Juderiasen, Cloene Mae G

Lobusta, John Benidick

Mendoza, Ma. Yzah D.

Perez, Julienne Ana Bianca S.

BUILDING STONES

Til all times and in all countries when man would raise a great and enduring

work, stone has been employed whenever it could be obtained, and in

our time and country if we would erect a great public building, a noble

university or a stately church, we rightly choose the same material.

A mass of matter composed of one or more simple minerals

having usually· a variable chemical composition, with no

necessarily symmetrical external form, and ranging in cohesion

from loose debris

up to the most compact stone.

ROCKS

the hard, solid, nonmetallic mineral

matter of which rock is made, especially as a

building material.

stones

rocksa large piece of rock that has become detached from a cliff or mountain; a

boulder.

Monomineralic rockmonomineralic Applied to rocks composed of one mineral type only. Examples would

include the igneous rock anorthosite (composed entirely

of plagioclase feldspar) and the metamorphic rock marble(composed

entirely of calcite).

Polymineralic rockRocks that composed of two or more

minerals.

SOURCES OF STONES

-alternate wetness and drying-Frost-Impurities in atmosphere-Living organisms-Movement of chemicals-Nature of mortar-Rain water-Temperature variations-Vegetable growth-wind

DETERIORATION OF STONES

-Compact siliceous stones-External renderings

-Joints-Natural beds

-Qualities of stones-Seasoned stones

-Size of stones-Washing with water

RETARDATION OF DECAY OF STONES(FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN

TO RETARD THE DECAYING ACTION OF WEATHERING AGENCIES ON STONES)

Stones vary greatly in their properties. Some are strong while others are weak. Hard and

soft varieties are found. Their composition also varies.

As stones are not all alike it follows that all stones are not equally adapted to use for

building purposes. A given bed. May produce excellent material for lime or cement, and yet the stone may be of no value at all when cut

and laid in the wall .

Before a rock can be used as a building material,

it should qualify to the ff:

(1)strength,(2)Hardness, (3) durability, (4) color, (5) workability,(6)Density, (7) availability.(8)Resistance to fire,(9)Specific gravity,

Strength.

. In common with all building materials, the value of stone for. building purposes is very largely dependent upon its

strength. Indeed, this factor is in stone most fundamental, as the material is the one invariably chosen where the

demands upon it are to be most severe.

Strength maybe defined as the power of resistance to strain; the latter being any change of form or dimensions due to stress. There are in all five kinds of strain to which

bodies maybe subjected; tensile; .crushing, shearing, transverse and torsional. .For present purposes the latter

may be entirely neglected

STRENGTH

A stone must be hard enough

especially when it will be used for floorings of a

structure.

HARDNESS

 

1 Talc Graphite Can be scratched with a fingernail and by any stone rated 2+

2 Gypsum  Bismuth Lepidolite  Chlorite Can be scratched with a fingernail and any stone rated 3+

3 Calcite   Celestite Barite Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 4+

4 Flourite  Malachite Platinum Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 5+. Will scratch any stone rated 3-.

5 Apatite Dioptase Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 6+.  Will scratch any stone rated 4-

6 Feldspar    Pyrite Amazonite Hematite Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 7+.  Will scratch any stone rated 5-.

7 Quartz Tourmaline Will scratch glass and any stone rated 6-.  Can be scratched by stones 8+.

8 Topaz Spinel Will scratch glass and any stone rated 7-.  Can be scratched by stones 9-10.

9 Corundum (ruby, sapphire) Will scratch glass and any stone rated 8-.  Can be scratched by diamond.

10 Diamond Will scratch glass and all stones 1-9

 

MOHS SCALE

Durability.

A property of stone which is equally important with strength, and which is more difficult to estimate, is that of durability. Remembering that stone is rarely used except in buildings

where permanence is an important desideratum, it will be at once apparent that whatever properties a building stone may lack, it must be durable. A stone may be ever so accessible,

may be easily worked, may have a pleasing color and even a high degree of strength, and yet if it will not last when put

in the wall it has no value as a building stone.

