business research nature & scope

Business Rreserach- NaturBusiness Rreserach- Nature & Scopee & Scope

Dr. Parul GuptaDr. Parul Gupta 11

BUSINESS RESEARCHBUSINESS RESEARCHMS108MS108



Course Objective:Course Objective:

The course aims at equipping students with an The course aims at equipping students with an understanding of the research process, tools understanding of the research process, tools and techniques in order to facilitate managerial and techniques in order to facilitate managerial decision-making.decision-making.



PEDAGOGYPEDAGOGY

1. MAJOR ASSIGNMENT1. MAJOR ASSIGNMENTBUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECTBUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT

2. MINOR ASSIGNMENTS2. MINOR ASSIGNMENTSA. BUSINESS RESEARCH EXERCISE (01A. BUSINESS RESEARCH EXERCISE (01))

B. MINI CASE STUDY (02)B. MINI CASE STUDY (02)

3. CLASS ROOM LECTURES3. CLASS ROOM LECTURES



SCHEME OF EVALUATIONSR.NO.

EVALUATION CATEGORY MARKS ALLOTTED

WEIGHTAGE OUT OF 40

1 Written Internal Test 40 15

2 Major Assignment – BRPReport ( I to IV)Via Voice

Business Research Project

(15*4)=60

40

100

1005

15

3 Minor Assignments Business Research exercise (BRE) - 01

Case Studies -02Quiz – 01

Total

10(10*2)= 20

10

40

2.55.02.5

10

TOTAL 200 40



UNIT 1- SESSION DETAILSUNIT 1- SESSION DETAILS

Session 1&2 – LECTURESession 1&2 – LECTURE - Nature & scope of business - Nature & scope of business Announcement - ASSIGNMENT 1Announcement - ASSIGNMENT 1 (Business research (Business research

exe.)exe.)

Session 3&4 – LECTURESession 3&4 – LECTURE –Research process & Problem identification –Research process & Problem identification and definition, and definition,

Announcement - BRP-Part IAnnouncement - BRP-Part I

Session 5&6 – LECTURESession 5&6 – LECTURE – Identifying Variables, Types of – Identifying Variables, Types of measurement scales & Hypothesis formulationmeasurement scales & Hypothesis formulation

Session 7&8 -Session 7&8 - Submission - AssignmentSubmission - Assignment 1( 1(Business research exe. Report)Business research exe. Report) Class Room Presentations by all syndicates on Ass. 1Class Room Presentations by all syndicates on Ass. 1



UNIT 1UNIT 1SESSION 1 & 2SESSION 1 & 2

BUSINESS RESEARCH DEFINITION,BUSINESS RESEARCH DEFINITION, NATURE AND SCOPE NATURE AND SCOPE



ResearchResearch

A careful investigation or inquiry A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts specially through search for new facts

in any branch of knowledgein any branch of knowledge



What is Research?What is Research?

Generation of accurate information for use in Generation of accurate information for use in decision making. decision making.

shifting decision makers from intuitive shifting decision makers from intuitive information gathering to systematic and information gathering to systematic and objective investigation. objective investigation.

Research is defined as the systematic and Research is defined as the systematic and objective process of gathering, recording and objective process of gathering, recording and analyzing data for aid in making decisions analyzing data for aid in making decisions



ObjectivesObjectives1.1. To gain To gain familiarityfamiliarity with a phenomenon or to with a phenomenon or to

explore new ideas.explore new ideas.

2. To portray accurately the 2. To portray accurately the characteristics characteristics of a of a particular individual, situation or a group.particular individual, situation or a group.

3. To determine 3. To determine the frequencythe frequency with which with which something occurs or with which it is associated.something occurs or with which it is associated.

4. To establish a 4. To establish a cause and effect relationshipcause and effect relationship and and test the relationship between two variables.test the relationship between two variables.



Why is Research Needed / Important / Why is Research Needed / Important / Necessary IN Business?Necessary IN Business?

