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4
What are the parts of the Cell Cycle?
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G0, G1, D, G2, M (P,M,A,T)
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5Let’s discuss the functions of the different
parts of the Prokaryotic Cell. What are the three components and functions of
the Cell Envelope?
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1. Capsule – antiphagocytic 2. Cell Wall – protection
against osmotic pressure3. Cell Membrane –
permeability barrier, acts as the mitochondria
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6
How about plasmids?
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Encodes for EXOtoxin, antibiotic-resistance
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7
How about Pili?
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For attachment AND bacterial
CONJUGATION
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8
Differentiate Prokaryotic Nucleoid Body from Eukaryotic Nucleus:
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Nucleoid body – 1 bacterial chromosome, CIRCULAR, no
nuclear DNA
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9
Differentiate Prokaryotic Ribosome from Eukaryotic Ribosome:
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Prokaryotic Ribosome – 30, 50s, 70s
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10Let’s discuss the parts of the eukaryotic
cell. Differentiate DNA, Histones, Nucleosome, Nucleofilaments,
Chromosomes, Nucleus:
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B, S, P DNA DNA + Histone Nucleosome nucleofilament chromosome 46
chromosome inside the nucleus
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11
What is the function of the mitochondria?
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Powerhouse of the cell
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12
What are the Buzzwords associated with the mitochondria?
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3 Parts: Outer Mitochondrial Membrane, Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane, Mitochondiral Matrix. Mitochondrial DNA, Does NOT follow the genertic
code, Leber’s Optic Degeneration
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13
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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Detoxification, Fatty Acid and Cholesterol
Formation
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14
What are the two types of ribosomes?
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1. RER Ribosomes2. Free-floating
Ribosomes
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15Which ribosome produces proteins bound
for the mitochondria(e.g. Krebs cycle enzymes)?
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Free-floating ribosomes
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16Which ribosome produces proteins bound
for the cytoplasm(e.g. Glycolysis enzymes)?
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Free-floating ribosomes
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17Which ribosome produces proteins bound
for the cell membrane, lysosomes, and the outside of the cell(e.g. hormones)?
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RER ribosomes
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18
What is the buzzword associated with the Golgi Apparatus?
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Packaging
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19
What are the SPECIFIC functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
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20
What is the composition of the cell membrane?
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Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, glycolipid,
glycoprotein, water
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21
The cell membrane is permeable to NON-POLAR molecules – TRUE or FALSE?
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TRUE
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22
The cell membrane is permeable to LIPID-SOLUBLE substances – TRUE or FALSE?
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TRUE
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23Let’s discuss water transport. What’s the most common compound in your body?
(60% of your body weight)
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Water
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24
Very Good. =) What’s the most common protein in your body?
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Collagen
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25
Very Good uli. =) What’s the most common amino acid in your body?
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Glycine
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26Ang galing!!! =) Tell me what happens to
the ECF in the following situations… Infusion of plain NSS to a patient –
Increase or Decrease?
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Increases
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27
Diarrhea – Increase or Decrease?
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Decreases
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28
Seawater Ingestion – Increase or Decrease?
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Increases
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29
Sweating– Increase or Decrease?
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Decreases
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30
Fever – Increase or Decrease?
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Decreases
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31
Diabetes Insipidus – Increase or Decrease?
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Decreases
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32
SIADH – Increase or Decrease?
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Increases
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33
Adrenal Insufficiency – Increase or Decrease?
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Decreases
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34Let’s discuss INTERcellular transport.
Which of the following are used to transport solutes – Tight junctions or Gap
junctions?
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Tight Junctions
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35Which of the following are used for intercellular communication – Tight
junctions or Gap junctions?
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Gap Junctions
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36Which of the following are found in
Cardiac muscle cells – Tight junctions or Gap junctions?
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Gap Junctions
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37Which of the following are found in
Smooth muscle cells – Tight junctions or Gap junctions?