Or in other words, the ability to withstand natural phenomenon

DURABILITY

The stone to be used for face work must have a uniform and pleasing color. It must be free

from cavities , cracks , flaws and patches of loose and soft

material etc. 

COLOR / APPEARANCE

The stone to be used for ornamental carving and

architectural appearance , should be easily and

economically dressed.

The ability of a stone to be formed to any shape desired.

WORKABILITY

A good building stone should be less porous ((of a rock or other material)

having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may

pass.) . It should not absorb more then 5% of water .Any stone

absorbing 10% of water should be rejected.

DENSITY

Andesite 2.5 - 2.8

Basalt 2.8 - 3.0

Coal 1.1 - 1.4

Diabase2.6 - 3.0

Diorite2.8 - 3.0

Dolomite2.8 - 2.9

Gabbro2.7 - 3.3

Gneiss2.6 - 2.9

Granite2.6 - 2.7

Gypsum2.3 - 2.8

Limestone2.3 - 2.7

Marble2.4 - 2.7

Mica schist2.5 - 2.9

Peridotite3.1 - 3.4

Quartzite2.6 - 2.8

Rhyolite2.4 - 2.6

Rock salt2.5 - 2.6

Sandstone2.2 - 2.8

Shale2.4 - 2.8

Slate2.7 - 2.8 note: 1- very sparse 2- sparse 3- moderate 4- dense

Being available of materials in a given place.

AVAILABILITY

A good building stone should be able to resist high temperature . Its mineral constitutes should have equal co-efficient of expansion .

The material used in building should be of such nature that it does not disintegrate under the effect of heat produced during fire.

The material should not expand due to heat also and should ensure stability of structure. 

The nature of material used in building should have minimum contraction due to sudden cooling with water after the material is heated

at high temperature.

The nature of material used in the building should be such that it does not catch fire easily.

RESISTANCE TO FIRE

Stone:

It is a bad conductor of heat. Sand stone with fine grains can moderate fire successfully without having serious

cracks. Granite is disintegrated when it receives heat from fire. Lime stone is easily crumbled by ordinary fire. Most of

stones are disintegrated into small pieces when heated during fire and cooled afterwards.

Brick:

Bricks are bad conductor of heat. They have no serious effect of heat until the temperature during fire rises above 1200 degrees to 1300 degrees. At the time of construction if good quality mortar is used and brick work constructed by skilled mason, brick masonry offers good resistance to

fire.

FIRE RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF BUILDING

The stone to be used on heavy engineering

works ,docks ,harbours, gravity dams etc. must

have high specific gravity . It varies from 2.4 to 2.8.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

-Geological classification (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks)

-Physical classification (stratified rocks, non-stratified rocks, foliated rocks)

-Chemical classification (siliceous rocks, argillaceous rocks, calcareous rocks)

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK

IGNEOUS ROCKS form by crystallization from molten or partially material, called MAGMA.  Magma comes mainly from two places

where it is formed, (1) in the asthenosphere and (2) in the base of the crust above subducting lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary. 

There are two subclasses of igneous rock, VOLCANIC (sometime called EXTRUSIVE), and PLUTONIC (sometimes called INTRUSIVE).