EFFCETIVE DECISION MAKINGEFFCETIVE DECISION MAKING UNAVAILABILITY OF PORTABLE UNAVAILABILITY OF PORTABLE

SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS FREQUENTLY CHANGING BUSINESS FREQUENTLY CHANGING BUSINESS

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT TO EXPLORE NEW MARKETS & TO EXPLORE NEW MARKETS &

OPPORTUNITESOPPORTUNITES TO IDENTIFY PROBLEM AREAS etc……TO IDENTIFY PROBLEM AREAS etc……



Characteristics of ResearchCharacteristics of Research 1. Research begins with a 1. Research begins with a problemproblem in the form of a in the form of a

question in the mind of the researcher.question in the mind of the researcher.2. Research demands the identification of a problem, 2. Research demands the identification of a problem,

stated in stated in clear, unambiguous termsclear, unambiguous terms..3. Research requires a 3. Research requires a planplan..4. Research deals with the main problem through 4. Research deals with the main problem through

appropriate appropriate sub-problemssub-problems..5. Research seeks 5. Research seeks directiondirection through appropriate through appropriate

hypotheses hypotheses and is based upon obvious assumptions.and is based upon obvious assumptions.6. Research deals with 6. Research deals with facts and their meaningfacts and their meaning..7. Research is 7. Research is circularcircular..



Types of Business ResearchTypes of Business Research

1.1. Basic Research Basic Research

2.2. Applied researchApplied research1. Descriptive Vs Analytical 1. Descriptive Vs Analytical

2. Applied (Basic) Vs Fundamental (Applied)2. Applied (Basic) Vs Fundamental (Applied)

3. Quantitative Vs Qualitative 3. Quantitative Vs Qualitative

4. Conceptual Vs Empirical4. Conceptual Vs Empirical

5. Special types of research5. Special types of research



Other Types of ResearchOther Types of Research

Based on the purposes for which the researches are Based on the purposes for which the researches are conducted, they may be divided into following categories: conducted, they may be divided into following categories:

1. Baseline/Benchmark survey Research.1. Baseline/Benchmark survey Research.

2. Evaluation Research: 2. Evaluation Research:

a) Formative Evaluation (Mid-term)a) Formative Evaluation (Mid-term)

b) Terminal Evaluation.b) Terminal Evaluation.

3. Impact assessment/research3. Impact assessment/research

4. Feasibility studies.4. Feasibility studies.



Nature of Research

a.BR- As an economic resourceb BR- As a system of authorityc. BR- As an activity of business managementd. BR- As a Team efforte. BR- AS an art or sciencef. BR- As a professiong. BR- As an interdisciplinary system



Scope & Application in Various Functions of Business

Management



Scope of Market ResearchScope of Market Research



1.Advertising Research

a. Motivation research

b. Copy research

c. Media research

d. Studies of advertisement effectiveness

e. other



2. Business economic and corporate research

a. Short range forecastingb. Long range forecastingc. Studies of business trendsd. Pricing studiese. Plant and warehouse location studiesf. product mix studiesg. Acquisition Studiesh. Export and international studiesi. Others



3. Corporate responsibility research

a. Consumers’ “ rights to know” studiesb. Ecological impact studiesc. Studies of legal constraintsd. Social values and policies studiese. Others



4. Product research

5. Packaging research



6. Sales and market research

a. Measurement of market potentialb. Market share analysisc. Sales analysisd. Establishment of sales quotas & territories



e. Distribution channel studiesf. Test marketsg. Consumer panel operationh. Sales compensation studiesI Promotional studiesj. Others



Assignment 1Assignment 1

BUSINESS BUSINESS ass-1.docass-1.docRESEARCH RESEARCH EXERCISEEXERCISE




PROBLEM IDENTIFIACTION & PROBLEM IDENTIFIACTION & DEFINITIONDEFINITION

RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS ANNOUNCEMENT -BRP PART IANNOUNCEMENT -BRP PART I



What Is A Research Problem?

It refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in context of either

a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same.