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Gap Junctions
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38Let’s discuss transport mechanisms.
Which transport mechanism is used by oxygen, nitrogen and lipid-soluble
hormones to enter the cell?
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Simple Diffusion
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39
Non-carrier mediated, “downhill”?
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Simple Diffusion
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40
Carrier-mediated, used ATP:
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Primary Active Transport
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41
Na-K-ATPase pump:
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Primary Active Transport
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42
Na-K-2Cl pump:
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Secondary Active Transport
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43
Carrier-mediated, uses Na instead of ATP, indirectly relies on Na-K-ATPase pump
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Secondary Active Transport
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44
Carrier-mediated, “downhill”, does NOT use ATP
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Facilitated Diffusion
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45
Absorption of glucose into the muscle and adipose tissues:
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Facilitated Diffusion
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46
Absorption of glucose into the small intestinal cells:
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Secondary Active Transport
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47Stereospecificity, Saturation and
Competition are Hallmarks of carrier- or non-carrier mediated transport?
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Carrier-Mediated Transport
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48
What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
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1. Osmosis – movement of water
2. Diffusion – movement of solutes
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49
Let’s discuss nerve action potential. What causes depolarization?
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Sodium entry due to opening of Sodium ACTIVATION gates
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50
Which is responsible for REpolarization?
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1. Prevention of sodium entry – closure of Na Inactivation Gates
2. Potassium exit – opening of potassium gated channels
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51
What is the normal nerve resting membrane potential?
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-70 mV
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52
What is the threshold?
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-30 mV
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52
What is the membrane potential during depolarization?
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+40 mV
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53
No further action potentials can be elicited – ARP or ERP?
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ARP
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54
More inward current needed to generate action potentials – ARP or ERP?
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ERP
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NEURO PHYSIOLOGY
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55
What are the three main parts of a neuron?
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Cell Body, Axons, Dendrites
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56Let’s discuss neurotransmitters. Which neutrotransmitter is found in the pre-
ganglionic and neuro-muscular junction?
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Acetylcholine
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57
VMA is the waste product:
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Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
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58
Found in post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons:
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Norepinephrine
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59
Main secretion of the adrenal medulla:
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Epinephrine
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60
Parkinson’s Disease:
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Dopamine
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61
Schizophrenia:
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Dopamine
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62
Main Excitatory Neurotransmitter of the brain:
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Glutamate
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63
Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter of the brain:
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GABA
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64
Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter of the Spinal Cord:
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Glycine
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65
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine would yield which neurotransmitters?
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Dopamine, Norepinephrine,
Epinephrine
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66Let’s discuss the brain. Tell me which part
of the brain is responsible for the following… Hearing and balance?
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Temporal Lobe
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67
Vision?
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Occipital Lobe
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68
Judgment, calculation, personality:
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Frontal Lobe
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69
Motor:
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Frontal Lobe
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70
Sensory:
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Parietal Lobe
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71
Sex, Thirst, Appetite, Body Clock (circadian rhythm), Temperature:
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Hypothalamus
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72
Coughing, Vomiting, Swallowing:
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Medulla
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73
Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers:
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Pons
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74
Micturition:
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Midbrain
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75
Emotions:
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Limbic System
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76
Broca’s Area:
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Inferior Frontal Lobe
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77
Wernicke’s Area:
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Superior Temporal Lobe
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78
Balance:
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Cerebellum
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79
Basic EEG naman. What waves are found in those who are alert?
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Beta wave
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80
Sleeping?
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Delta/slow waves
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81
Relaxed individuals:
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Alpha waves
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82Let’s discuss parts of the hypothalamus.
Which part is responsible for ADH secretion?
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Supraoptic Nuclei
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83
Which part is responsible for oxytocin secretion?
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Paraventricular Nuclei
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84
Which part is responsible for appetite?
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Lateral Nucleus
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85
Which part is responsible for satiety?
