building the information society 2 june 2006 1 from measurement to policy-making: the doi from...

2 June 2006 1

BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

From measurement to policy-From measurement to policy-making: The DOImaking: The DOI as a policy

tool““Digital Transformations in the Information Society” Digital Transformations in the Information Society”

International Telecommunication Union & International Telecommunication Union & the London Business School Joint Conferencethe London Business School Joint Conference

Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland2 June 2006

Lilia Perez-Chavolla, Ph.D.ITU Strategy and Policy Unit

2 June 2006 2


The DOI as a policy tool Comprehensive statistical framework to monitor the digital divide

Frame of reference for comparisons across time With other countries/regions of interest Nationally, to evaluate progress achieved on national ICT goals and impact of particular policy measures

Tool for monitoring internal disparities in ICT opportunity, infrastructure and utilisation based on classificatory variables of interest (income, age, gender, etc.)

2 June 2006 3


Regional Comparisons

Source: ITU World Information Society Report.

2 June 2006 4


Developing giants lead the gainers…

O = Opportunity I = Infrastructure U = Utilisation Source: ITU World Information Society Report.

DriversO I U

1 India 0.17 0.29 119 73% *2 China 0.29 0.42 74 46% *3 Russia 0.32 0.44 60 41% *4 Hungary 0.40 0.55 34 37% * *5 Peru 0.28 0.38 85 37% * * *6 Indonesia 0.24 0.33 105 36% *7 Brazil 0.32 0.43 71 35% * * *8 Poland 0.39 0.52 39 34% * *9 Japan 0.54 0.71 2 33% *10 Venezuela 0.32 0.43 67 33% *11 Chile 0.40 0.52 40 32% *12 Egypt 0.29 0.38 90 32% *13 Rep. of Korea 0.60 0.78 1 31% * *14 Israel 0.50 0.66 13 31% *15 Spain 0.47 0.61 25 28% *Average 0.37 0.50 37%

EconomyChange2001-05

Rank 2005

DOI2001

DOI2005

2 June 2006 5


DOI Results for Africa


32 of the 41 countries with DOI scores below 0.2 are in Africa

62 percent of the African countries included in the Index are ranked among the lowest scores for Opportunity, Infrastructure and Utilisation.

TUNISIA

MOROCCO

SAHARA

ALGERIA

MAURITANIA MAL

I NIGER

LIBYA

CHAD

EGYPT

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

ERITREA

SOMALIAKENYA

TANZANIA

DEMOCRATIC

(ZAIRE)

CENTRAL

RWANDA

GABON

EQUATORIAL

ANGOLA

CONGO

NIGERIA

BENIN

DTVOIRE

SIERRA

SENEGAL

GHANA

THE

GUINEA

LIBERIA

CAMEROON

SOUTH AFRICA

MALAWI

ZAMBIA

MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCARZIMBABWE

BOTSWANA

SWAZILANDLESOTHO

NAMIBIA

ANGOLA

WESTERN

UGANDA

OF THE CONGO

REPUBLIC

BURUNDI

GUINEAREP. OF

TOGOCOTE

BURKINA

GUINEA

LEONE

GAMBIA

BISSAU

Walvis Bay

SOUTH

REPUBLIC

AFRICAN

THE

AFRICA

Top 15 (Mauritius, 0.48 - Eq. Guinea, 0.26)Bottom 15 (Chad, 0.01 -

Kenya, 0.13)

CAPE VERDE

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

SEYCHELLES

MAURITIUS

Highest DOI score: Republic of Korea, 0.79

Africa’s top and bottom 15:DOI Rankings


TUNISIA

MOROCCO

SAHARA

ALGERIA

MAURITANIA MAL

I NIGER

LIBYA

CHAD

EGYPT

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

ERITREA

SOMALIAKENYA

TANZANIA

DEMOCRATIC

(ZAIRE)

CENTRAL

RWANDA

GABON

EQUATORIAL

ANGOLA

CONGO

NIGERIA

BENIN

DTVOIRE

SIERRA

SENEGAL

GHANA

THE

GUINEA

LIBERIA

CAMEROON

SOUTH AFRICA

MALAWI

ZAMBIA


BOTSWANA

SWAZILANDLESOTHO

NAMIBIA

ANGOLA

WESTERN

UGANDA

OF THE CONGO

REPUBLIC

BURUNDI

GUINEAREP. OF

TOGOCOTE

BURKINA

GUINEA

LEONE

GAMBIA

BISSAU

Walvis Bay

SOUTH

REPUBLIC

AFRICAN

THE

AFRICA

Top 15 (Eq, Guinea, 0.73 - Mauritius, 0.98) Bottom 15 (Chad, 0.03 -

Kenya, 0.34)