Components of a research problemComponents of a research problem**There must be an There must be an individual or a group or an individual or a group or an organizationorganization

*There must be at least *There must be at least two courses of actiontwo courses of action

*There must be at least *There must be at least two possible outcomestwo possible outcomes

*The courses of actions available must provide *The courses of actions available must provide some some chance of obtaining the objectivechance of obtaining the objective

* There must be * There must be some environmentsome environment to which the difficulty to which the difficulty

pertainspertains



Selecting a problemSelecting a problemFollowing points to be avoided while Following points to be avoided while selecting a problem,selecting a problem,

1. Overdone Subject1. Overdone Subject2, Controversial subject2, Controversial subject3. Too narrow and too vague problem3. Too narrow and too vague problem4. Unfeasible subject4. Unfeasible subject5. Uneconomical and time consuming 5. Uneconomical and time consuming problemproblem



Steps involved in defining a problemSteps involved in defining a problem

((1) General definition of the problem1) General definition of the problem

(2) Understanding the nature of the problem(2) Understanding the nature of the problem

(3) Surveying the literature available(3) Surveying the literature available

(4) Developing the ideas(4) Developing the ideas

(5) Rephrasing the problem(5) Rephrasing the problem



Research questionResearch question

**Questions in the mind of researcherQuestions in the mind of researcher

*All are able to achieve research *All are able to achieve research objective/ to solve research problem if objective/ to solve research problem if put togetherput together



Three types of Research questionsThree types of Research questionsA. Descriptive questionsA. Descriptive questionsB. Comparison QuestionsB. Comparison QuestionsC. Relational QuestionsC. Relational Questions

Association Questions (Happening together)Association Questions (Happening together) Causal QuestionsCausal Questions

a. a. Concomitant Variation (two things vary Concomitant Variation (two things vary together)together)

b. Time sequence of the variable (Occurrence of b. Time sequence of the variable (Occurrence of two variables)two variables)

c. Cause variable (Reasons behindc. Cause variable (Reasons behind



IllustrationIllustration

1) What sport matches your personality?1) What sport matches your personality?

RResearch questionsesearch questions1. Sociability1. Sociability2. Spontaneity2. Spontaneity3. Discipline3. Discipline4, Aggressiveness4, Aggressiveness5. Competitiveness5. Competitiveness6. Mental focus6. Mental focus7. Risk taking7. Risk taking



1. Sociability1. Sociability2. Spontaneity2. Spontaneity3. Discipline3. Discipline4, Aggressiveness4, Aggressiveness5. Competitiveness5. Competitiveness6. Mental focus6. Mental focus7. Risk taking7. Risk taking

Variables

Very High

High Medium Low Very Low

1 *

2 *

3 *

4 *

5 *

6 *

7 *



Possible AnswersPossible Answers

1. Carom 1. Carom

2. Jogging2. Jogging



THE RESEARCH PROCESSTHE RESEARCH PROCESS



Define Research Problem & Research Objective

[II] Review concepts

and theories

[II]Review previous research finding

[IV]Design research

(Including Sample design)

[V]Collect data(Execution)

[VI] Analyze Data(Test Hypothesis)

[VII] Interpretation and Implications

[III] Formulate Hypothesis

FF

F

F

FFF

[VIII] Actionable Proposition

[IX] Report preparation



((I) Defining the Research ProblemI) Defining the Research Problem“ A problem well defined is half solved “

Two steps are involved defining the research problema. Understanding the problem thoroughly andb. Rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from analytical point of view Techniques for preliminary investigationa. Situation Analysisb. Informal investigations

Researcher can review two types of literaturea. The conceptual literatureb. The empirical literature



(II) Review of theories, concepts and previous research finding

•Background of the study•Research questions

•Formulation of Hypothesis



(III) Development of Working Hypothesis(III) Development of Working Hypothesis

Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences

Approach

1.Discussion with colleagues and experts2. Examination of data and records3. Review of the same4. Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field interviews



(IV) Research Designs (including sample design)

Research Design is the basic framework which provides guidelines for the rest of the research work. It is a map or a blueprint according to which the research is to be conducted.