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Ventromedial Nucleus
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86
Differentiate anterior vs posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus
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Anterior – dissipation of heat. Posterior –
conservation of heat
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87
What is the main mechanism for heat loss?
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Radiation
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88
What is the main mechanism for heat conservation?
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Shivering
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89
Give at least three buzzwords for malignant hyperthermia:
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Succinylcholine, halothane, dantrolene,
calcium channel blocker, not responsive
to NSAIDs
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90
Give the parts of the basal ganglia:
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Striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic
nuclei
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91
Crosses the midline immediately, pain and temperature: ALS or DC?
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ALS
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92
Light touch: ALS or DC?
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Both ALS and DC
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93The following are correctly matched, EXCEPT:a.) Pacinian corpuscle – onion-like, vibrationb.) Meissner’s Corpuscle – velocityc. ) Ruffini’s Corpuscle – positiond.) Merkel’s disk - tapping
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Merkel’s disk - location
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94How do I correct for the following: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism,
presbyopia?
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Biconcave, convex, cylindrical, convex
lens
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95
Maximal loudness allowed in the workplace for 8 hours:
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85-90 dB
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96
Level of Loudness that can cause pain:
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120 dB
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97
Part of the vestibular system responsible for linear acceleration:
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Utricle and saccule
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98Let’s discuss cranial nerves. Which cranial
nerve is responsible for opening of the eyelids?
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Cranial Nerve III
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99
Closing of the eyelids?
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Cranial Nerve VII
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100
Pupillary constriction?
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Cranial Nerve III
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101
Smiling?
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Cranial Nerve VII
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102
Facial Sensation?
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Cranial Nerve V
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103
Sticking out the tongue?
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Cranial Nerve XII
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104
Taste, Anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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Cranial Nerve VII
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105
General Sensation, Pain, Anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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Cranial Nerve V
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106
Longest cranial nerve of the body:
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Cranial Nerve X
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107Let’s move on to the ANS. Identify if
sympathetic, parasympathetic or both. Uses acetylcholine:
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Both
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108
Sweating:
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Sympathetic
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109
Uses norepinephrine:
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Sympathetic
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110
Salivation:
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Both
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111
Increased heart rate:
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Sympathetic
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112
Bronchoconstriction
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Parasympathetic
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113
Mydriasis:
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Sympathetic
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114
Uterine contraction:
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Sympathetic
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115
Uterine relaxation:
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Sympathetic
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116
Reuptake of norepinephrine:
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Sympathetic
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Muscle Physiology
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117
Identify if Skeletal, Smooth or Cardiac… voluntary:
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Skeletal Muscle
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118
Uses MLCK, calmodulin:
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Smooth Muscle
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119
Has Gap junctions
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Cardiac AND smooth Muscle
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120
Most number of sarcoplasmic reticulum:
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Skeletal Muscle
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121
Does NOT have T-tubules
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Smooth Muscle
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122
Does NOT have surface membrane calcium channels:
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Skeletal Muscle
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123
Has no sarcomeres, no striations, no troponin:
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Smooth Muscle
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124Identify if Fast-twitch (white-muscle fiber) or slow-twitch (red-muscle fiber) muscle
fiber… larger:
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Fast-twitch muscle fiber
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125
More enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid system:
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Fast-twitch muscle fiber
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126
Has more mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries:
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Slow-twitch muscle fiber
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127
Gastrocnemius is an example:
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Fast-twitch muscle fiber
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128
Which part of the sarcomere SHORTENS during muscle contraction?
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H-zone, I-band
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129What muscle reflex is characterized by
ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension?
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Flexor-Withdrawal Reflex
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RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
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130
What type of bronchiole is capable of gas exchange?
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Respiratory Bronchiole
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131
What is our mnemonic for Lung Volumes?
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ITER
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132
IRV + TV = ________
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Inspiratory Capacity
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133
ERV + RV = _______
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Functional Residual Capacity
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134
So what are the volumes that compose the Vital Capacity?
