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Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos

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Business

Moles

Textbooks!

Lab technique videos

Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory

• Matter consists of atoms

• Atoms consist of three fundamental particles, found in the nucleus and the space around the nucleus

Arrangement of Subatomic Particlesnot to scale!

If an atom has a diameter of about 100 m (a football field), the nucleus would be 1 mm in diameter

Nucleus containsprotons and neutrons.

Page 4: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What holds an atom together?

Page 5: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What holds an atom together?

Coulomb’s Law of electrostatic interactions.

Page 6: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What holds an atom together?

Coulomb’s Law of electrostatic interactions.

General Behavior: Like charges repel.Opposite charges attract.

Page 7: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What holds an atom together?

Coulomb’s Law of electrostatic interactions.

If we double a charge from +1 to +2, the force will:

1. Double2. Halve3. Quadruple4. Quarter

Page 8: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What holds an atom together?

Coulomb’s Law of electrostatic interactions.

If we double the distance, the force will:

1. Double2. Halve3. Quadruple4. Quarter

Page 9: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Electrostatic attractions and …hurricanes.

Page 10: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What’s wrong with this picture?

Electrons are held near the nucleus by the electrostatic attraction between them, but …

The forces of nature:

Page 11: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

How could we possibly know that the nucleus

is small compared to the size of the atom?

Why not think the protons, electrons and neutrons are all mixed together?

The Rutherford Experiment

We’re not just making it up!

Page 12: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

The Rutherford ExperimentWe’re not just making it up!

Page 13: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

The Rutherford ExperimentWe’re not just making it up!

Page 14: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

By the way, where do all the elements come from?

Page 15: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Atom Terminology

• All atoms of an element have the same atomic number = number of protons

• In a neutral atom (no charge), the number of positively and negatively charged particles must be equal. number protons = number electrons

• The mass number = protons + neutrons

Page 16: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Isotopes

• Isotopes are atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, and different mass

• Atom symbols are written using the following format:

X = symbol of elementA = mass numberZ = atomic number

ZA X

11H 1

2H 510X 30

66X

Page 17: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Isotopes, continued

• Most elements have multiple isotopes– 1H, 2H (deuterium), 3H (tritium, radioactive)– 79Br, 81Br– 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, 70Zn

• While atomic mass is the mass of an atom, average atomic mass takes into account isotopes and natural abundance

• We use atomic mass units (amu)1 amu = 1.661 x 10–24 g(about the mass of a proton)

Page 18: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What isotopesexist and are stable?

Page 19: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

WHAT TIME IS IT?

PuppyDog

Isotopes

Page 20: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Chiuaua: 4 lbs.

Mastif: 120 lbs.

What is the average weight of a collection of these dogs?

Page 21: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Page 22: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

96 % Chiuauas @ 4 lbs.

4 % Mastifs @ 120 lbs.

Page 23: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Isotopes and Average Atomic Masses

all isotopes

Average atomic mass = (fractional abundance) (mass of isotope)

Page 24: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Isotopes and Average Atomic Masses

all isotopes

Average atomic mass = (fractional abundance) (mass of isotope)B has 2 isotopes: B-10: mass = 10.0129 amu

abundance = 19.91%

B-11: mass = 11.0093 abundance = 80.09%

Example: Boron

What is the average atomic mass of Boron?

Page 25: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

What time is it?

Page 26: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

HOW

Page 27: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

HOWDO

Page 28: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

HOWDOYOU

Page 29: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

HOWDOYOU

KNOW

Page 30: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

HOWDOYOU

KNOWTHAT?

Page 31: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

Mass Spectrometry

Page 32: Business Moles Textbooks! Lab technique videos. Chapter 2: Modern Atomic Theory Matter consists of atoms Atoms consist of three fundamental particles,

IsotopesIn

The News

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/science/21mari.html?ex=1188705600&en=7d1e0dc4064c4cfe&ei=5070

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/sports/othersports/24landis.html?ex=1188705600&en=1241fcb09b9c265c&ei=5070

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