Research design categories

a. Exploratory research designs

b. Descriptive research designs

c. Causal research designs



Following points must be considered while selecting Following points must be considered while selecting any of the research designs availableany of the research designs available

1. The means of obtaining the information1. The means of obtaining the information

2. The availability and skills of the researcher and his 2. The availability and skills of the researcher and his staffstaff

3. Time available3. Time available

4. Cost factor4. Cost factor

5. sampling plan 5. sampling plan



Sample designSample design

AA sample design is a definite plan determined before sample design is a definite plan determined before any data is actually collected for obtaining a sample any data is actually collected for obtaining a sample

from a given populationfrom a given population

It provides answer to the following four questions;It provides answer to the following four questions;

1. What sampling unit should be studied ?1. What sampling unit should be studied ?2. What should be the sample size?2. What should be the sample size?3. What sample procedure should be used?3. What sample procedure should be used?4. What contact method should be used4. What contact method should be used



(IV) Data collection(IV) Data collectionA. Primary Data Collection ToolsA. Primary Data Collection Tools

1. By observation1. By observation

2. Through personal interview2. Through personal interview

3. Through telephone interviews3. Through telephone interviews

4. Through Schedules4. Through Schedules

5. By mailing questionnaire 5. By mailing questionnaire

B. Secondary Data Collection ToolsB. Secondary Data Collection Tools

1. Printed information1. Printed information

2. Already available information in other forms2. Already available information in other forms



(V) Analysis of data (V) Analysis of data

The researcher should classify the raw data into some The researcher should classify the raw data into some purposeful and usable categories.purposeful and usable categories.

Three operations have to de done before the raw data is Three operations have to de done before the raw data is brought in a form to be analyzed further.brought in a form to be analyzed further.

a. Codinga. Coding

b. Editingb. Editing

c. Tabulationc. Tabulation



After successful completion of above operations After successful completion of above operations following three steps are there to follow to complete following three steps are there to follow to complete Data analysisData analysis

1. Hypothesis Testing1. Hypothesis Testing

a. Chi Squarea. Chi Square

b. F- testb. F- test

c. Z testc. Z test

2. Generalization2. Generalization

3. Interpretation3. Interpretation



((VII) Interpretation and ImplicationsVII) Interpretation and Implications

(VIII) Actionable Implications(VIII) Actionable Implications

(IX) Report Preparation(IX) Report Preparation



MAJOR ASSIGNMENT MAJOR ASSIGNMENT BUSINESS BUSINESS RESEARCHRESEARCH PROJCET PROJCET

SECTION SECTION A&BA&B

WEEKLY PROGRESS MEETINGSWEEKLY PROGRESS MEETINGS

SUBMISSION – SESSION 9SUBMISSION – SESSION 9

BRP – PART I PRESENTATION – SESSION 11BRP – PART I PRESENTATION – SESSION 11

(( By all the syndicates of 5-7 Min. duration) By all the syndicates of 5-7 Min. duration)




SUBMISSION – BRE 1SUBMISSION – BRE 1 VARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTESVARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTES HYPOTHESIS FORMULATIONHYPOTHESIS FORMULATION



VARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTESVARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTES

Variable Variable – –

any entity that can take on different values. Anything that any entity that can take on different values. Anything that can be assigned a value.can be assigned a value.

Age can change. Nationality can differ. Age can change. Nationality can differ.

Variables are not always ‘quantitative’ or numerical. Variables are not always ‘quantitative’ or numerical.

Attribute –Attribute –

a specific value on a variable a specific value on a variable



The variable The variable sexsex or or gendergender has two attributes: has two attributes: male male and and femalefemale. .

Or,Or,

The variable The variable agreementagreement might be defined as having might be defined as having five attributes:five attributes:

1=strongly agree1=strongly agree 2=disagree2=disagree 3=neutral3=neutral 4=agree4=agree 5=strongly agree5=strongly agree



TYPES of VARIABLESTYPES of VARIABLES

Independent VariableIndependent Variable Dependent VariableDependent Variable ExampleExampleResearch question – “How could extended use of the Internet Research question – “How could extended use of the Internet

negatively affect college students’ academic performance?”negatively affect college students’ academic performance?” Extended use of the Internet negatively affects most college Extended use of the Internet negatively affects most college

students’ academic performancestudents’ academic performance

Independent variable = internet use Independent variable = internet use attributes: high, moderate, low, noneattributes: high, moderate, low, none

Dependent variable = PerformanceDependent variable = PerformanceAttributes: Good, average, BadAttributes: Good, average, Bad