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IRV, TV, ERV
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135
What Lung Volume maintains oxygenation whenever one holds his breath?
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Residual Volume
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136
Differentiate anatomic dead space, alveoli dead space and physiologic space.
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Physiologic dead space = anatomic dead space + alveoli dead space
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137
What happens to recoil force and intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
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Recoil force increases, intrapleural pressure decreases
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138Which of the following stimulates
inspiration – apneustic center, pneumotaxic center?
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Apneustic Center
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139What type of gas stimulates the central
chemoreceptors to increase the respiratory rate?
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Carbon Dioxide (CSF H+)
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140
What is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio?
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80%
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141
What is the normal V/Q ratio?
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>80%
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142
What happens to FEV1/FVC ratio in Obstructive Lung Disease?
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Decreases
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143
Give an example of obstructive lung disease
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Asthma, COPD, polio
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144
In obstructive lung disease, what happens to PCO2 – increase or decrease?
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Increases
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Problem in the…
pO2 pCO2
pH Cause
Restrictive lung diseasesigns of :dyspnea, and tachypneapresenting as SOB & weakness
Interstitial Can’t breath in
Everything elseVirus, fungus, etc…
Obstructive lung diseaseincreased respiratory rate dyspnea and tachypneapresenting as SOB & weakness
Airway Can’t breath out
Normal
Bacterial Infections → Mucus Plugs
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145
What is Laplace Law?
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P = 2T/r
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146
Let’s talk about surfactant. What type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?
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Type II
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147
What week does it mature?
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Week 35
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148
What do we give to those less than 35 weeks AOG?
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Dexamethasone
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149
What is the L:S ratio that is indicative of mature levels?
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2:1
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150
What are the diseases associated with deficiency of surfactant?
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RLD),
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (OLD)
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151Let’s discuss Hemoglobin-O2 dissociation curves. An increase in _______ will lead
to a shift to the left
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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152
An increase in temperature will lead to a shift to the ________.
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Right
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153
An increase in 2,3 BPG will lead to a shift to the ________.
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Right
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154
An increase in pH will lead to a shift to the _______.
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Left
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155What do you call the phenomenon
associated with unloading of oxygen secondary to increased H+?
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Bohr Effect
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156What do you call the phenomenon
associated with unloading of carbon dioxide secondary to increased oxygen?
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Haldane Effect
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157
Differentiate carboxyhemoglobin with carbaminohemoglobin.
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Carboxyhemoglobin – Carbon monoxide. Carbaminohemoglobin – Carbon dioxide
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158
What is the most ventilated area of the lung?
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Base
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159
What is the most perfused area of the lung?
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Base
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160
What area of the lung has the highest ventilation-perfusion ratio?
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Apex
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161
What happens to arterial PO2 and PCO2 during exercise?
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No change
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162
What happens to venous PCO2 during exercise?
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Increases
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163
What happens to ventilation-perfusion ratio during exercise?
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more evenly distributed
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164
What happens to arterial pH in high altitude?
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Increases
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165
What happens to 2,3 BPH in high altitude?
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Increases
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166
What happens to Hemoglobin-O2 dissociation curve in high altitude?
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Shift to the right
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RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
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167
Where is erythroipoietin produced?
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Peritubular capillaries of the kidney
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168
What enzyme is present in the kidney to convert Vitamin D to its active form?
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1 alpha hydroxylase
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169
What is the net gain of water per day?
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Zero
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Total Fluid Gains and Losses
Water Gain• Liquids – 1500ml• Solid foods – 800ml• Water of oxidation
(metabolism waste product) – 300ml
• Total daily fluid gain: 2.6L
Water Loss• Skin – 600ml• Lungs – 400ml• Kidneys – 1500ml• Intestines – 100ml• Total daily fluid loss:
2.6L
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170
What is the normal protein content of urine?
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zero
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171
What is the normal glucose content of urine?