  VOLCANIC ROCKS form at the Earth's surface.  They cool and

crystallized from magma which has spilled out onto the surface at a volcano.  At the surface, the magma is more familiarly known

as LAVA.PLUTONIC ROCKS form from magma that cools and crystallizes beneath the Earth's surface.  In a sense, this is the portion of the magma that never makes it to the surface.  For the plutonic rock to become exposed at the surface, it must be tectonically uplifted and

the overlying material must be removed by erosion.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS form from material that has accumulated on the Earth's surface.  The general term for the process of accumulation is DEPOSITION.  The material consists of the products of weathering and erosion, and other materials available at the surface of the Earth,

such as organic material.  The process by which this otherwise unconsolidated material becomes solidified into rock is variously

referred to LITHIFICATION (literally turned into rock), DIAGENESIS or CEMENTATION.  Like volcanic rocks, some sedimentary rocks are "lithified" right at the surface, for instance by direct precipitation from sea water.  Other sedimentary rocks, like

plutonic igneous rocks, are "lithified" below the surface, when they are buried under the weight of overlying sediment.  And like the plutonic rocks, sedimentary rocks which were lithified below the surface only become exposed at the surface by tectonic uplift and erosion of the

overlying material .   

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS form when a sedimentary or igneous rock is exposed to high pressure, high

temperature, or both, deep below the surface of the Earth.  The process,METAMORPHISM, produces fundamental changes in the mineralogy and texture of the rock.  The original rock, prior to metamorphism, is referred to as

the PROTOLITH.  The protolith can be either an igneous rock or a sedimentary rock, as just indicated.  The protolith could also be a previously metamorphosed rock.  Ultimately

however, if you go far enough back into the history of a metamorphic rock you would find that the first protolith was either a sedimentary or igneous rock.  Because all metamorphic rocks form below the surface, for them to

become exposed at the surface, they must undergo tectonic uplift and removal of the overlying material by erosion. 

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

TRANSFORMATION

-Rubble

-Dimension stone

-Flagstone

-Crushed stone

STONE CONSTRUCTION FORMS

Rubble stone is irregularly-sized, rough stone which can be used for a variety of purposes, including rubble walls, fill, and stepping stones. People

have been building with this type of stone for thousands of years, and it continues to be a popular building material in regions where there are

ample supplies of rough stone.

This stone is essentially the scrap left over from quarrying and processing. Rubble stone may be roughly shaped into blocks, but it is not finished, and it

has a rough texture and appearance. The development of uses for rubble undoubtedly stemmed from a desire to use as much stone as possible, rather

than simply discarding waste materials. Many different kinds of stone are available in the form of rubble, including granite, shale, and sandstone.

Rough fragments of rubble can be stacked together to create a wall, with or without masonry, depending on the taste of the builder. Sometimes, rubble stone is used to create a decorative facing of rough stone when a builder wants a more rustic, rough look. It is also used to fill masonry walls, with

the rubble being covered by a facing of smoother, more even stone.

RUBBLE

 is natural stone or rock that has been selected and fabricated (i.e., trimmed, cut, drilled, ground, or other) to specific sizes or shapes. Color, texture and pattern, and

surface finish of the stone are also normal requirements.

With 2 feet or more in length and of specified thickness. Commonly used for floorings, panels, and lintels, etc.

DIMENSION STONE

is a generic flat stone, usually used for paving slabs or walkways, patios, fences and roofing. It may be used for memorials, headstones, facades and other constructions.

FLAGSTONE

angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking

the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers. It is distinct from gravel which is produced by natural

processes of weathering and erosion, and typically has a more rounded shape.

CRUSHED STONE

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

GraniteGranite contains three main minerals – quartz, alkali

feldspar, and plagioclase feldspar. These minerals make granite white, pink, or light grey. Granite also contains

small amounts of dark brown, dark-green, or black minerals, such as hornblende and biotite mica.

Granite is one of the oldest, most durable and most respected of building materials. It is typically the hardest of

the dimensional stones and withstands the elements very well. It is best for kitchen countertops because it is scratch,

stain and heat resistant. It is also suitable for flooring or paving, wall cladding and all other types of countertops.

Granite is suitable for either exterior or interior applications.

GRANITE

SlateSlate consists mainly of grains of mica and quartz, plus small amounts of chlorite, hematite, and other minerals. Most slate is grey to black in colour, but the rock may be

red or purple, depending on its mineral content.