Variable TraitsVariable Traits

A. ExhaustiveA. Exhaustive

B. Mutually exclusiveB. Mutually exclusive



NON- DISGUISED, STRUCTURED NON- DISGUISED, STRUCTURED TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

PRIMARY SCALES OF PRIMARY SCALES OF MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT

1. Nominal scale1. Nominal scale 2. ordinal scale2. ordinal scale 3. Interval Scale3. Interval Scale 4. Ratio Scale4. Ratio Scale



1. 1. Nominal scaleNominal scale- - Used Only for identificationUsed Only for identification- No significance of numbers- No significance of numbers- Weakest scale- Weakest scale- Non metric data- Non metric dataEg:- R.No., ID etcEg:- R.No., ID etc

2. Ordinal scale2. Ordinal scale- Order or rank- Order or rank- Slightly strong scale- Slightly strong scale- No equal gap between two - No equal gap between two - Non metric data- Non metric dataEg:- RankEg:- Rank



3. Interval scale3. Interval scale- Does not have a fix zero position- Does not have a fix zero position- Arbitrary Zero position- Arbitrary Zero position- A better scale than nominal and ordinal- A better scale than nominal and ordinal- Equal gap between two- Equal gap between two- Metric dataMetric data

4. Ratio Scale4. Ratio Scale- Fix zero position- Fix zero position- All types of analysis can be done- All types of analysis can be done- Real data- Real data- Metric data- Metric dataEg:- DistanceEg:- Distance



Difference between Interval and Ratio Difference between Interval and Ratio scalescale

Interval scale Y=a+bXInterval scale Y=a+bXV.goodV.good GoodGood PoorPoor V.poorV.poor

Scale AScale A 44 33 22 11Sacle BSacle B 22 11 00 -1-1

RatioRatioA = 4/3 = 1.33A = 4/3 = 1.33B = 2/1 = 2.0B = 2/1 = 2.0

Ratio scaleRatio scale Y=bXY=bXScale AScale A Distance in Kms.Distance in Kms.Scale BScale B Distance in milesDistance in milesRatio will be equalRatio will be equal



Hypothesis Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for an A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further problem that can be tested by further

investigation. A hypothesis describes in investigation. A hypothesis describes in concrete terms, in the form of a concrete terms, in the form of a

statement, what you expect willstatement, what you expect will happen happen in your study.in your study.



following aspects should be kept in mind when following aspects should be kept in mind when formulating a hypothesisformulating a hypothesis::

Hypotheses can only be formulated after the researcher has gained Hypotheses can only be formulated after the researcher has gained enough knowledge regarding the nature, extent and intensity of the enough knowledge regarding the nature, extent and intensity of the problem. problem.

Hypotheses should figure throughout the research process in order Hypotheses should figure throughout the research process in order to give structure to the research. to give structure to the research.

Hypotheses are tentative statements/solutions or explanations of the Hypotheses are tentative statements/solutions or explanations of the formulated problem. Care should be taken not to over-simplify and formulated problem. Care should be taken not to over-simplify and generalize the generalize the formulationformulation of hypotheses. of hypotheses.

The research problem does not have to consist of one The research problem does not have to consist of one hypothesishypothesis only. The type of problem area investigated, the extent which only. The type of problem area investigated, the extent which encircles the research field are the determinating factors on how encircles the research field are the determinating factors on how many hypotheses will be included in the research proposal. many hypotheses will be included in the research proposal.



Criteria for the formulation of a hypothesisCriteria for the formulation of a hypothesisfollowing criteria are of importance in formulating following criteria are of importance in formulating

hypotheses. A hypotheses. A hypothesishypothesis should: should:

stand a test; stand a test; be expressed in clear language; be expressed in clear language; be in accordance with the general theme of other be in accordance with the general theme of other

hypotheses statements in the same field of study, and hypotheses statements in the same field of study, and should be regarded as valid; should be regarded as valid;

be. coordinated with the theory of science; be. coordinated with the theory of science; be a tentative answer to the formulated problem; be a tentative answer to the formulated problem; be logical and simplistic; be logical and simplistic; consider available research techniques (to be able to consider available research techniques (to be able to

analyze and interpret the results); analyze and interpret the results); be specific; and be specific; and