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zero
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172
Mild glucosuria maybe normal in _______.
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Pregnant patients
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173
What is the most vascular part of the kidney? – cortex, medulla, pelvis, capsule?
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Renal Cortex
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174
Choose between cortical or juxtamedullary nephron. Predominant:
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Cortical Nephron
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175
Contains vasa recta:
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Juxtamedullary Nephron
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176
Longer loops of Henle:
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Juxtamedullary nephron
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177
Peritubular capillaries:
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Both
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178
What is the usual daily urine output?
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720-1440 ml
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179
What bladder muscle is responsible for urination?
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Detrusor Muscle
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180Let’s discuss the RAA system. Before the RAA system is activated, what neurologic
mechanism is activated to increase the HR and consequently the BP?
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Baroreceptor reflex
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181If the baroreceptor reflex does not work,
RAAS kicks in. What renal cells senses changes in BP?
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Macula densa of the JGA
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182What substance would be secreted in
response to changes in BP by the JG cells of the afferent arteriole?
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Renin
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183
What is the action of renin?
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Converts angiotensinogen
(from the liver) to angiotensin I
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184
What happens next?
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Angiotensin I is converted to
Angiotensin II in the lungs by ACE
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185
What is the other effect of ACE?
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Inhibition of bradykinin
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186What is the effect of angiotensin II on
sympathetic activity – increase or decrease?
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Increases
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187
What is the effect of angiotensin II on arterioles?
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Vasoconstriction
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188
What is the effect of angiotensin II on ADH secretion?
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increases
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189
What is the effect of angiotensin II on aldosterone secretion?
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increases
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190
Where is aldosterone produced specifically?
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Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
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191What is the effect of aldosterone on
PLASMA levels of sodium, potassium and hydrogen?
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Increase, decrease, decrease
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192What is the effect of the baroreceptor
reflex, ADH, angiotensin II and aldosterone on blood pressure?
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Increases BP
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193
What are side effects of high aldosterone levels?
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Metabolic ALKALOSIS, hypokalemia
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194
What are the two main parts of the Nephron?
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Renal Corpuscle and the Tubular System
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195
What is the specific action of ADH on the kidney?
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Causes insertion of aquaporin/water
channels on the distal tubules
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196
Describe what happens to inulin based on filtration, reabsorption, secretion:
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It is filtered but NOT reabsorbed, NOT
secreted
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197
Describe what happens to PAH in terms of filtration, reabsorption, secretion:
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It is filtered and secreted but NOT reabsorbed
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198Describe what happens to glucose in terms of filtration, reabsorption and
secretion
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It is filtered and reabsorbed but NOT
secreted
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199Between PAH, inulin, glucose and
albumin, which of them has the highest clearance?
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PAH
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200
What happens to GFR when I dilate my afferent arteriole – increase or decrease?
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Increase
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201
What happens to GFR when I constrict my efferent arteriole – increase or decrease?
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Increase
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202The clearance of _______ is used to estimate renal blood flow and renal
plasma flow.
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PAH
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203
The clearance of _______ is used to estimate GFR.
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Inulin
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204
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
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180mg/dl
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205
The descending LH is impermeable to water or electrolytes?
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electrolytes
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206
The ascending LH is impermeable to water or electrolytes?
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water
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207
What is the countercurrent multiplier of the kidney?
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Loop of Henle
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208
What is the countercurrent exchanger of the kidney?
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Peritubular capillaries
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209
What are the three urinary buffers?
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NaHCO3, NaHPO4, NH4
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210Let’s discuss acid-base abnormalities.
Identify based on the buzzword. Hyperventilation is the respiratory
compensation:
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Metabolic acidosis
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211
Characterized by decreased respiratory rate and has renal compensation:
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Respiratory acidosis
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212
Diarrhea, RTA, Chronic renal failure:
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Metabolic acidosis
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213
Vomiting, hyperaldosteronism, loop or thiazide diuretics:
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Metabolic alkalosis
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214Pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, high
altitude, psychogenic, salicylate intoxication:
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Respiratory alkalosis
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215
GBS, polio, ALS, MS, Airway obstruction:
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Respiratory acidosis
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CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
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216Where will you find the ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale in
the fetus?