CAPE VERDE

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

SEYCHELLES

MAURITIUS

Highest Opportunity score: Hong Kong, 0.99

Highs and lows in Opportunity


TUNISIA

MOROCCO

SAHARA

ALGERIA

MAURITANIA MAL

I NIGER

LIBYA

CHAD

EGYPT

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

ERITREA

SOMALIAKENYA

TANZANIA

DEMOCRATIC

(ZAIRE)

CENTRAL

RWANDA

GABON

EQUATORIAL

ANGOLA

CONGO

NIGERIA

BENIN

DTVOIRE

SIERRA

SENEGAL

GHANA

THE

GUINEA

LIBERIA

CAMEROON

SOUTH AFRICA

MALAWI

ZAMBIA


BOTSWANA

SWAZILANDLESOTHO

NAMIBIA

ANGOLA

WESTERN

UGANDA

OF THE CONGO

REPUBLIC

BURUNDI

GUINEAREP. OF

TOGOCOTE

BURKINA

GUINEA

LEONE

GAMBIA

BISSAU

Walvis Bay

SOUTH

REPUBLIC

AFRICAN

THE

AFRICA

Top 15 (Senegal, 0.06 - Mauritius, 0.4) Bottom 15 (Chad, 0.006 -

Zambia, 0.01)

CAPE VERDE

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

SEYCHELLES

MAURITIUS

Highest Infrastructure score: Denmark, 0.75

In Infrastructure…


TUNISIA

MOROCCO

SAHARA

ALGERIA

MAURITANIA MAL

I NIGER

LIBYA

CHAD

EGYPT

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

ERITREA

SOMALIAKENYA

TANZANIA

DEMOCRATIC

(ZAIRE)

CENTRAL

RWANDA

GABON

EQUATORIAL

ANGOLA

CONGO

NIGERIA

BENIN

DTVOIRE

SIERRA

SENEGAL

GHANA

THE

GUINEA

LIBERIA

CAMEROON

SOUTH AFRICA

MALAWI

ZAMBIA


BOTSWANA

SWAZILANDLESOTHO

NAMIBIA

ANGOLA

WESTERN

UGANDA

OF THE CONGO

REPUBLIC

BURUNDI

GUINEAREP. OF

TOGOCOTE

BURKINA

GUINEA

LEONE

GAMBIA

BISSAU

Walvis Bay

SOUTH

REPUBLIC

AFRICAN

THE

AFRICA

Top 15 (Swaziland, 0.01 - Morocco, 0.23)Bottom 15 (Niger, 0.0005 -

Eritrea, 0.002)

CAPE VERDE

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

SEYCHELLES

MAURITIUS

Highest Utilisation score: Republic of Korea, 0.64

and Utilisation…


2 June 2006 10


Disparities in Opportunity, Infrastructure, and Utilisation across Africa

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

AngolaAlgeriaBenin

Botswana

Burkina Faso

BurundiCameroon

Cape Verde

Central African Rep.

Chad

ComorosCongo

Côte d'IvoireD.R. Congo

DjiboutiEgypt

Equatorial Guinea

EritreaEthiopia

GabonGambia

GhanaGuinea

Guinea-Bissau

KenyaLesotho

Libya

Madagascar

MalawiMali

MauritaniaMauritiusMorocco

Mozambique

NamibiaNiger

NigeriaRwanda

S. Tomé & Principe

SenegalSeychelles

Sierra LeoneSouth Africa

Sudan

SwazilandTanzania

TogoTunisiaUgandaZambia

Zimbabwe

DOI Subindex Scores

Opportunity

Infrastructure

Utilisation

2 June 2006 11


DOI and Income in AfricaAs with other regions, DOI scores for African countries illustrate the relation between per capita income and telecom development

-

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

$- $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000

GDP per Capita 2004

DOI Score

DOI Scores v GDP per capita 2004

Log. (DOI Scores v GDP per capita2004)

2 June 2006 12


Mobile and Fixed Tracks: Africa

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

ChadNigerEritrea

Guinea-Bissau

Rwanda

D.R. Congo

MalawiEthiopia

Sierra Leone

Burundi

Mozambique

MaliCAR

TanzaniaKenya

Burkina FasoMadagascar

Zambia

MauritaniaS. Tomé & Pr.

ComorosNigeria

Côte d'Ivoire

UgandaGuineaCongo

Zimbabwe

GhanaBeninTogoSudan

GambiaCameroon

AngolaLesothoDjibouti

Equatorial Guinea

SwazilandSenegalNamibia

Gabon

Cape VerdeBotswana

Libya

South Africa

EgyptTunisiaAlgeriaMorocco

SeychellesMauritius

Fixed/mobile contrib. as % of national DOI score0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

DOI Score

Fixed Contribution Mobile Contribution DOI

2 June 2006 13


Mobile penetration and affordability in Africa

-

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Mobile tariff as % of GNI per capita

Mobile subscribers per 100 inhab.