Be relevant to the collection of empirical Be relevant to the collection of empirical phenomenon and not merely conclude value phenomenon and not merely conclude value judgmentsjudgments

In case of exploratory research generally In case of exploratory research generally there exist no hypothesisthere exist no hypothesis



Steps inSteps in

FormulatingFormulating

a Hypothesisa Hypothesis



1.Decide what you want to explain: choose a 1.Decide what you want to explain: choose a dependent variable dependent variable

2. Choose independent variables that also show 2. Choose independent variables that also show variation variation

3. Think of multiple causes of the dependent 3. Think of multiple causes of the dependent variablevariable

4. Consider alternative measures of both the 4. Consider alternative measures of both the dependent and independent variablesdependent and independent variables. .



Different forms of HypothesisDifferent forms of Hypothesis

A. A. Non Directional HypothesisNon Directional Hypothesis

All examples of associated difference, sometimes calledAll examples of associated difference, sometimes called non directional hypothesesnon directional hypotheses

B. Directional HypothesisB. Directional Hypothesis

1. With magnitude1. With magnitude

2. Without magnitude2. Without magnitude



TYPES OF HYPOTHESISTYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

The prediction is that variables A and B are The prediction is that variables A and B are related. related.

The only other possible outcome is that variables A The only other possible outcome is that variables A and B are and B are notnot rela relatedted

A.A.NULL HYPOTHESISNULL HYPOTHESIS

B. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESISB. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS



The Null HypothesisThe Null Hypothesis In In statisticsstatistics, a , a null hypothesisnull hypothesis set up to be set up to be

nullified or refutednullified or refuted which states that "there is no phenomenon". It is a which states that "there is no phenomenon". It is a

hypothesishypothesis that is presumed true until statistical that is presumed true until statistical evidenceevidence in the form of a in the form of a hypothesishypothesis test indicates test indicates otherwiseotherwise

HH0:μ1 = μ2 0:μ1 = μ2

where:where:

HH0 = the null 0 = the null hypothesis hypothesis

μ1 = the mean of population 1, and μ1 = the mean of population 1, and

μ2 = the mean of population 2. μ2 = the mean of population 2.



The Alternative HypothesisThe Alternative Hypothesis

The alternative The alternative hypothesishypothesis is simply the question is simply the question you are asking you are asking

Denoted by HA or H1Denoted by HA or H1

Just opposite to Null HypothesisJust opposite to Null Hypothesis

H1: μ1 = μ2 H1: μ1 = μ2



TWO TAILED V/s ONE TAILED TESTTWO TAILED V/s ONE TAILED TEST

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

you are investigating the effects of a new employee training you are investigating the effects of a new employee training program and that you believe one of the outcomes will be that program and that you believe one of the outcomes will be that there will be there will be lessless employee absenteeism. Your two hypotheses employee absenteeism. Your two hypotheses might be stated something like this: might be stated something like this:

The The null hypothesisnull hypothesis for this study is: for this study is: HO:HO: As a result of the XYZ company employee training As a result of the XYZ company employee training

program, there will either be no significant difference in program, there will either be no significant difference in employee absenteeism or there will be a significant employee absenteeism or there will be a significant increaseincrease..

which is tested against the which is tested against the alternative hypothesisalternative hypothesis:: HAHA: As a result of the XYZ company employee training : As a result of the XYZ company employee training

program, there will be a significant program, there will be a significant decrease decrease in employee in employee absenteeism.absenteeism.



ONE TAILED TESTONE TAILED TEST



TWO TAILED TESTTWO TAILED TEST



NEXT SESSION – SESSION 7 & 8NEXT SESSION – SESSION 7 & 8

GROUP PRESENTATIONS GROUP PRESENTATIONS

BUSINESS RESEARCH EXERCISEBUSINESS RESEARCH EXERCISE

(MINOR ASS. I – 2.5 MARKS)(MINOR ASS. I – 2.5 MARKS)

ALL GROUPS – 7-8 Min.sALL GROUPS – 7-8 Min.s

business research nature & scope

Documents

business rreserachnature

business research exe

business rreserachdr

business management

research designs

ratio scale

employee absenteeism

null hypothesis