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Liver, pulmonary artery-aorta, L-R atrium
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217
How many umbilical veins are found in the fetus?
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One
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218
What coronary artery is most susceptible to atherosclerosis?
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Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
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219
What organ is the most efficient extractor of oxygen?
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Heart
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220
What is the site of highest resistance in the circulatory system?
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Medium-sized arterioles
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221
Reservoir of blood in the circulatory system:
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Veins
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222What would happen to the Reynold’s number if there is decreased blood
viscosity or increased blood velocity – increase or decrease?
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Increase
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223
What is the significance of a high Reynold’s number?
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Higher possibility of turbulence
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224Which has greater
capacitance/compliance – arteries or veins?
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Veins
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225
Herring’s nerve or carotid sinus nerve is actually cranial nerve ___.
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IX
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226
What is the hormone that counteracts the effect of aldosterone and ADH?
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ANP
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227
The plateau in cardiac action potential is found in what phase?
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Phase 2
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228
What causes phase 2 in cardiac action potential?
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Entry of calcium (opening of calcium channels)
AND closure of potassium voltage-
gated channels
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229
What causes depolarization in pacemaker action potential?
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Calcium entry
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230
Differentiate chronotrophic vs dromotrophic effect:
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Chronotrophic – change in heart rate.
Dromotrophic – change in conduction velocity.
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231
What is the normal ejection fraction?
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55%
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232
What happens to heart rate when preload is increased?
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Increases
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233
What happens to heart contractility when afterload is decreased?
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Increases
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234
What happens to cardiac output when heart rate slows down?
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decreases
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234
What is the other name for preload?
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Venous return
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235Local control of blood flow is best
explained by which of the following – myogenic or metabolic hypothesis?
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Metabolic hypothesis
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236
Which prostaglandins act as vasoconstrictors?
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PGF, TXA/PGA2
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237
Midsystolic click:
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MVP
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238
“Opening snap”:
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MS, TS
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239
Fixed, wide S2 splitting:
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ASD
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240
What is the most common cause of S4?
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Hypertension
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241
What happens to BP and HR whenever you stand from a sitting position?
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Decrease, increase
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242
What happens to TPR during exercise – increase or decrease?
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Decreases
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243
What happens to venous blood volume during hemorrhage?
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Decreases
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GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
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244
Function of Auerbach’s plexus:
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Motility
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245
What is the location of the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone?
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Roof of the 4th Ventricle
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246
The upper 1/3 of the esophagus contains smooth or skeletal muscles?
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Skeletal Muscles
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247
Slow waves are generated by what type of pacemaker cells?
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Interstitial Cells of Cajal
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248
The “migrating myoelectric complex” is mediated by what hormone?
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Motilin
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249Increasing the intra-abdominal pressure
against a closed glottis is otherwise known as:
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Valsalva Maneuver
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250
What is the specific site of production of gastrin?
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G cells of the gastric antrum
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251What is the effect of CCK on the
gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi – relax or contract?
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GB contraction, Sphincter of Oddi
Relaxation
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252
What is the effect of Secretin?
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Counteracts HCl
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253
What GI hormone stimulates insulin release?
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GIP
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254
Buzzwords associated with saliva:
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Hypotonic, high in potassium, high in bicarbonate, both sympathetic and parasympathetic
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255
What is the innervation of the parotid gland?
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Cranial Nerve IX
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256True or False. The following are associated with duodenal ulcers:
hyperacidity:
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True
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257
More associated with H.pylori
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True
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258
NOT relieved by food intake
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False
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259Associated with Blood Type O, MEN I, ZES,
Cirrhosis, COPD:
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True
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260
What enzyme converts pancreatic trypsinogen to trypsin?
