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Buildings and Grid Integration
Prof. Thomas M. Jahns Dr. Burak OzpineciUW - Madison ORNL
[email protected] [email protected]
1st Southeast Solar SummitOctober 24, 2007
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Outline
• Introduction
• Role of Buildings in US Energy Strategy
• Integration of Solar into Future Buildings
• Grid Distributed Energy Resource Issues
• Conclusions
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The Center forPower Electronics Systems (CPES)
76 Industry Partners
Virginia Tech
Universityof Wisconsin
Madison
RensselaerPolytechnic
Institute
Universityof Puerto Rico
Mayaguez
NorthCarolina A&T State
University
Virginia Tech
A National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center
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CPES Research Objectives
Seek major advances in power electronics technology using integration as a key technique to achieve major improvements in:
– Performance/quality
– Reliability
– Cost
Integrated Power Electronics Module (IPEM)
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CPES Research Directions
• Distributed Modular Control
Power Semicond.Devices
Integrated Packaging
• Modular Phase-Leg Inverter
• Giant Magnetoresistive Current Sensors• Integrated Pilot Current Sensors
• Embedded Power
• IGBT/Rectifier w/ Pilot Sensors
Control
IPEM
Power Converter
Sensors
N-drift
P-P-body
P+N+
Schottky contact
C
IGBT
N-drift
n+p-body
p+n+
A
MPS Rectifier
K
Schottkycontact
Collector short
EG
p+-n diode
deep-p+
N-drift
P-P-body
P+N+
Schottky contact
C
IGBT
N-drift
n+p-body
p+n+
A
MPS Rectifier
K
Schottkycontact
Collector short
EG
p+-n diode
deep-p+
Multi-disciplinary Research Addresses Wide Range of IPEM Issues Multi-disciplinary Research Addresses Wide Range of IPEM Issues
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Power Electronics Integration
PresentStatus
HigherIntegration
A major CPES objective is to develop IPEM technology for integrating power electronics with load or source
A major CPES objective is to develop IPEM technology for A major CPES objective is to develop IPEM technology for integrating power electronics with load or sourceintegrating power electronics with load or source
IncreaseReliability
ReduceCost
MotorDrive
Silicon Devices
GHz Linear Regulator
Processor Core Die
Ceramic Capacitors
InductorsMHz
Switching Regulator
Controller
Improve Performance
ReduceSize
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Impact of Buildings on US Energy Usage and GHG Emissions
US Electricity Consumption
US Total Energy Usage US Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Source: US EPA
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Zero-Energy Buildings
Solar Power Must Play Important Role in Achieving Goal of Net Zero-Energy Buildings
Solar Power Must Play Important Role in Achieving Goal of Net Zero-Energy Buildings
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Building Systems and Subsystems
• Lighting• Heating• Air-conditioning• Cooking• Refrigeration• Laundry• Air quality• Water purification• Water heating• Data services• Entertainment• Plug-In Hybrid Veh.• Combined heating
and power (CHP)
• Solar PV• Wind power• Fuel cells• Electrical storage
• Electrical power system architecture
• Power/energy management
• Emergency power
Buildings Are Complicated Energy Systems!Buildings Are Complicated Energy Systems!
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BuildingElectrical System
Configurations
• Alternative electrical system configurations will be investigated– Baseline 60 Hz
– High-frequency AC (300 to 500 Hz)
– DC
• “Best” system to meet future needs not clearly identified
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Building Electrical System Power Management
Power SystemManagement
• Power management algorithms will play key role in achieving high energy efficiency
• High performance requires all sources and loads to be controllable
• Algorithms must handle dynamic changes imposed by both loads and sources, incl. solar
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Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles
PowerConverterInterface
BuildingElectricalSystem
• Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) represent opportunity for significant additional energy storage in future buildings
– Opportunities for using vehicle battery as local energy storage for building electrical system requires careful evaluation
– Demands imposed by vehicle, building, and grid must be balanced in any power management algorithm
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Solar PV Modular Interface Converters
• Integration of power converter directly into PV panels represents one promising approach to simplifying PV grid interface
• Requires compact power electronics that is inexpensive and highly reliable in harsh thermal environments
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Conventional Utility
Power Plant(~1000 MW)
Transmission Line (~100 mi)
DistributionSubstation
DistributionTransformer
DistributionLine (~10 mi)
Power Plant(~1000 MW)
Transmission Line (~100 mi)
Enhanced Distribution
Distributed Resources Including Solar and Wind Have Major Impact on Grid
Distributed Resources Including Solar and Wind Have Major Impact on Grid
Impact of Distributed Sources on Grid
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Microgrid Concept
Smart Switch• Seamless separation• Automatic re-synchronizing
Microgrid
Combination of Local Sources and Loads in Single or Multiple Buildings Form Microgrid
Combination of Local Sources and Loads in Single or Multiple Buildings Form Microgrid
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Prospective Benefits of Microgrid-Based Distribution System
• Reduce need for new transmission lines using DER and local energy storage for peak shaving
• Opportunity to improve power system reliability by means of intentional islanding
• Provides basis for new protection and safety strategies using smart switches
• Provides means for minimizing electrical energy cost for customers by managing local sources based on current pricing
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Impact of Distributed Energy Resources on Grid Reliability
Digital Systems
Stand-aloneSteam Generation
1900 1950 2000
Year
LightsMotors
Electricity Reliability(in “9”s)
109876543210
(3 ms/yr)
(30 ms/yr)
(0.3 sec/yr)
(3 sec/yr)
(30 sec/yr)
(5 min/yr)
(1 hr/yr)
(9 hr/yr)
(3-4 day/yr)
(1 mo/yr)
Interconnected Central Station Generation
DER-basedDistribution System
Robust G&T
Local Reliability
Solar Provides Opportunity to Enhance Grid System Reliability in DER Configurations
Solar Provides Opportunity to Enhance Grid System Reliability in DER Configurations
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New Energy Technology Development
• R&D issues include grid stabilization with large-scale PV power generation, wind power stabilization, and electric energy storage
Source: NEDO, Japan
CPES Demonstration Sustainable Building at UW-Madison
• Building to be located at UW West Madison Agricultural Research Station
• Planned size of building is approx. 20,000 sq. ft.• Building to be available for testing of other sustainable
building technology such as electrical system living lab• Expected start date for building construction is 2009
West MadisonResearch Sta.
CPES Sustainable Building Testbedat Virginia Tech
Server
DC Distribution: ~ 300 V DC
Battery
DC-DCCharger /Discharger
Inverter / RectifierRectifier
60 HzGrid
SolarWind
EntertainmentSystem DPS
Plug-inHybrid
Car
Advanced Electronic Lighting
Smart Appliances
Charger /Discharger
HVACHVAC
DC-DC48 V DC Distribution
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Conclusions
• Long-term success of solar PV requires addressing system-level issues in addition to cell development– Deserves to be integral part of coordinated energy R&D
program pursued at federal level
• Buildings provide a natural and attractive environment for tackling PV system issues– Target development of net “zero energy” buildings
• Significant R&D content will benefit from active partnership of national labs, industry, and academia
Major cooperative effort will be required to raisepriority of sustainable buildings in DOE R&D plans Major cooperative effort will be required to raise
priority of sustainable buildings in DOE R&D plans