Slate is one of the world’s oldest natural products. The building industry uses slate for roofing and flagstone

because the rock is weatherproof and long lasting. It is also used to trim the fronts and lobbies of buildings. Slates are typically used for flooring, roofing, and countertops. Most slates are suitable for interior and exterior applications.

SLATE

LimestoneLimestone is a type of rock made up mostly of calcite, a

mineral form of calcium carbonate. Most limestone is grey, but all colours of limestone from white to black have been

found.

Limestone makes an excellent building stone because it can be carved easily. It is typically used for flooring, wall cladding, vanity tops, furniture or ornate stonework.

LIMESTONE

SandstoneSandstone commonly consists of sand sized grains of

quartz, feldspar, and other minerals. It may also include organic matter or rock fragments. The minerals that

cement the grains include quartz, pyrite, or calcite. The colour of sandstone ranges from cream, grey, red, brown to

green, depending on the cements and impurities in the sand. Brownstone, reddish-brown sandstone, was once

widely used to build houses.

It is typically used as flooring or paving materials. Most sandstones are suitable for both interior and exterior

applications.

SANDSTONE

MarbleMarble consists chiefly of calcite or dolomite, or a

combination of these carbonate minerals. Marbles are basically metamorphosed limestones. It has similar

characteristics to limestones and is typically used on the same applications. However, marbles are almost always more aesthetically valuable and available in much wider

ranges of colours.

Marble has long been highly valued for its beauty, strength, and resistance to fire and erosion. It is a rock widely used in buildings, monuments, and sculptures. Large blocks of coloured marble are used for columns, floors, and other

parts of buildings. It is suitable for wall-cladding, roofing, flooring and all other interior and exterior applications.

MARBLE

QuartzQuartzite is a stone composed of grains of quartz cemented

together by silica. It is a firm and compact stone with a body harder than marble. Its color is a blend of light and

dark greys and silver with flecks of quartz lending a sparkle.

Quartzite is a durable stone which is primarily used for interior and exterior floors; however, it may be used for

wall-cladding, roofing and other types of interior and exterior applications as well.

QUARTZ

TravertineTravertine is limestone that has been formed over a long period of time. The product is porous with many visible

holes. It is available in colours ranging from ivory to golden brown. The holes and cavities may be filled with matching portland cement, coloured epoxy, or polyester resins or left

unfilled for a more rustic appearance.

It is normally used for flooring, wall cladding, vanity tops, fireplace surrounds and furniture.

TRAVERTINE

-Paneling

-Ashlars

-Rubblework

-Trim

STONE CONSTRUCTIONS

Slab of stone cut to dimension and thickness, thin enough to cover up walls and give a finished exteriors.

Running bond

-slabs arrange in a stretched position and overlaps by a half.

Stack bond

-slabs arrange in a stacked position and no overlapping of units, vertical and horizontal joints are aligned.

PANELING

finely dressed (cut, worked) masonry, either an individual stone that has been worked until squared or the masonry

built of such stone. It is the finest stone masonry unit, generally cuboid or less frequently trapezoidal.

Coursed ashlars

-laid out in courses of equal height, blocks various sizes may be combined to make up the height of the course.

Random ashlars

-in a horizontal manner but with no regular courses.

ASHLARS

Random and no order of courses. Small spaces were filled with small stones.

Coursed rubble

-roughly dressed stones, combined and arrange to give an effect to courses.

Fieldstone

-not quarried stones found on the ground used as drywall or rubble masonry.

RUBBLEWORK

Stones cut for specific purposes

TRIM

-Rusticated – recessed cut margins

-Sand finish- granular and moderately smooth

-Sawn face – marks left after sawing the stone

-Rock face – rough natural look on stones

-Split face -texture from splitting stone

STONE FINISH

-cobble stone – naturally sounded or rectangular in shape.

-durex blocks – commonly made of granite and roughly cube.

STONE PAVERS

FIN