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Enterokinase
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261
Give two examples of primary bile acids:
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Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic
acid
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262
What is the main site of iron absorption?
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Duodenum
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263
What is the main site of carbohydrate, protein and fat absorption?
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Jejenum
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264
What is the main site of Vitamin B12, Vitamin ADEK, IF, Bile acid absorption?
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Ileum
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ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
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265
What is the 2nd messenger system for thyroid hormone?
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None
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266
What is the 2nd messenger system for glucagon?
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cAMP
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267
What is the 2nd messenger system for insulin?
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Tyrosine Kinase
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268Cortisol attaches to which of the following
– cytoplasmic receptor or nuclear membrane receptor?
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Cytoplasmic Receptor
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269
What is the effect of somatostatin on Growth Hormone – increase or decrease?
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Decreases
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270
What is the Effect of PIF/Dopamine on Prolactin – increase or decrease?
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Decreases
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271If the pituitary stalk is damaged, all pituitary hormones would decrease
EXCEPT _______.
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Prolactin
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272
Is Growth Hormone catabolic or anabolic?
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Both
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273
How does GH increase growth?
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Through IGF production
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274
What hormone is responsible for milk production?
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Prolactin
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275
Where is ADH synthesized and stored?
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Hypothalamus, Posterior Pituitary
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276
Where will you find your thyroglobulin – thyroid gland or plasma?
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Thyroid Gland
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277
Which of the following is predominant in the plasma – T4 or T3?
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T4
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278
Is thyroid hormone anabolic or catabolic?
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Both
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279
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the CNS?
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Causes maturation during the perinatal
period
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280
What is the effect of Thyroid Hormone on vitamins?
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Converts carotene to Vitamin A
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281
What is the specific site of production of cortisol?
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Zona Fasciculata of the Adrenal Cortex
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282
Chronic High Cortisol levels may cause diabetes and HPN. True or False?
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True
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283
Addison’s disease is due to high levels of aldosterone. True or false?
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False
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284
21B Hydroxylase Deficiency causes virilization. True or False?
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True
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285Which protein serves as a marker for
endogenously released insulin when a Pt is given insulin exogenously?
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C-peptide
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286What is the effect of PTH on the plasma
levels of the following – vitamin D, calcium, Phosphate
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Increase, increase, decrease
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287
What is the active form of vitamin D?
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1,25 dihydroxycholecalcif
erol
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288
Which cells produces testosterone – Leydig Cells or Sertoli Cells?
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Leydig Cells
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289How many degree Celcius cooler is the
testes compared to the abdominal cavity?
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4
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290
Main hormone involved in the follicular phase:
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Estrogen
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291
How does prolactin inhibit ovulation?
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Inhibition of GnRH
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292What is the Strength per square
centimeter of x-sec area for both men and women?
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3-4 kg/cm2
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293
During exercise, when is power maximal?
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During the first 8-10 seconds
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294
Muscles undergo which of the following – hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
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Hypertrophy
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295
What is the cardiac reserve?
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400%
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296
What is the effect of testosterone on athletic performance?
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Increases muscle size, muscle strength and
aggression
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297
What is the effect of cocaine on athletic performance?
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None
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298
Acute effects of hypoxia begin at _______ feet.
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12,000
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299
Seizures begin at _______ feet.
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18,000
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300Naturally acclimatized people have
_______ hearts, _______ chest, _______ body mass
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Larger, larger, smaller
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301
Maximum Positive G force before you lose consciousness:
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+6G
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302
Effect of weightlessness on the bones:
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Loss of calcium and phosphate
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303
First symptom at 120 feet below sea level:
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Joviality
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304
Most common symptom of decompression sickness:
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“bends”
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305
Used as a substitute for nitrogen in deep dives:
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Helium
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Thank You Very Much! Study Well! =)