2 June 2006 14


Internet use and affordability in Africa

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Internet tariff as % of GNI

Internet users per 100 inhabitants

Top 10 countries

Bottom 10 countries

Seychelles

Mauritius

Tunisia

Egypt Cape Verde

South Africa

Morocco

Algeria

Sierra Leone

Madagascar/MalawiBurundi/RwandaChadCAR/Sierra Leone/ D.R. Congo/NigerEthiopia

St. Tome

Togo

2 June 2006 15


Tracking national gaps: The example of Brazil

Urban/rural disparitiesHigher scores for states with large urban areas and/or greater administrative and economic importance for the country

0.52

0.61 0.66 0.650.64 0.54

-

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

Modified DOI Scores

Brazil North NortheastSoutheast South C-W

2 June 2006 16


Brazil’s regional DOI scores

0.920.31

0.880.19

0.860.17

0.93

0.38

0.930.37

0.930.36

- 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00Modified Subindex DOI scores

Brazil

North

Northeast

Southeast

South

Central-Western

Region

Modified Opportunity Index Modified Infrastructure Index

2 June 2006 17


A look at a gender-focusedDOI: The Czech Republic

Czech Republic, 1st Quarter 2005-Individuals 15+

Male Female DOI Score

Mobile population coverageInternet tariff % of earned income 0.99 0.98 0.99Mobile tariff % earned income 0.99 0.98 0.99

Modified Opportunity Score 0.99 0.98 0.99Access to fixed line at home NA NA NA Access to PC at home 0.39 0.35 0.37Access to Internet at home 0.25 0.22 0.24Have mobile phone 0.80 0.72 0.76Use mobile Internet access (WAP) 0.03 0.02 0.02

Modified Infrastructure Score 0.37 0.33 0.35Use Internet 0.35 0.29 0.32Fixed broadband ratio 0.27 0.24 0.26Mobile broadband ratio

Modified Utilisation Score 0.31 0.27 0.29Digital Opportunity Index (DOI) 0.56 0.53 0.54

Source: ITU/KADO project, UNDP, and the Czech Statistical Office

2 June 2006 18


Disaggregating by gender

26.9%

24.3%

35.3%

3.3%

1.6%

80.1%

71.8%

25.2%

22.3%

39.3%

34.8%

1.1%

1.8%

1.0%

1.5%

29.1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Male

Female

Individuals Ages 15+ as of 1Q 2005

Mobile tariff % earned income

Internet tariff % of earned income

Access to PC at home

Access to Internet at home

Have mobile phone

Use mobile Internet access (WAP)

Use Internet

Fixed broadband ratioOpportunity

Opportunity

Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Utilisation

Utilisation

Affordability differences and cultural factors impact women’s levels of opportunity and utilisation

Czech Republic

2 June 2006 19


Policy OptionsPOLICY OBJECTIVES POLICY INSTRUMENTS DOI IMPACT

Information Economy Level

Economic growth Expansive fiscal policy, monetary policy, competition in ICT

Innovation rate Innovation policy, competition in ICT, targeted subsidies and tax incentives (microlevel)

Infrastructure, Utilisation

ICT Sector Level

ICT investment level Direct public investment, targeted subsidies, tax incentives, competition in ICT

Opportunity,

Infrastructure

Universality of service Targeted subsidies, competition in ICT Opportunity,

Infrastructure, Utilisation

Broadband access Targeted subsidies, competition in ICT Infrastructure, Utilisation

Retail price level All prices set by regulator, competition in ICT Opportunity, Utilisation

Consumer protection Condition regulation, consumer protection laws Utilisation

Micro Level

Competitive behavior Open market entry, antitrust oversight

Access to incumbent network Open access, interconnection, unbundling obligations

Wholesale prices Wholesale price regulation

Opportunity,

Infrastructure

Note: Items in blue refer to policy instruments considered incompatible with competitive policies. Based on J. Bauer 2004.

2 June 2006 20


Some key challenges Better integration of ICT policies andnational development plans

Designing sustainable policies that respond toa rapidly changing and complex telecom environment

Improving the national data collection process Cooperation and coordination between ICT

Ministries, regulators, NSOs, industry, and other

stakeholders to match policy priorities and info needs Collection of disaggregated data for classificatory variables of interest

2 June 2006 21


Thank you

Lilia [email protected]

[email protected]

Thank you

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